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Health in Malawi

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Malawi ranks 170th out of 174 in the World Health Organization lifespan tables; 88% of the population live on less than £2.40 per day; and 50% are below the poverty line.[1]

The age distribution of the population in Malawi
Trends in life expectancy in Malawi from 2009 to 2019

Introduction

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Malawi is perturbed by a heavy double burden of disease from both communicable and non-communicable diseases. This is evidenced by high levels of child and adult mortality rates and high prevalence of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases. In addition to that, there is growing evidence that suggests that there is a growing burden of non-communicable diseases which account nearly 32% of all deaths.[2] According to the recent 2018 Census done by the National Statistical Office in Malawi, the country has a total population of 17.5 million people. Nearly 15% of the population is composed of under five children, 36% is aged between 5 and 17 years and 49.7% is aged 18 years and above[3]The current population in Malawi is 20,405,321 as of 2022 with a projected increase of 82% to 37,159,302 by 2050.[4]

Health status

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Top 10 causes of death in Malawi

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There has been a shift in causes of mortality in many countries over the years. This can be as result of different factors like improved health interventions and access to health care, improved economic and social status and improved knowledge. This has resulted into a shift in the global burden of disease. According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)[5] the top ten causes of death in Malawi are:[6]

  1. HIV/AIDS (18.17%)
  2. Respiratory infections and tuberculosis (12.96%)
  3. Cardiovascular diseases (11.6%)
  4. Maternal and neonatal disorders (9.36%)
  5. Neoplasms (7.8%)
  6. Enteric infections (6.27%)
  7. Neglected tropical diseases and malaria (5.76%)
  8. Digestive diseases (4.34%)
  9. Other infectious diseases (4.29%)
  10. Other non-communicable disease (3.99%).[6]
    Causes of death in Malawi

Life expectancy

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In Malawi, life expectancy at birth (years) has improved by 17.8 years from 44.7 years in 2000 to 62.5 years in 2021, while healthy life expectancy at birth (years) has improved by 15.6 years from 39.1 years in 2000 to 54.7 years in 2021[4].As of 2018 the estimated average life expectancy at birth in Malawi was at 64 years, with females having a slightly higher life expectancy at 67 years than males at 61.4 years.[7]

Fertility rate

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In 2014 Malawi had a total fertility rate of 2.1 children born/woman.[8]

Infectious diseases

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There is a high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria, plague, schistosomiasis and rabies.[9]

HIV/AIDS

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Further information: HIV/AIDS in Malawi

In 2013 Malawi had a HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate of 11%.[8] In 2013 there were 920,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and 51,000 AIDS related deaths.[8] Data indicate that 8.8% of women and men aged 15–49 have HIV and the prevalence is higher among women than men (10.8% versus 6.4%).[10]

Due to the vast scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many Malawian men believe that HIV contraction and death from AIDS are inevitable.[11] Older men in particular often claim that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a punishment issued by God or other supernatural forces.[11] Other men refer to their own irresponsible sexual behaviors when explaining why they believe that death from AIDS is inevitable.[11]

AIDS orphans in Malawi

These men sometimes claim that unprotected sex is natural (and therefore necessary and good) when justifying their lack of condom use during sex with extramarital partners.[11] Finally, some men identify as HIV-positive without having undergone testing for HIV, preferring to believe that they have already been infected so they can avoid adopting undesirable preventative measures such as condom use or strict fidelity.[11] Because of these fatalistic beliefs, many men continue engaging in extramarital sexual relations despite the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Malawi.[12]

However, despite these widespread feelings of fatalism, some men believe that they can avoid HIV contraction by modifying their personal behaviors.[11] Men who decide to change their behaviors to reduce their risk of infection are unlikely to use condoms consistently, particularly during marital intercourse; instead, they usually continue engaging in extramarital sexual relations, but alter the ways in which they choose their sexual partners.[11]

For example, before selecting extramarital sexual partners, men sometimes survey their peers to determine whether their potential partners are likely to have exposed themselves to the virus.[13] Men who choose their sexual partners based on external appearances and peer recommendations often believe that women who violate traditional gender norms by, for example, wearing modern clothing are more likely to carry HIV, while young girls, who are perceived as sexually inexperienced, are considered "pure".[11] Because of this perception, many people are concerned that schoolchildren in Malawi, particularly girls, are becoming exposed to the virus through sexual harassment or abuse by their instructors.[14]

Coronavirus

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Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi

Tuberculosis

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It is estimated that there are more than 14% cases of tuberculosis infections worldwide in year with 9 million new cases and nearly 1.7 deaths. In 2014 the incidence of tuberculosis was 227 per 100,000 people in Malawi. The good news is that the incidence is declining by 1.5% each, however the transmission still remains high.[15]

Endemic diseases

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Malaria

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Malawi has made progress in malaria control in recent years; between 2006 and 2015, the mortality rate for children under five years of age declined from 122 deaths per 1,000 live births to an estimated 64 deaths per 1,000 live births.[16] Despite this progress, malaria continues to be a major public health problem in Malawi.[16] It is endemic in more than 95 percent of the country and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality across all age groups.[16] Malaria is responsible for approximately 6.2 million presumed and confirmed cases reported annually from health facilities and by the community case management program, and 36 percent of all outpatient visits across all ages.[16] Among children under five years of age, malaria parasite prevalence by microscopy was 33 percent nationally.[16] Transmission is perennial in most areas and peaks during the rainy season from November to April.[16] Higher malaria transmission occurs along Lake Malawi and the lowland areas of the lower Shire Valley.[16] The Plasmodium falciparum parasite is the most common species of malaria.[16] Resistance of anopheline vectors to insecticides has been extensively documented in Malawi, limiting the options for indoor residual spraying and raising concern regarding the continued effectiveness of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.[16] To control malaria, the Ministry of Health's National Malaria Control Program has scaled up the distribution of artemisinin-based combination therapies, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and insecticide-treated nets.[16]

Maternal and child healthcare

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Maternal health has improved in Malawi due to a number of factors. There has been improvement made in proportion of births attended by skilled professional. The proportion has increased from 54.8% in 1992 to 87.4% in 2014.[17] In addition to that, the maternal mortality is on the decrease though at a slower rate. Since 1990 the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 1100 deaths per 100,000 people to 510 deaths per 100,000 people in 2013.[18] Improved access to sexual and reproductive health services has also contributed to the improvements in maternal health. Knowledge and of family planning is almost universal in Malawi with 98% of women and nearly 100% of men age 15-49 knowing at least one method of contraception.[19] Child health has also improved in Malawi. According to the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) report, the number of children dying before reaching their fifth birthday has declined, from 234 deaths per 1000 live births in 1992 to 63 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015-16.[19] Child health is an important area to focus our efforts to better the health status because children are the most vulnerable group (especially those below the age of five), and most importantly it is their right to survive and live better lives.[20] In Malawi, the child mortality rate is very high although there has been a decline over the years, from 234 deaths per 1000 live births in 1992 to 63 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015. In addition, the neonatal mortality has gone down to 27 deaths per 1000 live birth in 2004.[19]

Non-communicable diseases

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The shift in the burden of disease has led to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) becoming the leading cause of death globally, most of these deaths are due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, or diabetes. Mortality from many NCDs is on the rise worldwide, with a disproportionately larger burden in low-middle income countries (LMICs), where almost 3/4 of deaths globally occur from these causes. As of 2016 NCDs are estimated to account for 31.7% of deaths in Malawi, and the numbers are on the rise in countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa.[21]

Health indicators

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The CIA World Fact Book's "country comparison to the world" ranking indicates how Malawi's health indicators compare to other countries in the world. Since the first case of HIV/AIDS in Malawi in 1985, HIV/AIDS has drastically affected Malawi's health indicators. Malawi's rankings:[8]

Climate change and health in Malawi

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Human health is profoundly affected by weather and climate[22].Malawi is currently facing a lot of problems that are having a negative impact on the health of people in the country.[23] The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 state that there is need for all countries to Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts. Unfortunately, Malawi is not doing so well on this, and this is having devastating impacts on the already struggling health care delivery system.[24]

For the past years the country has been through a lot of climate related natural hazards such as increase in temperatures, floods, cyclones, droughts. All of these are becoming a serious threat to life and human health in Malawi.[23]

Extreme weather event related, injuries, and mortality in Malawi from 2000 to 2022

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The table shows total deaths and total number of people that have been affected due to extreme weather events from 2000 to 2022 according to the International Disasters Database[25]

Extreme events Subtype Events count Total deaths Total affected
Flood Flash flood 5 21 192,246
Riverine flood 15 297 1,052,301
Coastal flood 2 67 518,500
Other 9 73 1,334,070
Drought Drought 5 500 17,049,435
Landslide Landslide 1 8 109
Storm Convective storm 2 18 55,901
Tropical cyclone 3 60 116,958
Other 1 11 19

For instance, floods cause loss of life and injury when buildings are washed away while some fall on people. This is mainly because most houses in Malawi are not constructed to withstand natural disasters such as floods. Most of the houses are built with mud bricks or clay with shallow and weak foundations.[24]

Risk of disease outbreaks

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The destruction of most settlement homes and hospital buildings causes a disruption or lack of routine vaccination services. These unvaccinated people come into direct contact with cases of vaccine preventable diseases, which can cause outbreaks and other health problems in the population[26].Waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery are also on the increase because of the contamination of surface waters and from floods.[27] The natural disasters also disrupt and degrade water and sanitation services which are vital in preventing and controlling waterborne diseases.[28]

Heat related mortality in Malawi
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Due to the high temperatures, there has been increased cases of heat exhaustion and heat stroke, heat stress, heat rash, cramps, dehydration, as well as the worsening of pre-existing conditions more especially those related to cardiovascular conditions such as heart attacks and stroke.[23]

Increased risk of vector borne diseases- malaria in Malawi
Climate change and vector borne diseases
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The changing climatic conditions are also leading to the increase in infectious disease patterns more especially vector borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.[29] This is mostly due to the increased amount of rainfall which is creating a lot of bleeding grounds of mosquitoes, and the high temperature are also ideal for the multiplication of the mosquitoes.[30]

Climate change and mental health
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The extreme weather events are also leading to the increase in mental health problems in the country. These include post-traumatic stress disorders due to the traumatic events they are exposed to during cyclones and other disasters.[31] Some of the traumatic events include the loss of loved ones as well as losing their settlement homes and poor harvests. All this further leads to depression or precipitate psychotic episodes[32]

Conclusion

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Malawi still faces a major burden of disease both from communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is indeed progress in trying to combat these problems but a lot need to be done. There will be always problems but the country needs to establish a good way of dealing with the problems that are there, with the available resources, to prevent more loss life from preventable and treatable diseases. Malawi faces significant climate-related challenges that directly and indirectly impact health.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Scott, David (4 July 2017). "Developing pharmacy in Malawi". Pharmaceutical Journal. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  2. ^ WHO. Health Situation Health Policies and Systems. 2017;1–2. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.cco
  3. ^ Office NS. MALAWI POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS REPORT-2018 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Main Report. 2019;(May). Available from: http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018[permanent dead link] Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report.pdf
  4. ^ a b "Malawi". datadot. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
  5. ^ www.healthdata.org
  6. ^ a b "GBD Compare | IHME Viz Hub".
  7. ^ "Malawi Country Overview | World Health Organization".
  8. ^ a b c d "The World Fact Book". Africa:: Malawi. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  9. ^ "Malawi". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  10. ^ Hardy EJ, Anderson BL. Communicable diseases. Semin Reprod Med. 2015;33(1):30–4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Kaler, Amy (2004). "AIDS-talk in Everyday Life: The Presence of HIV/AIDS in Men's Informal Conversation in Southern Malawi". Social Science & Medicine. 59 (2): 285–97. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.023. PMID 15110420.
  12. ^ Kalipeni, Ezekiel; Jayati Ghosh (2007). "Concern and practice among men about HIV/AIDS in low socioeconomic income areas of Lilongwe, Malawi". Social Science & Medicine. 64 (5): 1116–1127. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.013. PMID 17110008.
  13. ^ Smith, Kirsten; Susan Watkins (2005). "Perceptions of Risk and Strategies for Prevention: Responses to HIV/AIDS in Rural Malawi". Social Science & Medicine. 60 (3): 649–660. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.009. PMID 15550312.
  14. ^ Mitchell, Claudia (2004). "The Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic on the Education Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of the Findings and Recommendations of Three Country Studies (review)". Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa. 54 (1): 160–63. doi:10.1353/trn.2004.0024. S2CID 154783763.
  15. ^ Dunca S, Nimițan E, Ailiesei O, Ștefan M. Tehnica examinării caracterelor morfologice și tinctoriale ale bacteriilor. Microbiol Apl. 2007;70–6.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Malawi" (PDF). President's Malaria Initiative. 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ file:///C:/Users/Bruker1/Downloads/MALAWI%25202014%2520GOVERNMENT%2520MDGs%2520REPORT.pdf [dead link]
  18. ^ "Gapminder Tools".
  19. ^ a b c National Statistical Office (NSO) [Malawi] and ICF. Malawi 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey. DHS Progr [Internet]. 2015; Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf
  20. ^ "Health".
  21. ^ Gowshall M, Taylor-Robinson SD. The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-middle income countries: The view from Malawi. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:255–64. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  22. ^ WHO (14 September 2024). "Malawi-WHO-UNFCCC-Country-Profile" (PDF).
  23. ^ a b c 23. "Malawi - Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment" (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publicati on/83700d98-4aeb-4154-9b8d-3dc2a46dff75). 2024-07-10. doi:10.1596/41847 (https://doi.org/10.1596%2F41847)
  24. ^ a b Council for NGOs in Malawi (2021). People’s Scorecard for Sustainable Development Goals; Malawi https://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/Peoples%20Score%20Card%20Final%20Version.pdf
  25. ^ "Public EM-DAT platform". public.emdat.be. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  26. ^ Tilly Alcayna, Tima Munthali Vivian Njogu, Mizan Michael, Laura Stewart (April 2021). CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS: MALAWI ASSESSMENT https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCRC_IFRC-Country-assessments-Malawi_Final3.pdf Nairobi: Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre
  27. ^ Pullanikkatil, Deepa, Stanley Mubako, Welton Phalira, Sosten Chiotha, and Michael Luhanga (2014). "Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Zomba, Southern Malawi" (https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2013.861758). African Geographical Review. 33 (1).
  28. ^ . Levy, Karen, Andrew P. Woster, Rebecca S. Goldstein, and Elizabeth J. Carlton (2016). [https:// doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 "Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: A Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought"]. Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (10)
  29. ^ (USAID.2020. ‘. (2020). The Influence of Climate on Malaria Incidence in Malawi – A Retrospective Analysis (ht tp://geog.ufl.edu/2020/02/01/the-influence-of-climate-on-malaria-incidence-in-malawi-a-retrospective-analysis/). USAID
  30. ^ Government of Malawi (2016). Malawi Climate Action Report for 2016. Government of Malawi
  31. ^ UNICEF (2020). The Climate Crisis: Climate Change Impacts, Trends and Vulnerabilities of Children in Sub Saharan Africa. UNICEF.
  32. ^ Wellard Kambewa and Snapp (2012). Farmers on the Frontline: Adaptation and Change in Malawi
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