Imperial boomerang
The imperial boomerang or Foucault's boomerang is the thesis that governments that develop repressive techniques to control colonial territories will eventually deploy those same techniques domestically against their own citizens.
Origin[edit]
The concept was advanced by Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism and Aimé Césaire in Discourse on Colonialism, in both cases to explain the origins of European fascism in the first half of the 20th century. [1][2][3] According to both writers, the methods of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party were not exceptional from a world-wide view because European colonial powers had been killing millions of people worldwide as part of the process of colonization for a very long time. Rather, they were exceptional in that they were applied to Europeans within Europe, rather than to colonized populations in the global south.[4]
In her book, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt considers the Soviet and the Nazi regimes alongside European colonies in Africa and Asia, as their later and gruesome transformation. She analyzes Russian pan-Slavism as a stage in the development of racism and totalitarianism. Her analysis was continued by Alexander Etkind in the book "Internal colonization: Russia's imperial experience".[5]
Association with Foucault[edit]
In his 1976 lecture Society Must Be Defended, Michel Foucault expanded on these ideas.[6] According to him:
[W]hile colonization, with its techniques and its political and juridical weapons, obviously transported European models to other continents, it also had a considerable boomerang effect on the mechanisms of power in the West, and on the apparatuses, institutions, and techniques of power. A whole series of colonial models was brought back to the West, and the result was that the West could practice something resembling colonization, or an internal colonialism, on itself
Usage[edit]
Foucault's boomerang has been invoked to explain the ongoing militarization of police and their domestic deployment in response to political protest in urban centers.[7][8] Such deployment has also proliferated worldwide,[9][10] considering that the globalization of militarized policing continues to be a crucial aspect of contemporary foreign policy of Western colonial powers such as the United States, whose early experiments with developing comprehensive coercive state apparatuses and counterinsurgency techniques began during the American colonization of the Philippines.[4][11][12]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ King, Richard H.; Stone, Dan (September 2008). Hannah Arendt and the Uses of History: Imperialism, Nation, Race, and Genocide. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845455897.
- ^ Owens, Patricia (30 August 2007). Between War and Politics: International Relations and the Thought of Hannah Arendt. ISBN 9780199299362.
- ^ Rothberg, Michael (15 June 2009). Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization. ISBN 9780804762175.
- ^ a b Woodman, Connor (2020). "The Imperial Boomerang: How colonial methods of repression migrate back to the metropolis". Versobooks.com.
- ^ Etkind, Alexander (2011). Internal colonization: Russia's imperial experience. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780745673547.
- ^ Graham, Stephen (2013). "Foucault's boomerang: the new military urbanism". openDemocracy.
- ^ Graham, Stephen (2011). Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism.
- ^ Go, Julian (July 16, 2020). "The Racist Origins of U.S. Policing". Foreign Affairs.
- ^ Morefield, Jeanne (2020). "Beyond Boomerang". International Politics Reviews. 8: 3–10. doi:10.1057/s41312-020-00078-7. S2CID 220962507.
- ^ Schrader, Stuart (2020). "Defund the Global Policeman". n+1.
- ^ McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Makalintal, Joshua M. (2021). "Dismantling the Imperial Boomerang: A Reckoning with Globalised Police Power". Transnational Institute.
Further reading[edit]
- Go, Julian (2023). Policing Empires: Militarization, Race, and the Imperial Boomerang in Britain and the US. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762165-3.
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