Linear A

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Linear A
Linear A inscription on a cup
Script type
Undeciphered
presumed logosyllabic (syllabic and ideographic)
Time period
MM IB to LM IIIA 1800–1450 BC [1]
StatusExtinct
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
Languages'Minoan' (unknown)
Related scripts
Child systems
Linear B, Cypro-Minoan syllabary [2]
Sister systems
Cretan hieroglyphs
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Lina (400), ​Linear A
Unicode
Unicode alias
Linear A
"U+10600–U+1077F" (PDF).
"Final Accepted Script Proposal" (PDF).

Linear A is a writing system that was used by the Minoans of Crete from 1800 BC to 1450 BC. Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization. It was succeeded by Linear B, which was used by the Mycenaeans to write an early form of Greek. It was discovered by the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans in 1900. No texts in Linear A have yet been deciphered. Evans named the script "Linear" because its characters consisted simply of lines inscribed in clay, in contrast to the more pictographic characters in Cretan hieroglyphs that were used during the same period.[3]

Linear A belongs to a group of scripts that evolved independently of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian systems. During the second millennium BC, there were four major branches: Linear A, Linear B, Cypro-Minoan, and Cretan hieroglyphic.[4] In the 1950s, Linear B was deciphered and found to have an underlying language of Mycenaean Greek. Linear A shares many symbols with Linear B, and they may notate similar syllabic values, but neither those nor any other proposed readings lead to a language that scholars can read.

Script[edit]

Most hypotheses about the Linear A script and Minoan language start with Linear B.

Linear A has over 100 signs, believed to represent syllabic, ideographic, and semantic values in a manner similar to Linear B. While many of those assumed to be syllabic signs are similar to ones in Linear B, approximately 80% of Linear A's logograms are unique;[5][4] the difference in sound values between Linear A and Linear B signs ranges from 9% to 13%.[6] It primarily appears in the left-to-right direction, but occasionally appears as a right-to-left or boustrophedon script.

Linear A signs may be divided into four categories:

  1. numerals and metrical signs;
  2. phonetic signs;
  3. ligatures and composite signs;
  4. ideograms.

Signary[edit]

Linear A: signary and numbering according to E. Bennett.[7]
*01-*20 *21-*30 *31-*53 *54-*74 *76-*122 *123-*306

*01

*21

*31

*54

*76

*123

*02

*21

*34

*55

*77

*131a

*03

*21

*37

*56

*78

*131b

*04

*22

*38

*57

*79

*131c

*05

*22

*39

*58

*80

*164

*06

*22

*40

*59

*81

*171

*07

*23

*41

*60

*82

*180

*08

*23

*44

*61

*85

*188

*09

*24

*45

*65

*86

*191

*10

*26

*46

*66

*87

*301

*11

*27

*47

*67

*100/
*102

*302

*13

*28

*49

*69

*118

*303

*16

*28b

*50

*70

*120

*304

*17

*29

*51

*73

*120b

*305

*20

*30

*53

*74

*122

*306

Numbers[edit]

Numbers follow a decimal system: units are represented by vertical dashes, tens by horizontal dashes, hundreds by circles, and thousands by circles with rays. There are special symbols to indicate fractions and weights. Specific signs that coincide with numerals are regarded as fractions;[8] these sign combinations are known as klasmatograms.[9]

Integers can be read and the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are quite straightforward, similarly to Roman numerals.[10]

Aegean numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Fractions[edit]

There is a lack of scholarly agreement signs, generally called klasmatograms, for Linear A fractions.[11][12][13][14] In 2021 Michele Corazza proposed the following values, most of which had been previously suggested:[15]

Proposed values of fraction glyphs[15]
Symbol Glyph Value
J 12
E 14
B 15
D 16
F 18
K 110
H 116?
L2 120
A 124?
L3 130
L4 140
L6 160
W = BB? (25)
X = AA? (112)
Y ?
Ω ?

Other fractions are composed by addition: the common JE and DD are 34 and 13 (26), BB = 25, EF = 38, etc. (and indeed B 15 looks like it might derive from KK 210). L, Y, Ω are hapax legomenon (only occur once) and it has been proposed that glyph L is spurious.[15]

Several of these values are supported by Linear B. Although Linear B used a different numbering system, several of the Linear A fractions were adopted as fractional units of measurement. For example, Linear B DD and (presumably AA) are 13 and 112 of a lana, while K is 110 of the main unit for dry weight.[15]

Corpus[edit]

Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini
Linear A tablet, Chania Archaeological Museum

Linear A has been found chiefly on Crete, but also at other sites in Greece, as well as Turkey and Israel. The extant corpus, comprising some 1,427 specimens totals 7,362 to 7,396 signs. Linear A has been written on various media, such as stone offering tables and vessels, gold and silver hairpins, roundels, and ceramics.[16][17] The earliest inscriptions of Linear A come from Phaistos, in a layer dated at the end of the Middle Minoan II period: that is, no later than c. 1700 BC.[18][19] Linear A texts have been found throughout the island of Crete and also on some Aegean islands (Kythera, Kea, Thera, Melos), in mainland Greece (Ayos Stephanos), on the west coast of Asia Minor (Miletus, Troy), and in the Levant (Tel Haror, Tel Lachish).[20][21][22]

The first comprehensive compendium of Linear A inscriptions (sometimes referred to as GORILA) was produced by Louis Godart and Jean-Pierre Olivier in multiple columns between 1976 and 1985.[23][24][25][26][27] In 2011 work began on a supplement to that compendium.[28] In 2020 a project was begun, called SigLA, to put all the known Linear A inscriptions online at a single site.[29]

Tablets[edit]

Linear A tablet from the palace of Zakros, Archeological Museum of Sitia

Essentially all Linear A tablets, most in a fragmentary condition, have been found on the island of Crete, dated to the Neopalatial Period. At that time Crete was divided by mountains and other geographic features into a number of polities, each with its own urban center.[30] These tablets have been found at Hagia Triada (147 tablets), Petras, Phaistos (26 tablets), Knossos (6 tablets), Petsophas, Archanes (7 tablets), Myrtos Pyrgos (2 tablets), Zakros (31 tablets), Tylissos (2 tablets), Malia (6 tablets), Gournia (1 tablet), and Khania (99 tablets).[31][32][33][34][35] One Linear A tablet was found on Kea in the Cyclades.[36] Three tablet fragments were found on on the island of Santorini (Thera).[37] The handful of known Cretan Hieroglyphs tablets known (with relatively few signs) were also found on Crete at Malia and Kato Symi.[38]

Sealed documents[edit]

Minoan inscriptions, Linear A script, Phaistos

Seals and clay sealings served the same role of inventory control and ownership as in the ancient Near East and Egypt. Large numbers of sealings have been found, primarily on Crete and in the Late Minoan IB period. The primary sources of sealed documents come from Haghia Triada (1103), Zakros (560), Khania (210), Knossos (125), Phaistos (35), Mallia (6), and Tylissos (5).[39] It is not clear what was commonly used to impress the sealing as only a few Linear A inscribed "seal stones" have been found. In other regions cylinder seals and stamp seals fulfilled this role.[40]

Sealed documents are divided by archaeologists into four classes:[32]

  • Roundels - disks of clay with sealing on the edges[41]
  • Hanging nodules - sealed lumps of clay originally attached to string[42]
  • Parcel nodules - lumps of clay with sealing on back
  • Noduli - clay lumps like hanging nodules but not formerly string attached

Libation Tables[edit]

A group of Minoan finds, usually from sanctuaries, have traditionally been called libation tables. They come in full sized and miniature versions, usually of stone. Because of the findspots, at cultic sites like Mount Juktas, they are usually assumed to be religious in nature though that is not certain.[43] So far about 1000 libation tables have been recovered at 27 different sites on Crete, of which 41 have Linear A inscriptions.[44][45][46] These inscriptions follow a standardized "libation formula", a formula also found on a few other objects, primarily vessels.[47][48][49][50]

The "libation formula" has been much studied.[51][52] A similar construct in Cretan Hieroglyphs, the "Archanes Formula", is the main proposed link to Linear A.[53]

Other sources[edit]

Prähistorisches Museum Thira Linearschrift A 06

While most of the recovered Linear A signs have come from tablets, libation tables and related ritual objects, and sealed documents, a number of very short Linear A inscriptions have been found in the Minoan area of operation, primarily in the form of potmarks and mason's marks.[54] A problem is that is can be difficult to tell if a single-sign (or even doubleton) is Linear A, Linear B, or Cretan Hieroglyphs because to the overlap in sign use.[55][56] Vessel sherds were found at Traostalos, bearing three signs in total.[57] Four vase sherds were found at Thera with signs, as well as a ostrakon with one sign.[37] A vessel fragement was found at Miletus.[58] Two pithoi with very fragmentary inscriptions were found at Pseira.[59] Graffiti has been found at places like Hagia Triada.[60] A small clay ball with three Linear A signs was found at Mikro Vouni on the island of Samothrace.[61] A small stone tab with two signs was excavated in Hagios Stephanos, Laconia.[62] A siver hair pin and a gold ring, both with fairly long Linear A inscriptions, were found at Mavro Spelio in Knossos.[63][21][64]

A Linear A inscription was said to have been found in southeast Bulgaria.[65] Another, somewhat more solid, find was at Tel Lachish.[66] A Minoan graffito found at Tel Haror on a vessel fragment is either Linear A or Cretan hieroglyphs.[67]

Several tablets inscribed in signs similar to Linear A were found at Troy in northwestern Anatolia. While their status is disputed, they may be imports, as there is no evidence of Minoan presence in the Troad. Classification of these signs as a unique Trojan script (proposed by contemporary Russian linguist Nikolai Kazansky) is not accepted by other linguists.[68][69] Two Linear A inscribed clay spindle whorls were also found at Troy.[70]

Chronology[edit]

The earliest attestation of Linear A begins around 1800 BC (Middle Minoan IB) during the Protopalatial period. It became prominent around 1625 BC (Middle Minoan IIIB) and went out of use around 1450 BC (Late Minoan I) during the Neopalatial period. It was contemporary with and possibly derived from Cretan hieroglyphs, and may be an ancestor of Linear B. The Cypro-Minoan syllabary, used between Cyprus and its trading partners around the Mediterranean, was also in use during this period.[71] The sequence and the geographical spread of Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, and Linear B, the three overlapping but distinct writing systems on Bronze Age Crete and the Greek mainland, can be summarized as follows:[72]

Writing system Geographical area Time span
Cretan Hieroglyphic Crete, Samothrace c. 2100–1700 BC
Linear A Crete, Aegean islands (Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera), and Greek mainland (Laconia) c. 1800–1450 BC
Cypro-Minoan Cyprus and trading partners, Ugarit c. 1550–1050 BC
Linear B Crete (Knossos), and mainland (Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns) c. 1450–1200 BC

Decipherment[edit]

Minoan inscriptions, Linear A script

The decipherment of Linear A is a difficult challenge for several reasons:

  • only at most 1400 inscriptions are available which overstates matters as most of them are short. The longer texts, on tablets, are generally in fragmentary/damaged condition while the next longest sources, on ritual objects, are typically of a standardized "libation formula".[16]
  • most of the tablet texts are of a simple economic or administrative nature, similar to the problem found in Uruk period Proto-cuneiform tablets.[73]
  • no dual/language key text, like the Rosetta stone, has yet been found for Linear A.
  • despite much scholarly work, and no small amount of speculation, the underlying language of Linear A has not been determined, nor if the same language was used for its entire lifespan of use.

Earlier attempts at decipherment[edit]

Since Linear A was discovered over a century ago numerous attempts have been made to decipher it. Its perceived similarities to Linear B led to approaches tying the two scripts together which have not resulted in a decipherment but have given insights into Linear A. A related approach is assuming that the underlying language, like Linear B, was Mycenaean Greek, which is so far without success.[74]

In 1945, E. Pugliese Carratelli first introduced the classification of Linear A and Linear B parallels. However, in 1961, W. C. Brice modified the Pugliese Carratelli system that was based on a wider range of Linear A sources, but Brice did not suggest Linear B equivalents to the Linear A signs. The majority of signs in the Linear A script appear to have graphical equivalents in the Linear B syllabary. Comparison of the Hagia Triada tablets HT 95 and HT 86 shows that they contain identical lists of words and some kind of phonetic alteration. Scholars who approached Linear A with the phonetic values of Linear B produced a series of identical words. The Linear B–Linear A parallels: ku-ku-da-ra, pa-i-to, ku-mi-na, di-de-ro →di-de-ru, qa-qa-ro→qa-qa-ru, a-ra-na-ro→a-ra-na-re.[75] Though identical, some of these words, such as ka-pa, are used in much different ways.[76]

Some researchers suggest that a few words or word elements may be recognized, without (yet) enabling any conclusion about relationship with other languages. In general, they use analogy with Linear B in order to propose phonetic values of the syllabic sounds.[77] John Younger, in particular, thinks that place names usually appear in certain positions in the texts, and notes that the proposed phonetic values sometimes correspond to known place names as given in Linear B texts (and to modern Greek names). Likewise, in Linear A, MA+RU is suggested to mean wool, and to correspond both to a Linear B pictogram with this meaning, and to the classical Greek word μαλλός with the same meaning (in that case a loan word from Minoan).[78]

A number of other underlying languages were subsequently proposed and tested without success.

Current approaches[edit]

The current state of Linear A decipherment research primarily focuses on combining computation techniques like cryptanalysis and machine learning with traditional methods.[79][80][81][82] Natural language processing techniques have also been applied.[83] Traditional approaches, though, are still being applied. Recently, it was determined that the word order in Libation Formulas was Verb Subject Object with, in one case, a word meaning determined by recourse to Linear B.[84][85]

Proposed languages encoded[edit]

Linear A incised on a jug, also found in Akrotiri

It is unknown what the underlying language of Linear A is. An early assumption was that it represented a hypothesized indigenous Minoan language. Since then an array of languages have been proposed. A common approach involves assuming that Linear A uses the same language as Linear B (Mycenean Greek).[86] It has also been suggested that Linear A encodes two languages.[87]

Greek[edit]

In 1957, Bulgarian scholar Vladimir I. Georgiev proposed that Linear A contains Greek linguistic elements.[88][89] Georgiev then published another work in 1963 suggesting that the language of the Hagia Triada tablets was Greek but that the rest of the Linear A corpus was in Hittite-Luwian.[89][90] In December 1963, Gregory Nagy of Harvard University developed a list of Linear A and Linear B terms based on the assumption "that signs of identical or similar shape in the two scripts will represent similar or identical phonetic values", concluding that the language of Linear A bears "Greek-like" and Indo-European elements.[91]

Other researchers have raised doubts about a variant of Greek underlying Linear A. Yves Duhoux, for example, stated:

"I would like to remind you of some basic facts related to the Greekness of Linear A's language: (1) The word for "total" is different in Linear A and in Linear B: LB to - so(- de); LA → B ku-ro. (2) The Linear B language is significantly less "prefixing" than Linear A. (3) Votive Linear A texts, where we are pretty sure to have variant forms of the same "word", show morphological (I mean: grammatical) features totally different from Linear B. The conclusion must be that even if one can find some casual resemblances between words in both languages (remember this MUST statistically happen: e.g. English and Persian use the same word "bad" to express the meaning of BAD, although it is proven that both words have no genetic relation at all), they are probably structurally different."[75]

Anatolian languages[edit]

Since the late 1950s, some scholars have suggested that the Linear A language could be an Anatolian language.[92]

Luwian/Hittite[edit]

Luwian Hieroglyphs

In 1958 Leonard Palmer put forward a theory, as yet unsupported, based on Linear B phonetic values, suggesting that Linear A language could be related closely to Luwian.[92][36] There are recent works focused on the Luwian connection, not in terms of the Minoan language being Anatolian, but rather in terms of possible borrowings from Luwian, including the origin of the writing system itself.[93] Richard Janke has suggested that "Hittite and Luwian cognates often reappear in Linear A".[94]

Lycian[edit]

In 2001, Margalit Finkelberg, Professor of Classics emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggested a "high degree of correspondence between the phonological and morphological system of Minoan and that of Lycian" and proposed that "the language of Linear A is either the direct ancestor of Lycian or a closely related idiom, though the earliest known record of the Lycian language dates to much later, circa 500 BC."[75]

Semitic languages[edit]

Cyrus H. Gordon, having earlier suggested that some Linear A words had Semitic roots, first proposed in 1966–1969 that the texts contained Semitic vocabulary that was based on the lexical items such as kull- (compare with Akkadian kalu, kullatu (𒅗𒆷, 𒆰𒆷𒌅), Hebrew "kol" (כֹּל), and Arabic "kull" (كُلّ)), meaning 'all'.[95][96][4] Gordon uses morphological evidence to suggest that u- serves as a prefix in Linear A like the Semitic copula u-. However, Gordon's copula u- is based on an incomplete word, and even if some of Gordon's identifications were correct, a complete case for a Semitic language has not yet been built.[4]

Phoenician[edit]

In 2001, Jan Best, claimed to demonstrate how and why Linear A notates an archaic form of Phoenician.[97][98] This was a continuation of attempts by Cyrus Gordon in finding connections between Minoan and West Semitic languages.

Indo-Iranian[edit]

Another recent interpretation, based on the frequencies of the syllabic signs and on complete palaeographic comparative studies, suggests that the Minoan Linear A language belongs to the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages. Hubert La Marle used the frequency counts to identify the type of syllables written in Linear A, and takes into account the problem of loanwords in the vocabulary.[99]

La Marle's interpretation of Linear A has been subject to some criticism; it was rejected in 2009 by John Younger of the University of Kansas who showed that La Marle had invented at will erroneous and arbitrary new transcriptions, based on resemblances with many different script systems (as Phoenician, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Hieroglyphic Hittite, Ethiopian, Cypro-Minoan, etc.), ignoring established evidence and internal analysis, while for some words La Marle proposes religious meanings inventing names of gods and rites.[100] La Marle made a rebuttal in 2010.[101]

Tyrrhenian[edit]

Italian scholar Giulio M. Facchetti attempted to link Linear A to the Tyrrhenian language family comprising Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian. This family is reasoned to be a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substratum of the 2nd millennium BC, sometimes referred to as Pre-Greek. Facchetti proposed some possible similarities between the Etruscan language and ancient Lemnian, and other Aegean languages like Minoan.[102]

Sir Arthur Evans and also Michael Ventris, who (with John Chadwick) successfully deciphered Linear B, believed in a link between Minoan and Etruscan.[103] The same perspective is supported by S. Yatsemirsky in Russia and Raymond A. Brown.[104][105]

Other languages[edit]

Alexander Akulov and Peter Schrijver proposed that the language of Linear A is a close relative of the Hattic language.[106][107]

Monti put forward a Hurrian-Urartian hypothesis based on morphematic elements.[108] More recently he has changed to the view that "a direct kinship between this language and Hurro-Urartian (or any other ergative language) must be ruled out".[44] An Indo-European hypothesis was proposed by Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak and Daria Zawiasa based on an analysis of the combinatory data, mostly in libation formulas.[109][110] Early on there were also attempts to link Linear A with Proto-cuneiform and Proto-Elamite.[111]

Unicode[edit]

The Linear A alphabet (U+10600–U+1077F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. Current as of the latest Unicode version, 15.1.[112]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  2. ^ Palaima 1997, pp. 121–188.
  3. ^ Robinson, Andrew (2009). Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-9-40-215757-4.
  4. ^ a b c d Packard 1974, Chapter 1: Introduction.
  5. ^ Younger, John (2000). "7b. The Script". Linear A texts in phonetic transcription. University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  6. ^ Owens 1999, pp. 23–24 (David Packard, in 1974, calculated a sound-value difference of 10.80 ± 1.80%, Yves Duhoux, in 1989, calculated a sound-value difference of 14.34% ± 1.80% and Gareth Owens, in 1996, calculated a sound-value difference of 9–13%).
  7. ^ Bennett, E. L. Jr., "Mycenaean Studies Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium for Mycenaean Studies held at 'Wingspread', 4—8 September 1961", ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964
  8. ^ Packard 1974, pp. 23–24
  9. ^ Proust, Christine (22 June 2009). "Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration". Cuneiform Digital Library Journal. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  10. ^ Anderson, W. French (1 July 1958). "Arithmetical Procedure in Minoan Linear A and in Minoan-Greek Linear B". American Journal of Archaeology. 62 (3): 363–368. doi:10.2307/501989. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 501989. S2CID 193020404.
  11. ^ Billigmeier, Jon C. (1 October 1973). "Linear A Fractions: A New Approach". American Journal of Archaeology. 77 (1): 61–65. doi:10.2307/503234. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 503234. S2CID 191382050.
  12. ^ Bennett, Emmett L. (1 January 1980). "Linear A fractional retractation". Kadmos. 19 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1515/kadmos-1980-0104. ISSN 0022-7498. S2CID 163961065.
  13. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1 July 2014). "Fractions and food rations in Linear A". Kadmos. 53 (1–2): 1–44. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2014-0001. ISSN 0022-7498. S2CID 164932371.
  14. ^ Giulio Facchetti, "Linear A metrograms", Kadmos, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 142-148, 1994
  15. ^ a b c d Corazza, Michele; Ferrara, Silvia; Montecchi, Barbara; Tamburini, Fabio; Valério, Miguel (2021). "The mathematical values of fraction signs in the Linear A script: A computational, statistical and typological approach". Journal of Archaeological Science. 125: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105214. hdl:11585/789546. S2CID 225229514.
  16. ^ a b Winterstein, Gregoire; Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono; Petrolito, Ruggero; Petrolito, Tommaso (2015). "Minoan linguistic resources: The Linear A digital corpus". Proceedings of the 9th SIGHUM Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH) – via Academia.edu.
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  18. ^ Hutchinson R.W., "Prehistoric Crete", London, 1962
  19. ^ Pugliese Carratelli G, "Nouve epigrafi minoiche da Festo", Annuario della Scuola Archaeologica di Atene 35-36[n.s. 19-20(1957-1958)], pp. 363-388, 1958
  20. ^ Woudhuizen, Fred C. (2016). Documents in Minoan Luwian, Semitic, and Pelasgian. Amsterdam: Nederlands Archeologisch Historisch Genootschap. ISBN 9789072067197. OCLC 1027956786.
  21. ^ a b Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono (January 2014). Linear A and Minoan. The riddle of unknown origins. Linear a and Minoan. The Riddle of Unknown Origins (slides). Retrieved 13 July 2020 – via Academia.edu.
  22. ^ [1] Sampson, Adamantios, "Symbols of Minoan Hieroglyphic Script and Linear A in Melos from the Middle of 3rd Millennium BC", Annals of Archaeology 5.1, pp. 1–10, 2023
  23. ^ Godart, L. and Olivier, J.-P., "Recueil des inscriptions en lineaire A, vol. 1: Tablettes editees avant 1970", Paris, 1976
  24. ^ Godart, L. and Olivier, J.-P., "Recueil des inscriptions en lineaire A, vol. 2: Nodules, scelles et rondelles edites avant 1970", Paris, 1979
  25. ^ Godart, L. and Olivier, J.-P., "Recueil des inscriptions en lineaire A, vol. 3: Tablettes, nodules et rondelles edites en 1975 et 1976", Paris, 1976
  26. ^ Godart, L. and Olivier, J.-P., "Recueil des inscriptions en lineaire A, vol. 4: Autres documents", Paris, 1982
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  28. ^ [2] Del Freo M. and Zurbach J., "La préparation d’un supplément au Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A. Observations à partir d’un travail en cours", BCH 135.1, pp. 73–97, 2011
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  31. ^ Gallimore, S., and K.T. Glowacki. “Stratigraphic Excavations within the Gournia Palace 2011-2014.” [Abstract]. Archaeological Institute of America 119th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America Volume 41 (2017), 345. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America
  32. ^ a b [4] Salgarella, Ester, "Drawing lines: The palaeography of Linear A and Linear B", Kadmos, vol. 58, no. 1–2, pp. 61–92, 2019 doi:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0004
  33. ^ Hallager, Erik; Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Maria (1 July 2018). "Some unpublished Linear A documents from Khania". Kadmos. 57 (1–2): 33–44. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2018-0004. ISSN 0022-7498. S2CID 204963634.
  34. ^ Schoep 1999, pp. 201–221.
  35. ^ Anna Morpurgo-Davies, Gerald Cadogan, "A second Linear A tablet from Pyrgos" Kadmos, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 7-9, 1977
  36. ^ a b Finkelberg 1998, pp. 265–272.
  37. ^ a b Bennett, Simon M. and Owens, Gareth A., "The Dating of the Linear A Inscriptions from Thera", Kadmos, vol. 38, no. 1–2, pp. 12–18, 1999
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Works cited[edit]

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