Helmut Rüffler

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Helmut Rüffler
Born18 January 1918
Waldenburg
Died21 September 2001(2001-09-21) (aged 83)
Lohmar-Heide
Allegiance
Service/branch
Years of service1940–1945
Rank
UnitJG 3, JG 51
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Helmut Rüffler (18 January 1918 – 21 September 2001) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. Rüffler was credited with 88 victories in 690 missions, a further 10 victories were claimed but not confirmed.

Career[edit]

Rüffler was born on 18 January 1918 in Waldenburg, present-day Wałbrzych in Poland, at the time in the Province of Lower Silesia within the German Empire. Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the Ergänzungsgruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) on 28 September 1940. Holding the rank of Unteroffizier, Rüffler was transferred to 7. Staffel (7th squadron) of JG 3 on 1 February 1941.[2]

Operation Barbarossa[edit]

The Gruppe relocated to an airfield at Moderówka on 18 June where the Gruppe concluded their last preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing the Ukraine and its capital Kiev.[3]

Defense of the Reich[edit]

Combat box of a 12-plane B-17 squadron. Three such boxes completed a 36-plane group box.
  1. Lead Element
  2. High Element
  3. Low Element
  4. Low Low Element

In early August 1943, II. Gruppe of JG 3 was withdrawn from the Eastern Front for service in Defense of the Reich on the Western Front. The Gruppe spent one-month training in northern Germany before they arrived at the Schiphol airfield near Amsterdam in the Netherlands on 12 September.[4] While based at Uetersen Airfield, Rüffler joined the Gruppe which received the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 and was equipped with Y-Control for fighters, a system used to control groups of fighters intercepting United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) bomber formations. Rüffler was assigned to 4. Staffel commanded by Oberleutnant Werner Lucas while the Gruppe was headed by Major Kurt Brändle.[5] On 20 October, the USAAF targeted Düren. II. Gruppe intercepted the bombers near Venlo but were fended off by the escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. Elements of II. Gruppe managed to reach the bombers on their return. Two Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers were shot down, including one by Rüffler.[6] On 11 December, the USAAF VIII Bomber Command launched an attack on Emden. Defending against this attack, Rüffler was credited with an Herausschuss (separation shot) over a B-17 bomber—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from its combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.[7]

On 24 February 1944, the USAAF Eighth and Fifteenth Air Force attacked German aircraft manufacturing during Operation Argument, also known as "Big Week". II. Gruppe intercepted west of Gotha, making several passes through the combat box formations. During this encounter, II. Gruppe pilots claimed seven bombers shot and two Herausschüsse, including one Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber shot down by Rüffler.[8] On 8 April, the USAAF committed 664 bombers in an attack on Luftwaffe airfields in northwest Germany and aircraft manufacturing near Braunschweig. That day, Rüffler claimed one of the attacking B-24 bombers shot down.[9] On 18 April, the Eighth Air Force targeted the industrial area of Berlin. II. Gruppe was scrambled at 13:17 and without sustaining any losses claimed three B-17 bombers shot down, including one by Rüffler. The next day, Rüffler was credited with two aerial victories, a B-17 shot down and an Herausschuss over a second B-17. That day, the USAAF again targeted the German aircraft industry as well as Luftwaffe airfields in Westphalia and Hesse.[10] On 8 May, the Eighth Air Force again headed for Berlin and Braunschweig. II. Gruppe was scrambled at 08:42 and were vectored to Hamburg and then southwest towards Bremen were Rüffler claimed an Herausschuss over a B-17 bomber.[10]

On 18 July 1944, Rüffler engaged in aerial combat with North American P-51 Mustang fighters west of Caen. During this engagement, he claimed two P-51 fighters shot down before he was himself shot down and wounded in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 165 451—factory number).[11][12] His injuries were so severe that he was out of action for several months. Following his convalescence, Rüffler did not return to JG 3 but was trained to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in February 1945 but did not claim any aerial victories flying the Me 262.[13] He then transferred to Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) where he served as Schwarmführer of 9. Staffel of JG 51.[14] Flying with JG 51 during the final days of the war, Rüffler claimed 25 further aerial victories on the Eastern Front.[15]

Later life[edit]

Following World War II, Rüffler joined the German Air Force, at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe of the Bundeswehr. In 1963/64, he flew Sikorsky H-34 helicopters for German VIPs, such us Helmut Schmidt and Kai-Uwe von Hassel. His final rank was Oberstabsfeldwebel (sergeant major), a rank he received thanks to Eduard Adorno.[16] Rüffler died on 21 September 2001 in Lohmar-Heide.[17]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Rüffler was credited with 88 aerial victories,[18] while Spick lists him with 98 aerial victories.[19] Forsyth states that he shot eight four-engined heavy bombers.[11] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he claimed at least 54 aerial victories, with over 50 claims on the Eastern Front and four claims over the Western Allies, including one four-engined bomber.[20]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 15 S/NA-7". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[21]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Rüffler an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Rüffler did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[22]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 6 November 1941
1 22 June 1941 08:10 I-15[23] 6 4 October 1941 16:40 SB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Dmitrovsk[24]
2 23 July 1941 13:42 DB-3 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Bila Tserkva[25] 7 5 October 1941 15:40 Pe-2 80 km (50 mi) southeast of Oryol[24]
3 25 July 1941 18:55 SB-3 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Bila Tserkva[25] 8 14 October 1941 07:05 SB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Oryol[26]
4 10 August 1941 10:47 DB-3 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Kiev[27] 9 29 October 1941 12:00 R-10 (Seversky)[26] 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Tula
5 23 September 1941 10:50 Il-2 55 km (34 mi) northeast of Poltava[24]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[22]
Eastern Front — 10 February – 14 April 1942
10 4 March 1942 09:06 U-2 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa[28] 14 28 March 1942 13:53 I-301 (LaGG-3) 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa[29]
11 9 March 1942 10:55 Pe-2 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Demyansk[28] 15 28 March 1942 13:55 I-16?[Note 2] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa[29]
12 17 March 1942 09:18 I-61 (MiG-3) 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Sutschowka[29] 16 29 March 1942 07:53 U-2 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Demyansk[29]
13 28 March 1942 13:50 I-301 (LaGG-3) 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa[29] 17 30 March 1942 15:30?[Note 3] I-61 (MiG-3) 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Staraya Russa[30]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[22]
Eastern Front — July 1942
18 25 July 1942 07:30 MiG-3 northeast of Kalach[31]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[22]
Eastern Front — August – December 1942
19 5 August 1942 15:15 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Nowo Grigorewskaja[32] 36 17 October 1942 06:02 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad[33]
20 23 August 1942 08:55 LaGG-3 20 km (12 mi) east of Katschalinsskaja[32] 37 17 October 1942 06:04?[Note 4] LaGG-3 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[33]
21 27 August 1942 16:20 LaGG-3 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[35] 38 17 October 1942 06:05 Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[33]
22 28 August 1942 07:26 R-5 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[35] 39 24 October 1942 13:45 LaGG-3 35 km (22 mi) north of Stalingrad[33]
23 27 September 1942 08:50 MiG-1 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Srednyaya Akhtuba[35] 40 24 October 1942 13:55 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) north of Leninsk[33]
24 27 September 1942 09:15 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Dubovka[35] 41♠ 28 October 1942 09:44 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Kotluban train station[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gumrak
25 28 September 1942 08:50 Yak-1 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Dubovka[35] 42♠ 28 October 1942 09:47 Il-2 2 km (1.2 mi) northeast of Kotluban train station[33]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Grebenka
26 28 September 1942 09:05 Yak-1 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Dubovka[35]
west of Rulew 		43♠ 28 October 1942 09:49 Il-2 35 km (22 mi) west of Dubovka[33]
27 28 September 1942 15:15 Il-2 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Akhtuba[35] 44♠ 28 October 1942 09:50 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) southeast of Losnoje[36]
28 30 September 1942 05:35 LaGG-3 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Losnoje[37] 45♠ 28 October 1942 15:10 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Nowo Nikolskoje[36]
29 1 October 1942 06:45 Yak-4 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Nowo Nikolskoje[37] 46 31 October 1942 13:50 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of Stalingrad[36]
30 2 October 1942 12:20 Il-2 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Kotluban train station[37] 47 1 November 1942 15:00 LaGG-3 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Wladimirowka[36]
31 2 October 1942 12:25 Il-2 22 km (14 mi) northeast of Kotluban train station[37] 48 1 November 1942 15:12 LaGG-3 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Kapustin-Jar[36]
32 2 October 1942 15:40 Yak-1 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Kotluban train station[37]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gumrak 		49 16 November 1942 10:30 LaGG-3 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Grasnoje[36]
33 6 October 1942 11:20 Pe-2 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Konylenskij[37]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Obliwskaja 		50 16 November 1942 10:32 LaGG-3 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Grasnoje[36]
34 8 October 1942 08:20 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Iwanowka[33]
—
[Note 5] 		24 November 1942 12:05 unknown[22]
35 10 October 1942 07:45 Su-2 (Seversky) 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[33]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[38]
Defense of the Reich — 12 September 1943 – 6 June 1944
51?[Note 6] 20 October 1943 14:45 B-17[40] 55?[Note 6] 18 April 1944
—
 B-17[41]
52?[Note 6] 11 December 1943
—
 B-17*[40] 56?[Note 6] 19 April 1944
—
 B-17[41]
53 24 February 1944 13:42 B-24[40] PQ 15 S/NA-7[42]
southwest of Ansbach 		57?[Note 6] 19 April 1944
—
 B-17*[41]
54?[Note 6] 8 April 1944
—
 B-24[41] 58?[Note 6] 8 May 1944
—
 B-17*[41]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[38]
Invasion of Normandy — 7 June – 22 August 1944
59 30 June 1944 20:50 P-51[43] PQ 05 Ost TA[44]
vicinity of Pont-l'Évêque 		61 18 July 1944 09:21 P-51[43] PQ 04 Ost N/AA[44]
vicinity of Vimoutiers
60 16 July 1944 20:17 Spitfire[43] PQ 14 West AT-3/5[44]
vicinity of Vire 		62?[Note 6] 18 July 1944 09:21 P-51[43] PQ 04 Ost N/AA[44]
vicinity of Vimoutiers

Awards[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3.[22]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:36.[22]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman, claimed at 14:02.[34]
  5. ^ This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock. The authors do list a claim at that time, however that claim is attributed to Leutnant Friedrich Lorentzen.[36]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h According to Mathews and Foreman, this claim was unconfirmed.[39]
  7. ^ According to Obermaier on 15 June 1942.[2]
  8. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the I./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet".[17]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 190.
  3. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 105.
  4. ^ Weal 2013, p. 60.
  5. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 189.
  6. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 194, 398.
  7. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 199, 398.
  8. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 203–204, 398–399.
  9. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 208, 399.
  10. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 210, 399.
  11. ^ a b Forsyth 2011, p. 72.
  12. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 315.
  13. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, pp. 278, 285.
  14. ^ Page 2020, p. 115.
  15. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 265.
  16. ^ Ahrens 2019, pp. 199–200.
  17. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 644.
  18. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  19. ^ Spick 1996, p. 233.
  20. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1069–1071.
  21. ^ Planquadrat.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1070.
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 137.
  24. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 148.
  25. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 144.
  26. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 149.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 146.
  28. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 34.
  29. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2005, p. 35.
  30. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 36.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
  32. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 102.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2006, p. 105.
  34. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1160.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 103.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 106.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 104.
  38. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1071.
  39. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1161.
  40. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 398.
  41. ^ a b c d e Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 399.
  42. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 306.
  43. ^ a b c d Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 400.
  44. ^ a b c d Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 307.
  45. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 301.
  46. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 55.
  47. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 390.
  48. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 367.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Aders, Gebhard; Held, Werner (1993). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente [Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle – Reports – Experiences – Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01045-1.
  • Ahrens, Hans-Werner (2019). Die Rettungsflieger der Luftwaffe 1956–1971: Konzeption — Aufbau — Einsatz [The Air Force Rescue Pilots 1956–1971: Concept — Creation — Deployment] (in German). Carola Hartmann Miles-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-945861-93-6.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2011). Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 101. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-438-3.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1943–45. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-879-0.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (1996). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei der III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-33-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (2003). Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: II./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1774-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2018). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-19-2.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2013). Aces of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet". Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 116. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-300-6.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
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