Hijra Farsi
| Hijra Farsi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | India, Pakistan |
Native speakers | Unknown (2017) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Hijra Farsi is a secret language spoken by South-Asian Hijra and Kothi (also Koti) communities. Hijras are a marginalized transgender community that lives in sequestered groups in many cities of India and Pakistan. The language, also known as Koti Farsi, is spoken by the Hijra community throughout Pakistan and North India. Despite what its name suggests, the language is based on Hindustani rather than Farsi.[2] The sentence structure is similar to Urdu, but noticeable distinctions exist.[3] Hijra Farsi is mainly spoken by Muslim Hijras; Hindu Hijras speak the Gupti language and its regional dialects.[4]
Even though the language is not actually based on Persian (Farsi), the hijras consider the language to be related to the language of the Mughal Empire, which they associate with the origin of Hijra identity. Hijra Farsi is most similar to Hindi, but is not intelligible to Hindi speakers due to distinctive intonation and a large amount of distinctive vocabulary.[2]
After the partition of India, the language has come to include words of local languages including Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi and other languages.
History[edit]
Hijra Farsi has no documented history, but linguist and anthropologist Kira Hall has found indications of its existence from the early 1800s. Hijras enjoyed a high status during the Mughal empire, which may be the reason why the language is named after 'Farsi' despite its dissimilarity with Persian. With the fall of the Mughal empire and start of British colonial rule, eunuchs were pushed into a more marginalized position. Colonial laws criminalized their choice of dress, as well as the public dancing they regularly engaged in. The crackdown caused hijras to become protective of their language, which then evolved into a survival tool.[5]
That the language is still in use may have to do with the fact that the community continues to be persecuted in independent India. "Seventy-four percent of the Hijra community has suffered violence and harassment,” says Simran Shaikh, who works with Alliance India, an NGO that works on AIDS prevention.[6]
Community-building tool[edit]
Hijra Farsi began and has continued as a learned, as opposed to a mother, tongue. The language is introduced to newcomers when they enter the hijra community, together with the group’s alternative family structure, cultural norms, and other traditions. Having a language that creates a sense of a community is a necessity for hijras, who typically give up a great deal when they join the community. Hijras see the language as something that is truly theirs, and speak about it with pride.[5]
Examples[edit]
The following examples are adapted from Awan & Sheeraz (2011), who researched Hijra Farsi in the communities within Dera Ghazi Khan and Rawalpindi. Note that the transcriptions are taken directly from the text, which does not specify a distinction between retroflex and dental plosives, nor does it consistently mark a distinction between /ɐ/ and /ɑ/. They do, however, mention that /ɽ/ is a very common sound used in Hijra Farsi, especially compared to its frequency in other languages in contact.[7]
Nouns[edit]
| English | Gender[1] | Hijra Farsi (sg) | Hijra Farsi (pl) | Punjabi | Saraiki/Sindhi | Urdu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| face | M | khombaɽ | khomaɽ | monh | munh | chehra |
| nose | M | nakɽa | nakɽey | nak | nak | naak |
| eye | F | chamɽri | chamɽian | akh | akh | aankh |
| tummy | M | dhhambɽa | dhamɽey | tidh | dhidh | paet |
| tummy | F | dambɽi | dambɽian | (above) | (above) | (above) |
| moustache | M | choochkey | choochkey | muchh | muchh | moochh |
| pubic | M | reskey | reskey | chuan | bood | baal |
| tooth | M | nejma | nejme | dand | dand | dant |
| skin | F | chamki | chamkian | chum | chum | jild |
| breast | M | chhalka | chhalkey | than | thanɽ | chhati |
| the hole of a hijra after castration
similar as a vagina (sic) |
F | chapti | chaptian | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| penis | M | leekaɽ | leekaɽ | laoɽa | lun | uzv-e-tanasul |
| hips | F | vatal | vatal | bund | chut | koolha |
| vagina | F | seepo | seepo | phudi | budi | farj |
- ^ This refers to the grammatical gender of the noun in Hijra Farsi
Many of these words are completely dissimilar to any of the locally spoken languages, but the pluralization strategies remain identical to those of Urdu, i.e. nouns ending in what is transcribed here as -i are made plural by adding -an (/-i/ becomes /-ijɑ̃/), and nouns ending in -a replace the ending with plural suffix -e (/-ɑ/ becomes /-e/).
Verbs[edit]
Awan & Sheeraz also give examples of verbs:
| English | Hijra Farsi | Punjabi | Saraika | Urdu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to go | vogna | janɽa, anɽa | wanjanɽ, avanɽ | jana, ana |
| to understand | chamna | samajhna | samjhanɽ | samajhna |
| to die | lugiɽna | marna | maranɽ | marna |
These verbs are given with the -na infinitival suffix, but that is only representative of the Rawalpindi variety: Awan and Sheeraz report that -anɽ endings are found specifically in the Dera Ghazi Khan variety, attributing it to the fact that Saraiki is more widely spoken there.[7]: 130 Another such example is given with the feminine singular habitual form of the verb meaning "to do/make": whereas in Rawalpindi kerdi is used, demonstrating greater influence from Punjabi kerdi, Dera Ghazi Khan Hijra Farsi uses krendi, which resembles the Saraiki krendi.[7]: 131
Function words[edit]
In addition to content words, Hijra Farsi demonstrates innovation (i.e. divergence from related languages) in some function words. Namely, in Lucknow, Nagar (2008) found the pronouns humsio ("I", 1st person), tumsio ("you", 2nd person), and ojo ("he/she", 3rd person), and the augmentative adiyal ("very").[8] The number of these pronouns is unclear in Nagar's thesis. In Rawalpindi and Dera Ghazi Khan, Awan and Sheeraz found hamala to be the 1st person pronoun, with tamala as the 2nd person.
In addition to pronouns, there is innovation in demonstratives: unlike surrounding languages, there is no proximal/distal distinction, and unlike surrounding languages, there is a gender distinction: insa for masculine and insi for feminine, both using productive plural morphology such that masculine "these" will be inse and feminine "these" will be insian (as transcribed by Awan & Sheeraz).
Numbers[edit]
Hijra Farsi's counting system, used specifically for counting money, uses lexemes unique to the cant:[9] [7]
| Number | Hijra Farsi |
|---|---|
| 10 | dasola |
| 50 | adhi vadvi/adhi vadmi |
| 100 | vadvi/vadmi |
| 500 | panj vadvi/panj vadmi |
| 1000 | katka |
| 100000 or 10000[2] | nira patt* |
- ^ Awan & Sheeraz list this number as one hundred thousand, and Kundalia lists it as ten thousand.
References[edit]
- ^ Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
- ^ a b "Stanford Linguistics Colloquium". stanford.edu. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^ Sheeraz, Muhammad, and Ayaz Afsar. "Farsi: An Invisible But Loaded Weapon for the Emerging Hijraism in Pakistan." Kashmir Journal of Language Research 14, no. 2 (2011).
- ^ "Queer language". City: World. The Hindu. TNN. 30 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ a b Rehman, Zehra (15 April 2016). "The secret language of South Asia's transgender community". Quartz India. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
- ^ "Hijra Farsi: Secret language knits community - Times of India". The Times of India. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
- ^ a b c d Awan, Muhammad Safeer; Sheeraz, Muhammad (2011). "Queer but Language: A Sociolinguistic Study of Farsi". International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 1 (10): 127-135. [predatory publisher]
- ^ Ila, Nagar (2008). Language, gender and identity: the case of kotis in Lucknow-India (Thesis). The Ohio State University.
- ^ Kundalia, Nidhi. "Queer language". The Hindu. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
Further reading[edit]
- Hall, Kira (1995). Hijra/Hijrin: Language and Gender Identity (PhD). UC Berkeley.