Lemon

Lemon
	; Citruslemon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae;
(unranked):	Angiosperms;
(unranked):	Eudicots;
(unranked):	Rosids;
Order:	Sapindales;
Family:	Rutaceae;
Genus:	Citrus;
Species:	C. limon;
Binomial name
	Citrus limon; (L.) Burm.f.

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This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Lemon (disambiguation).

The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. The reproductive tissue surrounds the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world. The fruit is used primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, primarily in cooking and baking. Lemon juice is about 5% (approximately 0.03 moles/Liter) citric acid, which gives lemons a tart taste, and a pH of 2 to 3. This makes lemon juice an inexpensive, readily available acid for use in educational science experiments. Lemons are also known for their sourness.

[edit] History

Two lemons, one whole and one sliced in half

The exact origin of the lemon has remained a mystery, though it is widely presumed that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma, and China.^[1]^[2] In South and South East Asia, it was known for its antiseptic properties and it was used as an antidote for various poisons. It was later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around AD 700. The lemon was first recorded in literature in a tenth century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens.^[1]^[2] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between AD 1000 and AD 1150.

Citrus x limon flowers.

Pickled lemons, a Moroccan delicacy

Lemons entered Europe (near southern Italy) no later than the first century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. However, they were not widely cultivated. The first real lemon cultivation in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the fifteenth century.^[2] It was later introduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola along his voyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as ornament and medicine.^[2] In 1700s and late 1800s, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California when lemons began to be used in cooking and flavoring.^[3]

In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding Vitamin C to their diets through lemon juice.^[4]

The name lemon was originated from Arabic līmūn لیمون and Persian limun through Old Italian and Old French limone.^[5]^[6]^[7]

[edit] Culinary uses

Lemon marmalade on a slice of bread

Lemons are used to make lemonade, and as a garnish for drinks. Many mixed drinks, soft drinks, Iced tea, and water are often served with a wedge or slice of lemon in the glass or on the rim. The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice. Allowing lemons to come to room temperature before squeezing (or heating briefly in a microwave) makes the juice easier to extract. Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible to mold.

Fish are marinated in lemon juice to neutralize the odor. The acid neutralizes the amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts.

Lemon juice, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is used to marinate meat before cooking: the acid provided by the juice partially hydrolyzes the tough collagen fibers in the meat (tenderizing the meat), though the juice does not have any antibiotic effects.

Lemons, alone or with oranges, are used to make marmalade. The grated rind of the lemon, called lemon zest, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes. Pickled lemons are a Moroccan delicacy. A liqueur called limoncello is made from lemon rind.

When lemon juice is sprinkled on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, the acid acts as a short-term preservative by denaturing the enzymes that cause browning and degradation.

[edit] Non-culinary uses

A lemon orchard in the Galilee of Israel.

Lemon in the process of ripening

Citric acid - Lemons were the primary commercial source of this substance prior to the development of fermentation-based processes.
Lemon battery - A popular science experiment in schools involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to power a light. The electricity generated in this way can also power a small motor. These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.
Sanitary kitchen deodorizer - deodorize, remove grease, bleach stain, and disinfect; when mixed with baking soda, lemon can remove stains from plastic food storage containers.^[8]
Lemon hair lightener - Lemon juice applied to the hair can work as a natural hair lightener.^{[citation needed]}
Insecticide - The d-limonene in lemon oil is used as a non-toxic insecticide treatment. See orange oil.
Acne Treatment - Applying lemon juice to facial blemishes is a popular form of treating acne.^{[citation needed]}
Skin bleach - Lemon juice is also believed by many to lighten the skin when applied topically, as it has been suggested that the acids it contains inhibits melanin production.^{[citation needed]} The effectiveness, however, is largely a subject of debate.
Fresh squeezed lemon in a glass of ample water is said to clense the liver. It is also said that lemon helps to stimulate the metabolism.
Antibacterial used because it has a low pH
Lemon is used in facial masks for refreshing the skin.^{[citation needed]}
Wood treatment - the traditional lemon oil used on the unsealed rosewood fingerboards of guitars and other stringed instruments is not made from lemons. It's a different product all together, made from mineral oil and a solvent, usually naphtha, and got its name from its color and tart smell, and should not be confused with the corrosive Oil of Lemons.
Lemon juice is often used to clean the inside of animal skins prior to taxidermy.^{[citation needed]}
Natural deodorants are generally made from lemon extracts. Raw lemon can be used as a short term deodorant.^{[citation needed]}
Aromatherapy - Researchers at Ohio State University reveals that lemon oil aroma may enhance your mood, and relax you.^[9]
A halved-lemon dipped in salt or baking powder can be used to brighten copper cookware. The acid cuts through the tarnish and the abrasives assist the cleaning.

[edit] Lemon alternatives

Several other plants have a similar taste to lemons. In recent times, the Australian bush food lemon myrtle has become a popular alternative to lemons.^[10] The crushed and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste but contain no citric acid. Lemon myrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream. Limes are often used instead of lemons.

Many other plants are noted to have a lemon-like taste or scent. Among them are Cymbopogon (lemon grass), lemon balm, lemon thyme, lemon verbena, scented geraniums, certain cultivars of basil, and certain cultivars of mint.

[edit] Production

Lemon and lime output in 2005

India with ~16% of worlds overall lemon an lime output tops the production list followed by Mexico(~14.5%), Argentina(~10%), Brazil(~8%) and Spain(~7%).

Top Ten Lemons and Limes Producers — 2007
Country	Production (Tonnes)	Footnote
India	2060000	F
Mexico	1880000	F
Argentina	1260000	F
Brazil	1060000	F
Spain	880000	F
People's Republic of China	745100	F
United States	722000
Turkey	706652
Iran	615000	F
Italy	546584
World	13032388	A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate(may include official, semi-official or estimates); Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision