History of Camden, New Jersey

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History of Camden, New Jersey starts with the introduction of Quakers into the native lands of the Lenape population in the Delaware Valley.[1][2] Throughout the city's history there have been times of economic growth and development; as well as stagnation and decline.[3][2] The City of Camden was named after Camden County, which was named for Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden,[4][5] who was a civil libertarian, promoter of the American cause, and a British judge and lawyer.[4][5] The city was incorporated on February 13, 1828.[6]

The current demographics show Camden to currently be in a population decline, economic decline, and crime rate decline. [7][8][9] Once known for violent crime statistics,[10] Camden has seen a decrease in this number since restructuring their police force.[7] Some major changes that have created economic decline revolve around the history of major employers and their interaction with the local population, the changes war brought to the United States over the decades, changes in the crime rates, and the changing face of population demographics. [3] There is an extensive history of cultural growth that includes a location that was once a stop on the Underground Railroad located at the Macedonia African Methodist Episcopal Church,[11] the grave and home of Walt Whitman,[12][13][14] as well as the growth and development of multiple higher education campuses.[15][16][17] In recent years the development of groups like Camden Community Partnership [18] and Cooper's Ferry Partnership are working in the community for change, including the development of new parks. [19]

Revitalization projects have been met with limited success.[3] Destruction of low-income housing options for business and city development has also limited the availability of housing in the city.[3] The construction of the Ben Franklin Bridge is one event that impacted the face of housing in the northern sections of Camden in the 1920s. Not only was low-income housing destroyed during this construction, but the city was also effectively split by the addition of the highway leading up to the bridge as well.[3]

As the former home of many manufacturing companies, Camden has had a major impact on the history of the county, state, and country.[3] This impact is such that it has defined itself as a city in its own right and not just a suburb of the larger Philadelphia, which is located just across the Delaware River to the west. Some of the important parts of American history that parallel Camden history include: the changes of gender roles in factories as the war pulled men overseas; the changes of the minority demographics as the Civil War moved slavery out of the norm and civil rights changed the face of segregation; and the impact of immigration on the populations that settled here and how they grouped together as families and ethnicity groups.[3]

Early history[edit]

Lenape territories in 16th and 17th centuries.

Native Americans in Camden and Southern New Jersey[edit]

Native Americans have occupied the land that is now New Jersey since well before the common era (approximately 6,000 BCE). By the 17th century, the native peoples of New Jersey, named the Lenni Lenape or “original people,” were divided into the Minsi, Unami, and Unalachtigo subgroups. The Unalachtigo people resided primarily in the Southern New Jersey area and along the banks of the Lenapewihittuck river, which was then named the Delaware river by the first governor of the Virginia Trading Company. Subsequently, the Native Americans of the region came to be known as the “Delaware Indians” by early settlers [20] – a name which even the natives themselves eventually came to adopt.[21]

Lifestyle[edit]

The Lenni Lenape were a group that generally sustained themselves through hunting and the farming of land. They were known to frequently relocate in search of uncultivated soil and thus occupied multiple areas along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. When settled, they lived in wooden huts constructed with natural resources called wigwams. The division of labor in Lenape tribes tended to be along the lines of gender, with men and boys leaving the home for hunting excursions and women staying behind to tan hides, sew, garden, cook, and forage. Lenape men were accustomed to wearing breechcloths or fur robes depending on the season. Women would also wear similar clothing, though their attire generally consisted of wrap-around skirts in the summer and fur robes in the winter. Both genders used bear grease to style their hair, and they used paint to outline various colored designs on their bodies. Women often used a number of objects such as rocks and animal claws as jewelry and adornment.[22]

Benjamin Cooper House, built in 1734

In 1626, Fort Nassau was established by the Dutch West India Company at the confluence of Big Timber Creek and the Delaware River. Throughout the 17th century, Europeans settled along the Delaware, competing to control the local fur trade. After the Restoration in 1660, the land around Camden was controlled by nobles serving under King Charles II, until it was sold off to a group of New Jersey Quakers in 1673.[23] The area developed further when a ferry system was established along the east side of the Delaware River to facilitate trade between Fort Nassau and Philadelphia, the growing capital of the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania directly across the river. By the 1700s, Quakers and the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were coexisting. The Quakers' expansion and use of natural resources, in addition to the introduction of alcohol and infectious disease, diminished the Lenape's population in the area.[23]

The 1688 order of the County Court of Gloucester that sanctioned ferries between New Jersey and Philadelphia was: "Therefore we permit and appoint that a common passage or ferry for man or beast be provided, fixed and settled in some convenient and proper place between ye mouths or entrance of Cooper's Creek and Newton Creek, and that the government, managing and keeping of ye same be committed to ye said William Roydon and his assigns, who are hereby empowered and appointed to establish, fix and settle ye same within ye limits aforesaid, wherein all other persons are desired and requested to keep no other common or public passage or ferry."[24] The ferry system was located along Cooper Street and was turned over to Daniel Cooper in 1695.[25][26] Its creation resulted in a series of small settlements along the river, largely established by three families: the Coopers, the Kaighns, and the Mickels, and these lands would eventually be combined to create the future city.[25] Of these, the Cooper family had the greatest impact on the formation of Camden. In 1773, Jacob Cooper developed some of the land he had inherited through his family into a "townsite," naming it Camden after Charles Pratt, the Earl of Camden.[4][5]

19th century[edit]

Remarks of FDR during his 1944 Camden visit

For over 150 years, Camden served as a secondary economic and transportation hub for the Philadelphia area. However, that status began to change in the early 19th century. Camden was incorporated as a city on February 13, 1828, from portions of Newton Township, while the area was still part of Gloucester County. In 1832, Camden Township was created as a township coextensive with Camden City. The township existed until it was repealed in 1848.[27]

One of the U.S.'s first railroads, the Camden and Amboy Railroad, was chartered in Camden in 1830. The Camden and Amboy Railroad allowed travelers to travel between New York City and Philadelphia via ferry terminals in South Amboy, New Jersey and Camden. The railroad terminated on the Camden Waterfront, and passengers were ferried across the Delaware River to their final Philadelphia destination. The Camden and Amboy Railroad opened in 1834 and helped to spur an increase in population and commerce in Camden.[28]

Horse ferries, or team boats, served Camden in the early 1800s. The ferries connected Camden and other South Jersey towns to Philadelphia. Ferry systems allowed Camden to generate business and economic growth.[25] "These businesses included lumber dealers, manufacturers of wooden shingles, pork sausage manufacturers, candle factories, coachmaker shops that manufactured carriages and wagons, tanneries, blacksmiths and harness makers."[25] Originally a suburban town with ferry service to Philadelphia, Camden evolved into its own city. Until 1844, Camden was a part of Gloucester County. In 1840 the city's population had reached 3,371 and Camden appealed to state legislature, which resulted in the creation of Camden County in 1844.[25]

The poet Walt Whitman spent his later years in Camden. He bought a house on Mickle Street in March 1884. Whitman spent the remainder of his life in Camden and died in 1892 of a stroke. Whitman was a prominent member of the Camden community at the end of the nineteenth century.[29]

Camden quickly became an industrialized city in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1860 Census takers recorded eighty factories in the city and the number of factories grew to 125 by 1870.[25] Camden began to industrialize in 1891 when Joseph Campbell incorporated his business Campbell's Soup. Through the Civil War era Camden gained a large immigrant population which formed the base of its industrial workforce.[3] Between 1870 and 1920 Camden's population grew by 96,000 people due to the large influx of immigrants.[25] Like other industrial cities, Camden prospered during strong periods of manufacturing demand and faced distress during periods of economic dislocation.[30]

Early 20th century[edit]

Aerial view of port facilities along the Delaware River, 1931

At the turn of the 20th century, Camden became an industrialized city. At the height of Camden's industrialization, 12,000 workers were employed at RCA Victor,[31] while another 30,000 worked at New York Shipbuilding.[32] Camden Forge Company supplied materials for New York Ship during both world wars.[33] RCA had 23 out of 25 of its factories inside Camden, and the Campbell Soup Company was also a major employer.[34] In addition to major corporations, Camden also housed many small manufacturing companies as well as commercial offices.[3]

From 1899 to 1967, Camden was the home of New York Shipbuilding Corporation, which at its World War II peak was the largest and most productive shipyard in the world.[35] Notable naval vessels built at New York Ship include the ill-fated cruiser USS Indianapolis and the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk. In 1962, the first commercial nuclear-powered ship, the NS Savannah, was launched in Camden.[2] The Fairview Village section of Camden (initially Yorkship Village) is a planned European-style garden village that was built by the Federal government during World War I to house New York Shipbuilding Corporation workers.[36]

From 1901 through 1929, Camden was headquarters of the Victor Talking Machine Company, and thereafter to its successor RCA Victor, the world's largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records for the first two-thirds of the 20th century.[37] Victor established some of the first commercial recording studios in Camden where Enrico Caruso, Arturo Toscanini, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Jascha Heifetz, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Leopold Stokowski, John Philip Sousa, Woody Guthrie, Jimmie Rodgers, Fats Waller and The Carter Family among many others, made famous recordings. General Electric reacquired RCA and the remaining Camden factories in 1986.[38]

In 1919, plans for the Delaware River Bridge were enacted as a means to reduce ferry traffic between Camden and Philadelphia. The bridge was estimated to cost $29 million, but the total cost at the end of the project was $37,103,765.42. New Jersey and Pennsylvania would each pay half of the final cost for the bridge. The bridge was opened at midnight on July 1, 1926. Thirty years later, in 1956 the bridge was renamed to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge.[39]

During the 1930s, Camden faced a decline in economic prosperity due to the Great Depression. By the mid-1930s, the city had to pay its workers in scrip because they could not pay them in currency. Camden's industrial foundation kept the city from going bankrupt. Major corporations such as RCA Victor, Campbell's Soup and New York Shipbuilding Corporation employed close to 25,000 people in Camden through the depression years.[3] New companies were also being created during this time. On June 6, 1933, the city hosted America's first drive-in movie theater.[40][41]

Between 1929 and 1957, Camden Central Airport was active; during the 1930s, it was Philadelphia's main airport. It was located in Pennsauken Township, on the north bank of the Cooper River. Its terminal building was beside what became known as Airport Circle.[42]

Camden's ethnic demographic shifted dramatically at the beginning of the 20th century. German, British, and Irish immigrants made up the majority of the city at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century. By 1920, Italian and Eastern European immigrants had become the majority of the population.[25] African Americans had also been present in Camden since the 1830s. The migration of African Americans from the south increased during World War II. The different ethnic groups began to form segregated communities within the city and around religious organizations.[3]

Late 20th century[edit]

After close to 50 years of economic and industrial growth, the city of Camden experienced a period of economic stagnation and deindustrialization: after reaching a peak of 43,267 manufacturing jobs in 1950, there was an almost continuous decline to a new low of 10,200 manufacturing jobs in the city by 1982. With this industrial decline came a plummet in population: in 1950 there were 124,555 residents, compared to just 84,910 in 1980.[3]

The city experienced white flight, as many White residents left the city for such segregated suburbs as Cherry Hill. In the 1960s, 1,289 families were displaced due the construction of the North-South Freeway, 85% of which were nonwhite families.[43] During the period between 1963 and 1968, there were 100 new low-income units constructed in the city to replace 3,000 such units that had been destroyed, primarily due to freeway construction.[44] The 1970 United States Census showed a loss of 15,000 residents, which reflected an increase of almost 50% in the number of Black residents, which grew from 27,700 to 40,000, and a simultaneous decline of 30% in the city's white population, which dropped from 89,000 to 61,000. Cherry Hill saw its population double to 64,000, which was 98.7% White.[45][33] The city's population, which had been 59.8% White and 39.1% Black in 1970, was 30.6% White, 53.0% Black and 15.7% Other Race in 1980. By 1990, the balance was 19.0% White, 56.4% Black and 22.9% were other races.[33]

Alongside these declines, civil unrest and criminal activity rose in the city. From 1981 to 1990, mayor Randy Primas fought to renew the city economically. Ultimately Primas had not secured Camden's economic future as his successor, mayor Milton Milan, declared bankruptcy for the city in July 1999, which was withdrawn after the state gave the city more than $60 million in aid and assumed oversight of the city's finances.[46]

Industrial decline[edit]

After World War II, Camden's largest manufacturing companies, RCA Victor and the Campbell Soup Company, began decentralizing their production operations. This period of capital flight was a means to regain control from Unionized workers and to avoid the rising labor costs unions demanded from the company. Campbell's kept its corporate headquarters in Camden, but the bulk of its cannery production was done elsewhere after a union worker's strike in 1934; in 1979, locally grown tomatoes from South Jersey were replaced by industrially produced tomato paste from California.[47]

During the 1940s, RCA Victor began to relocate some production to rural Indiana to employ low-wage ethnic Scottish-Irish workers. Since 1968, RCA has employed Mexican workers from Chihuahua.[48]

Camden's largest postwar employer, the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, founded in 1899, shut down in 1967 due to mismanagement, unrest amongst labor workers, construction accidents, and a low demand for shipbuilding.[49]

The opening of the Cherry Hill Mall in 1961 increased Cherry Hill's property value while decreasing Camden's. Enclosed suburban malls, especially ones like Cherry Hill's, which boasted well-lit parking lots and babysitting services, were preferred by white middle-class over Philadelphia's central business district.[50] Cherry Hill became the designated regional retail destination.

Manufacturing companies were not the only businesses that were hit. After they left Camden and outsourced their production, White-collar companies and workers followed suit, leaving for the newly constructed offices of Cherry Hill.[51]

The Concerned Citizens of North Camden became a community advocacy organization in December of 1978. The group's stated mission was focused on improving North Camden by protesting for "better housing, cleaner streets, and more jobs; to unify the community across lines of race and national origin..." [52] In April of 1979, 50 members of Concerned Citizens of North Camden protested a city council meeting and stated that the city had "demonstrated a lack of commitment to housing by allocating only $1.6 million dollars of the $4.9 million dollar grant for rehabilitation. The Camden City council disagreed.[53] The Concerned Citizens of North Camden were involved in more protests throughout the late 20th century and the organization was reawakened in 2018. [54]

Unionization[edit]

Walt Whitman House in Camden

Approximately ten million cans of soup were produced at Campbell's per day. This put additional stress on cannery workers who already faced dangerous conditions in an outmoded, hot and noisy factory. The Dorrance family, founders of Campbell's, profited while lowering the costs of production.[55]

Civil unrest and crime[edit]

On September 6, 1949, mass murderer Howard Unruh went on a killing spree in his Camden neighborhood killing 13 people. Unruh, who was convicted and subsequently confined to a state psychiatric facility, died on October 19, 2009.[56]

A civilian and a police officer were killed in a September 1969 riot, which broke out in response to accusation of police brutality.[57][58] Two years later, public disorder returned with widespread riots in August 1971, following the death of a Puerto Rican motorist at the hands of white police officers. When the officers were not charged, Hispanic residents took to the streets and called for the suspension of those involved. The officers were ultimately charged, but remained on the job and tensions soon flared. On the night of August 19, 1971, riots erupted, and sections of Downtown were looted and torched over the next three days.[3][59] Fifteen major fires were set before order was restored, and ninety people were injured. City officials suspended the officers responsible for the death of the motorist, but they were later acquitted by a jury.[60][61]

The Camden 28 were a group of anti-Vietnam War activists who, in 1971, planned and executed a raid on the Camden draft board, resulting in a high-profile trial against the activists that was seen by many as a referendum on the Vietnam War in which 17 of the defendants were acquitted by a jury even though they admitted having participated in the break-in.[62]

In 1996, Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman frisked Sherron Rolax, a 16-year-old African-American youth, an event which was captured in an infamous photograph. Rolax alleged his civil rights were violated and sued the state of New Jersey.[63] His suit was later dismissed.[64]

1980s Revitalization efforts[edit]

Benjamin Franklin Bridge across the Delaware River, connecting Camden with Philadelphia

In 1981, Randy Primas was elected mayor of Camden, but entered office "haunted by the overpowering legacy of financial disinvestment." Following his election, the state of New Jersey closed the $4.6 million deficit that Primas had inherited, but also decided that Primas should lose budgetary control until he began providing the state with monthly financial statements, among other requirements.[3] When he regained control, Primas had limited options regarding how to close the deficit, and so in an attempt to renew Camden, Primas campaigned for the city to adopt a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. While these two industries would provide some financial security for the city, the proposals did not go over well with residents, who overwhelmingly opposed both the prison and the incinerator.

While the proposed prison, which was to be located on the North Camden Waterfront, would generate $3.4 million for Camden, Primas faced extreme disapproval from residents. Many believed that a prison in the neighborhood would negatively affect North Camden's "already precarious economic situation." Primas, however, was wholly concerned with the economic benefits, telling The New York Times, "The prison was a purely economic decision on my part."[3] Eventually, on August 12, 1985, the Riverfront State Prison opened its doors; however, it was closed and demolished in 2009.[65]

Camden residents also objected to the trash-to-steam incinerator, which was another proposed industry. Once again, Primas "...was motivated by fiscal more than social concerns," and he faced heavy opposition from Concerned Citizens of North Camden (CCNC) and from Michael Doyle, who was so opposed to the plant that he appeared on CBS's 60 Minutes, saying "Camden has the biggest concentration of people in all the county, and yet there is where they're going to send in this sewage... ...everytime you flush, you send to Camden, to Camden, to Camden."[3] Despite this opposition, which eventually culminated in protests, "the county proceeded to present the city of Camden with a check for $1 million in March 1989, in exchange for the 18 acres (7.3 ha) of city-owned land where the new facility was to be built... ...The $112 million plant finally fired up for the first time in March 1991."[3]

Since the early 2000s, Camden has seen a large increase in development and investment. Riverfront State Prison was torn down in 2009, replaced with walking trails and a park. The former RCA Victor building was purchased by the Dranoff Company, a Philadelphia-based developer and converted into market rate apartments. Another market rate apartment complex and hotel followed in the 2010s, and Rutgers University and Rowan University have expanded their campuses over the 2010s and 2020s. Development has focused primarily on the waterfront and university/downtown areas; however, Subaru moved their North American headquarters from Cherry Hill to Camden in a new campus on Admiral Wilson Boulevard in 2018, having been granted $118 million in tax incentives in exchange for a commitment to create 100 new jobs over the next decade.[66]

Other notable events[edit]

Rutgers University–Camden dormitories at 330 Cooper Street

Despite the declines in industry and population, other changes to the city took place during this period:

21st century[edit]

The River Line's Cooper Street–Rutgers University station stop

Originally the city's main industry was manufacturing, and in recent years Camden has shifted its focus to education and medicine in an attempt to revitalize itself. Of the top employers in Camden, many are education and/or healthcare providers: Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Rowan University, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden County College, Virtua, Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center, and CAMcare.[70] The eds and meds industry itself is the single largest source of jobs in the city: 7,500 (30%) of the roughly 25,000 jobs in the city. The second-largest source of jobs in Camden is the retail trade industry, which provides roughly 3,000 (12%) jobs.[71] While already the largest employer in the city, the eds and meds industry in Camden is growing and is doing so despite falling population and total employment: From 2000 to 2014, population and total employment in Camden fell by 3% and 10% respectively, but eds and meds employment grew by 67%.[70]

Despite previous failures to transform the Camden Waterfront, in September 2015 Liberty Property Trust and Mayor Dana Redd announced an $830 million plan to rehabilitate the Waterfront. The project, which is the biggest private investment in the city's history, aims to redevelop 26 acres (11 ha) of land south of the Ben Franklin Bridge and includes plans for 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m2) of commercial space, 211 residences, a 130-room hotel, more than 4,000 parking spaces, a downtown shuttle bus, a new ferry stop, a riverfront park, and two new roads. The project is a modification of a previous $1 billion proposal by Liberty Property Trust, which would have redeveloped 37.2 acres (15.1 ha) and would have included 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of commercial space, 1,600 homes, and a 140-room hotel.[72] On March 11, 2016, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority approved the modified plans and officials like Timothy J. Lizura of the NJEDA expressed their enthusiasm: "It's definitely a new day in Camden. For 20 years, we've tried to redevelop that city, and we finally have the traction between a very competent mayor's office, the county police force, all the educational reforms going on, and now the corporate interest. It really is the right ingredient for changing a paradigm which has been a wreck."[73]

In 2013, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority created the New Jersey Economic Opportunity Act, which provides incentives for companies to relocate to or remain in economically struggling locations in the state. These incentives largely come in the form of tax breaks, which are payable over 10 years and are equivalent to a project's cost. According to The New York Times, "...the program has stimulated investment of about $1 billion and created or retained 7,600 jobs in Camden."[3][74] This NJEDA incentive package has been used by organizations and firms such as the Philadelphia 76ers, Subaru of America, Lockheed Martin, and Holtec International.[75][76][77][78]

In late 2014 the Philadelphia 76ers broke ground in Camden (across the street from the BB&T Pavilion) to construct a new 125,000-square-foot (11,600 m2) training complex. The Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex includes an office building and a 66,230-square-foot (6,153 m2) basketball facility with two regulation-size basketball courts, a 2,800-square-foot (260 m2) locker room, and a 7,000-square-foot (650 m2) roof deck. The $83 million complex had its grand opening on September 23, 2016, and was expected to provide 250 jobs for the city of Camden.[78][79][80]

Also in late 2014, Subaru of America announced that in an effort to consolidate their operations, their new 250,000-square-foot (23,000 m2) headquarters would be located in Camden. The $118 million project broke ground in December 2015 but was put on hold in mid-2016 because the original plans for the complex had sewage and waste water being pumped into an outdated sewage system. Adjustments to the plans were made and the project was expected to be completed in 2017, creating up to 500 jobs in the city upon completion.[77][81] The building was completed in April 2018. The company also said that it would donate 50 cherry trees to the city and aim to follow a "zero landfill" policy in which all waste from the offices would be either reduced, reused, or recycled.[82][83]

Several smaller-scale projects and transitions also took place during the 21st century.

In preparation for the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, various strip clubs, hotels, and other businesses along Admiral Wilson Boulevard were torn down in 1999, and a park that once existed along the road was replenished.[84]

In 2004, conversion of the old RCA Victor Building 17 to The Victor, an upscale apartment building was completed.[85] The same year, the River LINE, between the Entertainment Center at the Waterfront in Camden and the Transit Center in Trenton, was opened, with a stop directly across from The Victor.

In 2010, massive police corruption was exposed that resulted in the convictions of several policemen, dismissals of 185 criminal cases, and lawsuit settlements totaling $3.5 million that were paid to 88 victims.[86][87][88] On May 1, 2013, the Camden Police Department was dissolved and the newly formed Camden County Police Department took over full responsibility for policing the city.[89]

As of 2019, numerous projects were underway downtown and along the waterfront, with a market-rate apartment complex and hotel opening in early 2020.[90]

In 2022, a $2 billion expansion of Cooper University Hospital was announced, which was expected to take about a decade to complete.[91]

References[edit]

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  36. ^ Staff. "Unnecessary excellence: what public-housing design can learn from its past.", Harper's Magazine, March 1, 2005. Accessed July 3, 2011. "'If it indicates the kind of Government housing that is to follow, we may all rejoice.' So wrote a critic for The Journal of the American Institute of Architects in 1918 about Yorkship Village, one of America's first federally funded public-housing projects. Located in Camden, New Jersey, Yorkship Village was designed to be a genuine neighborhood, as can be seen from these original architectural plans."
  37. ^ "Made in S.J.: RCA Victor". Portal to gallery of photographs (22) related to the Victor Talking Machine Company. Courier-Post, January 30, 2008. Accessed July 3, 2011.
  38. ^ Staff. "General Electric gets go-ahead to acquire RCA", Houston Chronicle, June 5, 1986. Accessed July 3, 2011. "The Federal Communications Commission cleared the way today for General Electric Co. to acquire RCA Corp. and its subsidiaries, including the NBC network. In allowing the transfer of RCA, the commission rejected four petitions to block the $6.28 billion deal.'
  39. ^ Ben Franklin Bridge, WHYY-FM, backed up by the Internet Archive as of April 2, 2017. Accessed July 26, 2018. "First official name name: Delaware River Bridge. Officially became the Ben Franklin Bridge at its dedication in 1956. Bridge was opened to traffic at midnight on July 1, 1926."
  40. ^ Slavin, Barbara. "It's Technology to the Rescue of Drive-In Movie Theaters; 4,000 Drive-In Theaters in 1958", The New York Times, August 8, 1978. Accessed August 22, 2018. "If he is right, the reason may well be the multiple screens and other technological advances that Richard M. Hollingshead Jr., the chemicals manufacturer who opened the first commercial drive‐in in Camden, N.J., on June 6, 1933, might have regarded with awe."
  41. ^ Lewis, Mary Beth. "Ten Best First Facts", in Car and Driver, January 1988, p. 92.
  42. ^ Central Airport and the Airport Circle, DVRBS.com. Accessed April 5, 2020.
  43. ^ Weingroff, Richard F. "The Greatest Decade 1956-1966: Part 2 The Battle of Its Life", Federal Highway Administration. Accessed November 6, 2023. "In Camden, New Jersey, I-95 bisected low-income neighborhoods, displacing 1,093 minority families (out of a total of 1,289 families), while only about 100 low-incoming housing units were built at the same time 'with the usual consequences.'""
  44. ^ Mohl, Raymond A. "The Interstates and the Cities: Highways, Housing, and the Freeway Revolt", Poverty and Race Research Action Council, 2002. Accessed November 6, 2023. "For the five year period 1963 to 1967, about 3,000 low-income housing units were destroyed in Camden, but only about 100 new low-income housing units were built during that period."
  45. ^ Burks, Edward C. "Camden: An Exodus of Whites", The New York Times, June 25, 1972. Accessed July 16, 2020. "Talk about the 'white exodus from the cities' usually evokes visions of massive departures from such metropolises as New York and Philadelphia. Yet South Jersey's Camden, a relatively small city, lost nearly one third of its white population during the 1960s, more than doubling the rate of the white decline in New York and nearby Philadelphia. The old city's population tumbled from 117,000 to 102,551 during the decade, while Camden's black population increased from 27,700 to more than 40,000 to account for 39 per cent of Camden's total in 1970.... Cherry Hill doubled its population—from 31,500 in 1960 to 64,395 in 1970, as new suburban homes multiplied. At census time, it had moved slightly ahead of Camden in its total white population."
  46. ^ via Associated Press. "Camden and State Reach Fiscal Agreement", The New York Times, July 23, 1999. Accessed April 26, 2022. "Camden withdrew its bankruptcy petition and accepted tighter state control over its spending today, ending the fiscal crisis in New Jersey's poorest city. After intense negotiations, Mayor Milton Milan signed an agreement that will give the state greater financial oversight over the city of 87,000.... With the agreement, Camden will receive $62.5 million in state aid, said Stephen Sasala, deputy commissioner of the State Department of Community Affairs and chairman of the oversight board."
  47. ^ Sidorick, Daniel. Campbell Soup Company, Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Accessed April 26, 2022.
  48. ^ Cowie, Jefferson (1999). "Introduction to Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor". digitalcommons.
  49. ^ Dorwart, Jeffery M. "Shipbuilding and Shipyards", Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Accessed November 6, 2023. "However, mismanagement, labor unrest, construction accidents on the carrier, and growing restrictions on building nuclear warships so near a great city led to the closing of the Camden shipyard in 1967, contributing to growing economic and social problems in the city."
  50. ^ "Shopping Centers | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  51. ^ "Cherry Hill Master Plan 2018: Demographics". cherryhill nj. April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  52. ^ Russ, Scarboro (April 1996). "Register of the Records of the Concerned Citizens of North Camden". Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  53. ^ Branham, Lorraine (13 April 1979). "N. Camden group seeks housing aid". Courier-Post. p. 3. ProQuest 1918694059. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  54. ^ "Community Organizing is Alive in North Camden by Mike Morgan | Stephen Danley | Rutgers University". danley.camden.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  55. ^ Sidorick, Daniel (April 29, 2019). "Condensed Capitalism: Campbell Soup and the Pursuit of Cheap Production in the Twentieth Centuru". digitalcommons. Cornell University. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  56. ^ Ramsland, Katherine. "Rampage in Camden" Archived May 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, TruTV. Accessed July 3, 2011.
  57. ^ Staff. "2 Killed in Camden Rioting; Sniper Fire Blamed", The New York Times, September 3, 1969. Accessed November 26, 2016.
  58. ^ Winkler, Renee. "Rioting Deepened Camden's Divisions", Courier-Post, February 1, 2007. Accessed November 26, 2016.
  59. ^ Dorwart, Jeffery M. Camden County, New Jersey: the making of a metropolitan community, 1626–2000, p. 154. Rutgers University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8135-2958-1. Accessed July 3, 2011.
  60. ^ Cohen, Phil. The Riot of 1971, DVRBS.com, August 2008. Accessed November 6, 2023.
  61. ^ Gammage, Jeff; DiStefano, Joseph N.; and Ott, Dwight. "20 years ago, Camden erupted; A riot that redefined a city", The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 18, 1991. Accessed November 6, 2023, via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^ Staff. "17 of Camden 28 Found Not Guilty — Admitted Draft-Office Raid—Both Sides Ask Dismissal of Charges on 11 Others", The New York Times, May 21, 1973. Accessed July 11, 2020.
  63. ^ Staff. "Man Frisked by Whitman Awaits Appeal in Unrelated Drug Case ", The New York Times, July 19, 2000. Accessed December 20, 2014.
  64. ^ Camden People – Sherron Rolex, DVRBS.com. Accessed November 6, 2023.
  65. ^ Trethan, Phaedra. "From prison to park: Camden's Cooper's Poynt opens", Courier-Post, June 5, 2017. Accessed November 29, 2022. "Sadler, a co-founder of Save Our Waterfront, was front and center in 2009 when Riverfront was demolished."
  66. ^ Hanna, Maddie. "As Subaru opens its new HQ, there's hope that it will bring change to Admiral Wilson Boulevard", The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 27, 2018. Accessed November 6, 2023. "Subaru was approved for $118 million in incentives by the New Jersey Economic Development Authority in 2014 to move from Cherry Hill and build the headquarters that will open Friday.... In seeking the tax credits, Subaru pledged to relocate 500 employees and create 100 new jobs. The credits, spread over 10 years, are conditional on the company's meeting those commitments and staying in Camden for at least 15 years."
  67. ^ "Historic Overview of Rutgers-Camden". www.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  68. ^ L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. History, Funding Universe. Accessed November 17, 2014.
  69. ^ Colimore, Edward. "A new battle for the USS New Jersey", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 12, 2012. Accessed July 29, 2014. "'The Home Port Alliance "has had the ship in the best of times and worst of times and couldn't make it work,' said von Zwehl, a member of the USS New Jersey Battleship Commission that helped bring the vessel to the state in 1999."
  70. ^ a b "Eds and Meds as an Economic Engine for the City of Camden and the State of New Jersey" (PDF). rurcbog.com. Rowan University/Rutgers-Camden Board of Governors. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  71. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  72. ^ Walsh, Jim. "Waterfront complex not just buildings", Courier-Post, March 11, 2016. Accessed March 22, 2020. "A proposed $830 million development will bring more than office towers and a hotel to the city's Waterfront. A master plan approved by a state agency Friday notes the project calls for a downtown shuttle bus, major changes to the street system and the creation of a riverfront park.... In contrast, a previous master plan — created before Liberty Property announced its proposal in September 2015 – called for less than 500,000 square feet of commercial space and more than 1,600 homes. It also covered a larger site of almost 37.2 acres."
  73. ^ Hurdle, Jon. "A Bold Plan to Remake Camden's Waterfront", The New York Times, September 29, 2015. Accessed August 22, 2018.
  74. ^ Haines family. Cooper's Ferry daybook, 1819–1824. OCLC 70944820.
  75. ^ Walsh, Jim. "EDA to vote on Holtec Camden project", Courier-Post, July 8, 2014. Accessed March 22, 2020. "The New Jersey Economic Development Authority will vote on $260 million in grants for a project by Holtec International, an Evesham-based manufacturer. A meeting agenda offers no details about the project, but gives its location as Camden. The agenda calls for annual grants of $26 million over a 10-year term."
  76. ^ Shelly, Jared (November 11, 2014). "Lockheed Martin gets $107 million in tax credits to operate in Camden". The Business Journals. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  77. ^ a b Steele, Allison (July 21, 2016). "As Subaru plans move to Camden, a few bumps in the road". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  78. ^ a b Gelston, Dan (September 22, 2016). "Sixers practice facility set to open on Camden Waterfront". Courier-Post. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  79. ^ Whittaker, Celeste (September 23, 2016). "Sixers training facility rises above Camden". Courier-Post. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  80. ^ "Sixers Training Complex". National Basketball Association. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  81. ^ McQuade, Dan. "Subaru to Move U.S. Headquarters to Camden", Philadelphia, December 4, 2014. Accessed March 22, 2020. "Subaru is close to moving its American headquarters to New Jersey. KYW 1060 reports a deal will be announced next week that gives Subaru 10 years of tax incentives to move to Camden. The state's Economic Development Authority would have to approve the deal next week. As many as 500 jobs would move to Camden as part of the deal."
  82. ^ Hernandez, Joe. "Subaru opens its doors in Camden, thanks to generous N.J. tax break". WHYY. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  83. ^ Bingold, Jaclyn. "Subaru of America Celebrates New Headquarters in Camden, NJ with Grand Opening Ceremony". PR Newswire (Press release). Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  84. ^ Admiral Wilson Boulevard, DVRBS.com. Accessed July 29, 2014. "In anticipation of the 2000 Republican Convention held in Philadelphia, then New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman spent a great amount of taxpayer dollars in acquiring all the commercial properties on the south side of the boulevard east of the Cooper River to the Airport Circle. Every building was razed, grass and trees were planted, and a park, which no one can park at or really use, was created."
  85. ^ Levins, Hoag. "A Hundred Years of Camden's RCA Building 17 — Former Employees Pack Centennial Event in Famed 'Nipper' Landmark", HistoricCamdenCounty.com, July 17, 2009. Accessed December 20, 2014. "Although once officially known as number 17, but colloquially called the 'Nipper Building,'" the structure was extensively renovated and rebranded as 'The Victor' in 2002 by developer Carl Dranoff. The floors above the restaurant are now luxury apartments."
  86. ^ Staff. "185 Camden cases tossed, 'corrupt' police work blamed", New York Post, April 3, 2010. Accessed December 21, 2014.
  87. ^ "Camden Agrees to Pay $3.5M to Victims of Police Corruption", American Civil Liberties Union, January 10, 2013. Accessed December 21, 2014. "The City of Camden has agreed to pay $3.5 million in damages to 88 people whose convictions were overturned because of widespread corruption in the Camden Police Department."
  88. ^ via Associated Press. "2 NJ officers charged in police corruption case", Fox News Channel, October 14, 2010. Accessed April 5, 2016. "Corruption charges were announced Thursday against two Camden police officers accused of falsifying evidence in drug cases in what are expected to be the last charges filed in a case that led authorities to dismiss more than 200 criminal cases."
  89. ^ Maciag, Mike. "Why Camden, N.J., the Murder Capital of the Country, Disbanded Its Police Force", Governing, May 21, 2014. Accessed November 10, 2022. "Meanwhile, the city went ahead with the plan. On May 1, 2013, Camden laid off its entire force and the county took over."
  90. ^ ""Camden Rising" as new construction reshapes the NJ waterfront". TRADES & UNION DIGEST. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  91. ^ Trethan, Phaedra; Coppola, Anthony V. "$2 billion expansion planned in Camden for Cooper University Health Care",Courier-Post, September 20, 2022. Accessed September 20, 2022. "Cooper University Health Care and the MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper on Monday reaffirmed its commitment to Camden with the announcement of a planned $2 billion expansion at the city's campus."
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