Krakivs'ki Visti
 Krakivs'ki Visti frontispiece | |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | Tabloid |
| Editor-in-chief | Michael Chomiak (a.k.a. Mykhailo Khomiak) |
| Founded | 1940 |
| Political alignment | Nazi Party |
| Language | Ukrainian |
| Ceased publication | 1945 |
| Headquarters | General Government (later in Vienna) |
| Circulation | 16,808 (1944) [1] |
The Krakivs'ki Visti (Ukrainian: Краківські вісті: народний часопис для Генерал-Губернаторства, German: Krakauer Nachrichten – Ukrainische Tageszeitung), was a Ukrainian newspaper based in Vienna, published from 1940 to 1945.[2] Historian John-Paul Himka described it as "vehemently antisemitic."[3] Himka described it as a Nazi propaganda daily, published during World War II in the Ukrainian language with the German financial aid, and with exposure orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels himself.[4]
Origins[edit]
After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact, many Ukrainian nationalists left the Soviet-controlled Western Ukraine for the German zone of occupation, and became the centre of Ukrainian nationalists activity. Some of the most prominent Ukrainian writers contributed to Krakivs’ki visti.[4] According to John-Paul Himka, a history professor at the University of Alberta, from 1940 until 1945, the newspaper was the "most important" in the Ukrainian language under the World War II German occupation.[5]: 251 The newspaper's publisher, the Ukrainian Publishing House (UV) Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo, was established in December 1939 in Kraków, then the capital of the General Government or General Governorate administration of Nazi Germany. "Despite the financial and technical difficulties, strict German censorship, and paper shortages that plagued it throughout its existence", Ukrainian Publishing House published prolifically from 1940 to 1945.[6] In a November 19, 1939 meeting with Ukrainian representatives, Governor-general Hans Frank "pledged his support for a Ukrainian publishing house and press."[5]: 251 [6]
The original funding came from the Ukrainian population of the General Governorate for the new limited company, Krakivs'ki Visti. The German head of the press department, Emil Gassner, gave Yevhen Yulii Pelensky, Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo's first director, the right to take over a printing press confiscated from the Jewish newspaper Nowy Dziennik.[5]: 251
The daily was closely associated with the Ukrainian Central Committee headed by Volodymyr Kubiyovych. It was more autonomous than other Ukrainian-language publication under the German rule.[4]
Distribution[edit]
The first issue of Krakivs'ki Visti was published on January 7, 1940. It began to publish daily in November 1940. At that time Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo began to publish a weekly paper for the rural population.[5]: 252 The German occupiers limited newspapers to small press runs.[5]: 252 The press run was just over 10,000 in 1941 and just over 15,000 in 1943.[4]
The readership was located in the Governorate and among the Ukrainians "working as forced labor in Germany", and in German-occupied Europe. The Germans placed a ban on circulating the newspaper to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU), the civilian regime of much of Nazi German-occupied Ukraine, where "the bulk of the potential readership lived."[5]: 253 The targeted audience envisioned by the newspapers founders were the "peasants, workers and refugees." In the end the daily was aimed at the intelligentsia and the weekly for the rural population and workers.[5]: 254
After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact, many Ukrainian nationalists left the Soviet-controlled Kresy for the German zone of occupation, and Kraków became the centre of their nationalist activity. Some of the most prominent Ukrainian writers contributed to Krakivs’ki visti. However, there were very few Ukrainians living in Kraków, therefore most copies were distributed elsewhere.[4]
Content[edit]
Krakivs'ki visti, with headquarters in Kraków since 1940, republished materials from the German papers for distribution in the General Government territory of occupied Poland, especially the Nazi party organ Völkischer Beobachter, which appeared frequently. The articles were also translated from Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe and all most important German papers.[4][7] The Krakivs'ki Visti was distributed in Nazi Germany among the Ukrainian Ostarbeiter workers for the purpose of indoctrination especially after the anti-Soviet Operation Barbarossa of 1941, but also throughout other German-occupied countries. The company was moved to Vienna in 1944 ahead of the Soviet counteroffensive. The last issue was published on March 29, 1945.[1] [5]: 251–261
Editors[edit]
Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo's director Pelens'ki, had difficulty hiring a chief editor for the Krakivs'ki visti. Many talented editors from Lviv feared Soviet reprisals against their families who remained in Galicia.[5]: 254
The first editor, Borys Levyt'ski was fired on the insistence of the Germans, after he published an article on the Russo-Finnish War. Mykhailo Khomiak, who was in his thirties at the time, was appointed as editor-in-chief to replace Levyt'ski in 1940 and remained in that position until the paper closed in 1945.[5]: 254 During that time, Ley Lepkyi was the deputy editor and Roman Kupchyns'kyi, Mariian Kozak, Iaroslav Zaremba, and Petro Sahaidachnyi, who were all Galacians, served on the editorial board.[5]: 255
Khomiak changed his name to Michael Chomiak when he emigrated to Canada after World War II. After his death in 1984, his son-in-law, John-Paul Himka, accessed his papers, which are now held in the Provincial Archives of Alberta. [8][9][10][11] According to Himka, the anti-Jewish materials published in Krakiws'ki Visti contributed to the mass murder of Jews.[12]: 619 Khomiak's granddaughter, Chrystia Freeland, was the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs when news about his work began circulating in 2017. Freeland's office initially denied the information, and Freeland herself dismissed it as Russian disinformation, though it was later reported that she had known about her grandfather's involvement with the paper for more than twenty years.[10][11][13][14][15]
During the Second World War the Krakivs'ki Visti published official announcements, articles, and recruitment for the Waffen SS Galicia Division. In 2023 this division was given international publicity after a veteran of the division, Yaroslav Hunka, received recognition and standing ovations in the Canadian House of Commons in the presence of Chrystia Freeland, who was at the time deputy prime minister of Canada and the minister of finance.[16]
Relations with German authorities[edit]
The paper "was constantly running into difficulties with German censors", which did "damage to the paper" and created a "dangerous editorial crisis".[5]: 257 In his correspondence with the publisher's office, Khomiak "placed blame" on the "lack of editorial presence in the newspaper", on German censorship.[5]: 257
Antisemitic articles (1943)[edit]
In May 1943, the German press chief, demanded that the newspaper publish a series of antisemitic articles[17]: 85 in the "flagship of Ukrainian journalism under Nazi occupation," Krakov's daily newspaper, the Krakivs'ki Visti.[17]: 82
In 1984, following the death of Mykhailo Khomiak, then known as Michael Chomiak, his personal records revealed his role as editor-in-chief at Krakivski visti from 1940 through 1945 when he was in his thirties. He emigrated to Canada after WWII. Included in his records were detailed communications providing historical context of the articles. The records were acquired by the Provincial Archives of Alberta in 1985. Himka used these records as primary sources for papers he presented at Ukrainian-Jewish relations conferences in Kyiv in 1991 and Jerusalem in 1993. His 1996 article, "Krakivski visti and the Jews, 1943: A Contribution to the History of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Second World War", published in the Journal of Ukrainian Studies, was a revised version of these papers. The records provided the names of the authors (now deceased) of the articles which were not included in the 1943 Krakivski visti articles: Kost Kuzyk, Luka Lutsiv, Olena Kysilevska, Oleksander Mystsiuk, and Oleksander Mokh who wrote a series of articles.[17]: 86 Other Himka described the Krakivski visti as the "flagship of Ukrainian journalism under Nazi occupation," Krakov's daily newspaper, the Krakivs'ki Visti.[17]: 82 The articles, which were published between May 25 through July, "provoked indignation on the part of the Ukrainian intelligentsia".[17]: 89, 95
References[edit]
- ^ a b Karl Waldmann Museum. "Page from a Ukrainian newspaper Krakivs'ki Visti, December 1944". Galerie Pascal Polar, Belgium.
- ^ Digital collections (2017). "Krakivs'ki Visti : narodnij časopis dlja General-Gubernatorstva, 1940-1942". Biblioteka Jagiellońska. Katalog Druków XIX-XX w. ze zbiorów byłej Pruskiej Biblioteki Państwowej w Berlinie przechowywanych w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej. Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Roczniki czasopisma: 3 wol,; sygnatury BPC 2483 IV LIND, Ztg 2475. Lista roczników: 001 r. 1940 (sičen-červen; lipen-veresen); 003 r. 1942 (lipen-gruden).
- ^ John-Paul Himka. "First Escape: Dealing with the Totalitarian Legacy in the Early Postwar Emigration". Ukemonde.com. Ukrainian Community in Montreal. Archived from the original on 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
The originals were vehemently antisemitic.
paper presented at the conference "Soviet Totalitarianism in Ukraine: History and Legacy" held in Kiev on September 2–6, 2005 - ^ a b c d e f John-Paul Himka. "Ethnicity and the Reporting of Mass Murder: Krakivs'ki visti, the NKVD Murders of 1941, and the Vinnytsia Exhumation". Time and Space. Lviv: University of Alberta. Archived from the original (DOC) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Himka, John-Paul (1998). "Krakivs'ki visti: an Overview". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe. 22. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 251–261. JSTOR 41036740.
- ^ a b "Ukrainske Vydavnytstvo (Cracow)". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 5. 1993. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
UV was undoubtedly the most prolific and important Ukrainian publisher of its time...[d]espite the financial and technical difficulties, strict German censorship, and paper shortages that plagued it throughout its existence, from 1940 to 1945.
- ^ Rebecca Wetherbee (May 20, 2013). "Chrystia Freeland – U.S. Managing Editor, Financial Times". Little Pink Book.
- ^ Robert Fife, Ottawa Bureau Chief (March 7, 2017). "Freeland knew her grandfather was editor of Nazi newspaper". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Pugliese, David (March 8, 2017). "Chrystia Freeland's granddad was indeed a Nazi collaborator – so much for Russian disinformation". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
Chomiak edited the paper first in Krakow (Cracow), Poland and then in Vienna. The reason he edited the paper in Vienna was because he had to flee with his Nazis colleagues as the Russians advanced into Poland.
- ^ a b Cosh, Colby (March 8, 2018). "Colby Cosh: Of course it's 'news' that Freeland's grampa was a Nazi collaborator, even if the Russians are spreading it". National Post. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ a b Simons, Paula (March 8, 2017). "Paula Simons: 'School of hate': Was Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland's grandfather a Nazi collaborator?". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
- ^ John-Paul Himka (2013). Omer Bartov; Eric D. Weitz (eds.). Ethnicity and the Reporting of Mass Murder. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253006394.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Glavin, Terry (March 8, 2017). "Terry Glavin: Enter the Freeland-Nazi conspiracy — and the amping-up of Russia's mischief in Canada". The National Post. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe (Berlin). "Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton" (PDF). The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada. Kakanien Revisited, No 12, 2010: 7–8.
The newspaper Krakivs'ki visti not only reprinted German anti-Semitic propaganda but also featured articles written by Ukrainian intellectuals who responded to German requests to write nationalistic and anti-Semitic materials. Indeed, Volodymyr Kubiiovych (former director of the Ukrainian Central Committee – Ukraїns'kyi Tsentral'nyi Komitet, UTsK) in Berlin contributed to the newspaper.55 Furthermore, he asked the head of the General Government, Hans Frank, to see »a very significant part of confiscated Jewish wealth turned over to the Ukrainian people«.
- ^ "Freeland knew her grandfather was editor of Nazi newspaper". The Globe and Mail. 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
- ^ Appel, Jeremy (2023-09-29). "The Coincidences Behind Canada's Nazi-Honoring Debacle Are Deeply Unsettling". Jacobin. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ a b c d e Himka, John-Paul (Summer–Winter 1996). "Krakivski visti and the Jews, 1943: A Contribution to the History of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Second World War". Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 21: 81–95.