List of VLF-transmitters

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Countries with VLF Transmitter Stations

A list of VLF-transmitters and LF-transmitters, which work or worked on frequencies below 100 kHz.

List of VLF transmissions[edit]

Name / Call sign Location Frequency Coordinates Remarks
NOV Alpha Transmitter Novosibirsk Bolotnoye, Bolotninsky District, Russia 11.905 kHz 55°45′22″N 84°26′52.4″E / 55.75611°N 84.447889°E / 55.75611; 84.447889 Alpha-Navigation
KRA Alpha Transmitter Krasnodar Poltavskaya, Krasnoarmeysky District, Krasnodar Krai, Russia 12.649 kHz 45°24′12″N 38°09′29″E / 45.40333°N 38.15806°E / 45.40333; 38.15806 Alpha-Navigation, also RJH63
KOM Alpha Transmitter Komsomolskamur Khabarovsk, Russia 12.649 kHz 50°04′24″N 136°36′24″E / 50.07333°N 136.60667°E / 50.07333; 136.60667 Alpha-Navigation
MUR Alpha Transmitter Murmansk Revda, Russia 12.649 kHz 68°02′8″N 34°41′00″E / 68.03556°N 34.68333°E / 68.03556; 34.68333 Alpha-Navigation
ASH Alpha Transmitter Ashkabad Seydi, Türkmenabat, Turkmenistan 12.649 kHz 39°28′16″N 62°43′07″E / 39.47111°N 62.71861°E / 39.47111; 62.71861 Alpha-Navigation
LaMoure - Omega Station D LaMoure, North Dakota, USA 12.1 kHz 46°21′58″N 98°20′08″W / 46.365987°N 98.335667°W / 46.365987; -98.335667 now operated by US Navy on 25.2 kHz
Monte Grande Radio Station Monte Grande, Argentina 17.33 kHz, 23.6 kHz 34°45′27″S 58°30′33″W / 34.757502°S 58.509128°W / -34.757502; -58.509128 Appears derelict. 718 Foot (219 meter) towers
HWU Rosnay, France 15.1 kHz, 18.3 kHz, 21.75 kHz 46°42′51″N 1°14′40″E / 46.714119°N 1.244309°E / 46.714119; 1.244309 1171 foot (357 meter) tower
Zendmast Ruiselede Ruiselede, Belgium 16.2 kHz 51.25 kHz 51°04′52″N 3°20′34″E / 51.08111°N 3.34278°E / 51.08111; 3.34278 used before World War II three 287 metres, today active on higher frequency with an antenna of four masts with heights of 121 and 122 metres
JXN Gildeskål, Norway 16.4 kHz 66°58′56″N 13°52′21″E / 66.982337°N 13.872471°E / 66.982337; 13.872471 7,759-foot (2,365 m) valley-span antenna
VTX Vijayanarayanam, India 17.0 kHz 8°23′13″N 77°45′07″E / 8.387°N 77.752°E / 8.387; 77.752 1545 foot (471 meter) tower
SAQ Grimeton, Varberg, Sweden 17.2 kHz 57°06′50″N 12°24′16″E / 57.113958°N 12.404425°E / 57.113958; 12.404425 Only active at special occasions (Alexanderson Day)
NAA Cutler, Maine, USA 17.8 kHz, 24.0 kHz 44°38′40″N 67°17′04″W / 44.644506°N 67.284565°W / 44.644506; -67.284565 997 ft (304 meter) tall
RDL Krasnodar, Russia 18.1 kHz 44°46′24″N 39°32′50″E / 44.77333°N 39.54722°E / 44.77333; 39.54722 425 metres tall central tower
INS Kattabomman Vijayanarayanam, India 18.2 kHz 8°23′13″N 77°45′02″E / 8.3869497°N 77.7505891°E / 8.3869497; 77.7505891
GQD Anthorn, Cumbria, UK 19.58 kHz, 22.10 kHz 54°54′42″N 3°16′43″W / 54.911683°N 3.278738°W / 54.911683; -3.278738 13 towers, 745-foot (227 m) tall
NWC Exmouth, Western Australia 19.8 kHz 21°48′59″S 114°09′56″E / 21.816325°S 114.16546°E / -21.816325; 114.16546 389 metres tall central tower
ICV Tavolara (Sardinia, Italy) 20.27 kHz, 20.76 kHz 40°55′22″N 9°43′55″E / 40.922889°N 9.732052°E / 40.922889; 9.732052 Valley-span antenna fixed on 133 metres and 114 metres tall masts
RJH69 Vileyka, Belarus 20.5 kHz 54°27′48″N 26°46′33″E / 54.463204°N 26.775827°E / 54.463204; 26.775827 Time signal transmitter Beta
RJH77 Archangelsk, Russia 20.5 kHz 64°21′38″N 41°34′07″E / 64.360491°N 41.568489°E / 64.360491; 41.568489 Time signal transmitter Beta
RJH99 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 20.5 kHz 56°10′19″N 43°55′54″E / 56.171945°N 43.931667°E / 56.171945; 43.931667 Time signal transmitter Beta
RJH66 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 20.5 kHz 43°02′22″N 73°36′45″E / 43.039444°N 73.6125°E / 43.039444; 73.6125 Time signal transmitter Beta
RAB99 Khabarovsk, Russia 20.5 kHz 48°29′08″N 134°49′24″E / 48.48555°N 134.82333°E / 48.48555; 134.82333 Time signal transmitter Beta
RJH63 Martanskaya, Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia 20.5 kHz 44°46′25″N 39°32′50″E / 44.773640°N 39.547262°E / 44.773640; 39.547262 Time signal transmitter Beta
NPM Lualualei, Hawaii, USA 21.4 kHz 21°25′13″N 158°09′14″W / 21.420382°N 158.153912°W / 21.420382; -158.153912 1,503-foot (458 m) tower installed 1972, since the collapse of Warsaw radio mast tallest structure insulated against ground
GVT[1] Skelton, Cumbria, UK 22.1 kHz 54°43′55″N 2°53′00″W / 54.731929°N 2.883359°W / 54.731929; -2.883359 1,198 foot (365-meter) tower
JJI Ebino, Japan 22.2 kHz or 22.1 kHz 32°05′32″N 130°49′45″E / 32.092247°N 130.829095°E / 32.092247; 130.829095 Antenna on 8 masts with a height of 270 metres
DHO38 Rhauderfehn, Germany 23.4 kHz 53°05′14″N 7°36′31″E / 53.087341°N 7.608652°E / 53.087341; 7.608652 8 masts with a height of 352.9 metres, submarine communication
NLK (Jim Creek) Seattle, Washington (USA) 24.8 kHz 48°12′13″N 121°55′01″W / 48.203633°N 121.916828°W / 48.203633; -121.916828 valley-span antenna
Mokpo, South Korea[1] 24.1 kHz,[2] 25.0 kHz 34°40′56″N 126°26′49″E / 34.682222°N 126.446944°E / 34.682222; 126.446944
Denizkoy VLF Transmitter TBB Bafa, Didim district, Turkey 26.7 kHz 37°24′34″N 27°19′31″E / 37.409420°N 27.325273°E / 37.409420; 27.325273 Two 1,247-foot (380 m) towers, built about 2000.
Dimona Radar Facility Dimona, Israel 29.7 kHz, 26.0 kHz 30°58′33″N 35°05′55″E / 30.975696°N 35.098668°E / 30.975696; 35.098668 Two 1300 foot (400 meter) tall towers
Goedverwacht Transmitting Station Cape Town, South Africa 33°47′14″S 18°41′41″E / 33.787289°S 18.694761°E / -33.787289; 18.694761
TFK Grindavík, Iceland 37.6 kHz (37.5 kHz center) 63°51′03″N 22°27′06″W / 63.850833°N 22.451667°W / 63.850833; -22.451667 1,000 ft (304.8-meter) tower
JJY Otakadoyayama Transmitter, Tamura, Japan 40.0 kHz 37°22′21″N 140°50′56″E / 37.372557°N 140.849007°E / 37.372557; 140.849007 Time signal
SRC Grimeton, Sweden 40.4 kHz 57°06′50″N 12°24′16″E / 57.113958°N 12.404425°E / 57.113958; 12.404425 Shares antenna with SAQ, used for encrypted messages to Swedish Navy
NAU Naval Communications Station Puerto Rico Aguada, Puerto Rico, USA 40.75 kHz 18°23′56″N 67°10′39″W / 18.398775°N 67.177486°W / 18.398775; -67.177486 1,205-foot (367 m) tower
NSY[3] Niscemi, Italy 45.9 kHz 37°07′32″N 14°26′11″E / 37.125654°N 14.436325°E / 37.125654; 14.436325 US Navy, 252 metres tall mast
SXA Kato Souli, Marathon, Greece 49.0 kHz[3] 38°08′43″N 24°01′11″E / 38.145186°N 24.019703°E / 38.145186; 24.019703 820 foot (250 meter) tower
NPG Dixon, California, USA 55.5 kHz 38°22′17″N 121°46′32″W / 38.371505°N 121.775569°W / 38.371505; -121.775569 2 masts 194.2 metres tall, submarine communications[4]
LBH Gossa, Norway 57.7 kHz 62°47′09″N 6°54′03″E / 62.785927°N 6.90083°E / 62.785927; 6.90083 200 metres tall mast
WWVB Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 60.0 kHz 40°40′41″N 105°02′49″W / 40.678056°N 105.046944°W / 40.678056; -105.046944 Time signal
JJY Haganeyama Transmitter, Saga, Japan 60.0 kHz 33°27′56″N 130°10′32″E / 33.465539°N 130.175516°E / 33.465539; 130.175516 Time signal
MSF Anthorn Radio Station, Anthorn, UK 60.0 kHz 54°55′N 3°17′W / 54.91°N 3.28°W / 54.91; -3.28 Time signal
Italian Navy Rome, Italy 65.25 kHz 41°58′32″N 12°21′34″W / 41.975452°N 12.359494°W / 41.975452; -12.359494 150 metres tall masts
RBU Moscow, Russia 66.666 kHz 55°43′50″N 38°09′09″E / 55.730481°N 38.152471°E / 55.730481; 38.152471 Time signal
RBU Taldom, Russia 66.666 kHz 56°44′00″N 37°39′48″E / 56.733333°N 37.663333°E / 56.733333; 37.663333 Time signal
BPC Pucheng, China 68.5 kHz 34°56′54″N 109°32′34″E / 34.948333°N 109.542778°E / 34.948333; 109.542778 Time signal
BSF Guishan, Taiwan 77.5 kHz 25°00′20″N 121°21′54″E / 25.005556°N 121.365°E / 25.005556; 121.365 Time signal
DCF77 Mainflingen, Mainhausen, Germany 77.5 kHz 50°00′51″N 9°00′41″E / 50.014234°N 9.011487°E / 50.014234; 9.011487 a major time signal in Europe
SAS2 Gudinge, Lövstabruk, Sweden 42.5 kHz 60°31′27″N 18°00′44″E / 60.524275°N 18.012192°E / 60.524275; 18.012192 695 foot, 212-metre tall mast
Tving, Sweden 56°16′30″N 15°29′16″E / 56.275050°N 15.487858°E / 56.275050; 15.487858 695 foot, 212-metre tall mast
RNAS Rattray (MKL, GYW1) Crimond, UK 82.8 kHz, 51.95 kHz 57°37′03″N 1°53′15″W / 57.617467°N 1.887617°W / 57.617467; -1.887617 tallest mast 274.3 metres high, site now home to a high frequency transmitter station forming part of the Defence High Frequency Communications Service
RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar) (GIZ20) Inskip, UK 61.84 kHz 53°49′48″N 2°50′03″W / 53.830074°N 2.834262°W / 53.830074; -2.834262 VLF transmissions of Morse code to ships close to U.K. in the 1980s; now used as a military high frequency radio transmitting station
FTA2 Saint Assise, France 16.9 kHz,[5] 20.9 kHz[1] 48°32′42″N 2°34′35″E / 48.544910°N 2.576294°E / 48.544910; 2.576294
La Regine (FUG) Villemagne, France 62.6 kHz 43°23′12″N 2°05′51″E / 43.386781°N 2.097364°E / 43.386781; 2.097364 [6]
Kerlouan transmitter (FUE) Kerlouan, France 62.6 kHz, 65.8 kHz 48°38′16″N 4°21′03″W / 48.637736°N 4.350769°W / 48.637736; -4.350769
3SB[7] Datong, China 20.6 kHz, 10.6 kHz 39°56′35″N 113°14′52″E / 39.942959°N 113.247886°E / 39.942959; 113.247886
3SA Changde, China 20.6 kHz 29°35′24″N 110°44′19″E / 29.589879°N 110.738701°E / 29.589879; 110.738701 valley-spun antenna
REN Guardamar del Segura, Spain 145.0 kHz 38°04′19″N 0°39′53″W / 38.071871°N 0.664625°W / 38.071871; -0.664625

Demolished[edit]

Name / Call sign Location Frequency Coordinates Remarks
Trinidad - Omega Station B Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago 12.0 kHz 10°41′59″N 61°38′18″W / 10.699738°N 61.638386°W / 10.699738; -61.638386 valley span antenna dismantled, station replaced by the Paynesville Liberia Station in 1976
Paynesville - Omega Station B Paynesville, Liberia 12.0 kHz 6°18′20″N 10°39′43″W / 6.305442°N 10.662068°W / 6.305442; -10.662068 1,368-foot (417 m) tower demolished in 2011
Kaneohe - Omega Station C Haiku Valley, Hawaii, USA 11.8 kHz 21°24′17″N 157°49′51″W / 21.404811°N 157.830834°W / 21.404811; -157.830834 5,000-foot (1,500 m) valley span antenna, decommissioned in 1997. Antenna dismantled, deteriorating transmitter building and Haiku Stairs remain
Bratland - Omega Station A (LEA) Brattland, Norway 12.1 kHz 66°25′10″N 13°07′48″E / 66.419323°N 13.129950°E / 66.419323; 13.129950 11,500-foot (3,500 m) valley span antenna over salt water. dismantled in 2002. Building and helix house remains
Plaine Chabrier - Omega Station E Saint-Paul, Reunion Island 12.3 kHz 20°58′27″S 55°17′24″E / 20.974153°S 55.289973°E / -20.974153; 55.289973 1,404-foot (428 m) tower demolished in 1999
Golfo Nuevo - Omega Station F Golfo Nuevo, Chubut, Argentina 12.9 kHz 43°03′13″S 65°11′27″W / 43.053524°S 65.190763°W / -43.053524; -65.190763 1,201-foot (366 m) tower demolished in 1998
Woodside - Omega Station G (VL3DEF) Woodside, Victoria, Australia 13.0 kHz, 18.6 kHz 38°28′53″S 146°56′07″E / 38.481268°S 146.935326°E / -38.481268; 146.935326 1,417-foot (432 m) foot tower demolished in 2015
Shushi-Wan - Omega Station H Tsushima Island, Japan 12.8 kHz 34°36′53″N 129°27′14″E / 34.614763°N 129.453830°E / 34.614763; 129.453830 1,276-foot (389 m) foot tower dismantled in 1998
GBZ Criggion Criggion, Wales, UK 15.2 kHz 52°43′21″N 3°03′47″W / 52.72246°N 3.06295°W / 52.72246; -3.06295 towers and antenna demolished in 2003. Derelict transmitter building remains
Kahuku Marconi Transmitter Kahuku, Oahu, Hawaii, USA 16.1 kHz 21°42′22″N 157°58′23″W / 21.7062°N 157.9731°W / 21.7062; -157.9731 shut down in 1939, deteriorated transmitter building and support buildings remain
Coltano transmitting station Coltano, Italy 43°38′59″N 10°24′31″E / 43.649841°N 10.408634°E / 43.649841; 10.408634 4 masts with a height of 250 metres, destroyed at the end of World War II
Waunfawr Marconi Transmitter Waunfawr, Wales, UK 21.2 kHz 53°07′26″N 4°11′37″W / 53.1239°N 4.1935°W / 53.1239; -4.1935 Closed in 1938, only the transmitter building remains
Radio Kootwijk Apeldoorn, Netherlands 24 kHz 52°10′24″N 5°49′08″E / 52.173414°N 5.818857°E / 52.173414; 5.818857 last mast demolished in 1980, iconic transmitter building remains
Table Head Marconi Transmitter Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada 37.5 kHz 46°12′40″N 59°57′09″W / 46.21118°N 59.9525°W / 46.21118; -59.9525 dismantled and moved to Marconi Towers, Nova Scotia in 1904
Marconi Towers Transmitter Marconi Towers, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada 37.5 kHz 46°09′17″N 59°56′44″W / 46.1547273°N 59.9455246°W / 46.1547273; -59.9455246 closed and sold in 1946. Manager's house and ruins remain.
Marion Marconi Transmitter Marion, Massachusetts, USA 25.8 kHz 41°42′47″N 70°46′29″W / 41.7131401°N 70.7748406°W / 41.7131401; -70.7748406 shut down in 1957, towers demolished in 1960. Transmitter and support buildings remain
New Brunswick Marconi Transmitter New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA 21.8 kHz 40°30′55″N 74°29′20″W / 40.51529°N 74.48895°W / 40.51529; -74.48895 shut down in 1948, demolished in 1953. Only the station cottage remains
Bolinas Marconi Transmitter Bolinas, California. USA 19.2 kHz 37°54′47″N 122°43′42″W / 37.913°N 122.72825°W / 37.913; -122.72825 shut down in 1946. Transmitter building, MF and HF transmitters and one cottage remain
RCA Radio Central Rocky Point, New York, USA 18.3 kHz 40°55′26″N 72°56′08″W / 40.92379°N 72.9356°W / 40.92379; -72.9356 last VLF tower demolished in 1977
NSS Annapolis Annapolis, Maryland, USA 21.4 kHz 38°58′40″N 76°27′12″W / 38.977778°N 76.453333°W / 38.977778; -76.453333 shut down in 1996, 1,200-foot (370 m) tower demolished in 1999, three 600-foot (180 m) towers remain
Forestport Tower Forestport, New York, USA 43°26′41″N 75°05′10″W / 43.44485337°N 75.0861464°W / 43.44485337; -75.0861464 1,205-foot (367 m) tower demolished in 1998
Tuckerton Transmitter Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA 22.1 kHz 39°33′31″N 74°22′14″W / 39.558495°N 74.370570°W / 39.558495; -74.370570 shut down 1948, 820-foot (250 m) tower demolished 1955, transmitter building remains
Silver Creek Communications Annex Silver Creek, Nebraska, USA 41°20′46″N 97°43′18″W / 41.3461996°N 97.72176109°W / 41.3461996; -97.72176109 1,226-foot (374 m) tower demolished in 1995. Building remains.
Hawes Radio Relay Facility Hinkley, California, USA 34°55′03″N 117°22′37″W / 34.9174009°N 117.377046654°W / 34.9174009; -117.377046654 1,226-foot (374 m) tower and all buildings demolished in 1986
GBR Rugby, UK 16.0 kHz 60 kHz 52°22′02″N 1°11′19″W / 52.367290°N 1.188524°W / 52.367290; -1.188524 shut-down in 2003, demolished in 2007
JAP Yosami, Kariya, Aichi, Japan 17.442 kHz[8] 34°58′17″N 137°01′01″E / 34.971474°N 137.017018°E / 34.971474; 137.017018 250m masts, demolished
NBA Summit Naval Radio Station[9] Summit, Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama 18.6 kHz, 24.0 kHz[10] 9°04′12″N 79°38′00″W / 9.0699425°N 79.6333477°W / 9.0699425; -79.6333477 megawatt naval VLF station, demolished
NPO Sangley Point Naval Radio Station Cavite, Philippines 21.5 kHz 14°29′42″N 120°54′29″E / 14.495°N 120.908°E / 14.495; 120.908 Three 600-foot (180 m) VLF towers demolished after World War II
Malabar Radio Station Malabar, Indonesia 7°06′59″S 107°36′22″E / 7.116281°S 107.606183°E / -7.116281; 107.606183 valley span-antenna, demolished
NPM Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA 26.1 kHz 21°21′00″N 157°57′50″W / 21.35°N 157.964°W / 21.35; -157.964 Three 600-foot (180 m) towers dismantled in 1936. Transmitters moved to Lualualei in 1936
NPL Chollas Heights San Diego, California, USA 30.6 kHz 32°44′26″N 117°03′51″W / 32.74063°N 117.0643°W / 32.74063; -117.0643 ceased operations in 1992, towers demolished 1995, Transmitter building remains
Sayville Telefunken Wireless Station Sayville, New York, USA 38.4 kHz 40°44′37″N 73°06′12″W / 40.7437°N 73.1033°W / 40.7437; -73.1033 477-foot (145 m) tower demolished. massive concrete guy wire anchors remain.
Karlsborg transmitter Karlsborg, Sweden 49.55 kHz 58°29′13″N 14°28′09″E / 58.4870111°N 14.4691833°E / 58.4870111; 14.4691833 Two 689-foot (210 m) masts demolished in 2001
NAA Arlington Arlington, Virginia, USA 50.0 kHz, etc 38°52′04″N 77°04′45″W / 38.867820°N 77.0791°W / 38.867820; -77.0791 towers removed in 1941, NAA buildings remain.
RKS Liblice 1 (OMA) Liblice, Czech 50.0 kHz 50°04′20″N 14°52′51″E / 50.072249°N 14.880810°E / 50.072249; 14.880810 demolished in 2004
OLB5 Poděbrady, Czech 50.0 kHz 50°08′16″N 15°08′40″E / 50.137793°N 15.144331°E / 50.137793; 15.144331 shutdown in 1995
FTA50 Saint-André-de-Corcy, France 50.75 kHz 45°55′44″N 4°56′09″E / 45.928825°N 4.935737°E / 45.928825; 4.935737 demolished
Hürup Navy Transmitter Hürup, Germany 53 kHz 68,9 kHz 54°45′38″N 9°32′58″E / 54.760504°N 9.549544°E / 54.760504; 9.549544 3 masts, each 160 metres tall, shut-down in 2002
Neuharlingersiel Navy Transmitter Neuharlingersiel, Germany 53 kHz 53°40′40″N 7°36′43″E / 53.677881°N 7.612077°E / 53.677881; 7.612077 3 masts, two 164 metres tall and one 171 metres tall, since 2004 no VLF/LF-transmissions
Clifden Marconi Transmitter Derrigimlagh, Clifden, Ireland 54.5 kHz 53°27′03″N 10°02′35″W / 53.4508506°N 10.0430238°W / 53.4508506; -10.0430238 demolished following an attack by Irish republican forces in July 1922. Ruins remain
Bad Deutsch-Altenburg transmitter Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, Austria 73.85 kHz 48°06′22″N 16°55′13″E / 48.106176°N 16.920359°E / 48.106176; 16.920359 Three 100 metres tall masts, demolished in the 1980s
HBG Prangins, Switzerland 75.0 kHz 46°24′30″N 6°15′10″E / 46.408422°N 6.252680°E / 46.408422; 6.252680 Demolished 2012
Székesfehérvár transmitter Székesfehérvár, Hungary 77.82 kHz 47°09′10″N 18°23′43″E / 47.152844°N 18.395201°E / 47.152844; 18.395201 Two 152 metres masts demolished in 2009
Münchenbuchsee transmitter Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland 82.05 kHz 47°00′53″N 7°26′37″E / 47.014617°N 7.443483°E / 47.014617; 7.443483 One 125 metres and two 92 metres towers demolished in 1983
Dübendorf transmitter Dübendorf, Switzerland 47°24′32″N 8°37′54″E / 47.408820°N 8.631778°E / 47.408820; 8.631778 122 metres tall mast, demolished
Globecom Tower (XPH) Thule, Greenland 68.9 kHz 76°33′11″N 68°33′03″W / 76.553133°N 68.5507134°W / 76.553133; -68.5507134 1,241-foot (378 m) tower was the tallest structure outside the USA in 1954. Demolished in 1992
Radom longwave transmitter (SOA, SNA) Radom - Wacyn, Poland 55.75, 58.25, 62.45, 64.9, 76.35, 80.5, 81.35 kHz 51°24′34″N 21°07′02″E / 51.409332°N 21.117214°E / 51.409332; 21.117214 shut-down, one mast today used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, the others demolished
Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza (AXO, AXL) Babice, Warsaw, Poland 14.29, 16.4, 17.7, 18.65 kHz 52°15′59″N 20°52′48″E / 52.266412°N 20.879892°E / 52.266412; 20.879892 Alexanderson alternator, destroyed on January 16, 1945 by the army of Nazi Germany[11][12]
Eilvese Eilvese, Germany 20, 30, 96 kHz 52°32′47″N 9°24′53″E / 52.546389°N 9.414722°E / 52.546389; 9.414722 820-foot (250 m) tower demolished in 1931
Königs Wusterhausen Königs Wusterhausen, Germany 69.7 kHz 52°18′15″N 13°36′41″E / 52.304277°N 13.611326°E / 52.304277; 13.611326 demolished
Kamina Funkstation Kamina, Atakpamé, Togo 7°56′00″N 0°51′00″E / 7.933333°N 0.85°E / 7.933333; 0.85 destroyed
Herzogstand Herzogstand, Germany 47°37′44″N 11°19′20″E / 47.628889°N 11.322222°E / 47.628889; 11.322222 experimental station, valley-span antenna, demolished
Goliath Kalbe, Germany 16.55 kHz 52°40′09″N 11°25′19″E / 52.669218°N 11.421890°E / 52.669218; 11.421890 removed by Russian troops, reinstalled in Russia as RJH90
Nauen Transmitter Station Nauen, Germany 52°38′53″N 12°54′30″E / 52.647959°N 12.908292°E / 52.647959; 12.908292 872-foot (266 m) tower demolished and all equipment removed by Soviet Army in 1946, transmitter building remains
SRC[13] Ruda, Sweden 44.2, 40.0 kHz 57°07′13″N 16°09′11″E / 57.120331°N 16.153111°E / 57.120331; 16.153111 659 foot, 201-metre tall mast, demolished 2020
Lafayette Radio Station Marcheprime, France 44°42′31″N 0°48′49″W / 44.708611°N 0.813611°W / 44.708611; -0.813611 destroyed by retreating German troops in 1944
Basse-Lande transmitter Brains, France 47°10′15″N 1°41′42″W / 47.170749°N 1.694947°W / 47.170749; -1.694947 destroyed

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Meredith, Nigel P.; Horne, Richard B.; Clilverd, Mark A.; Ross, Johnathan P. J. (July 2019). "An Investigation of VLF Transmitter Wave Power in the Inner Radiation Belt and Slot Region" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (7): 5246–5259. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.5246M. doi:10.1029/2019JA026715. S2CID 197563530.
  2. ^ A S Poletaev; D A Chensky; A G Chensky (2019). "Radio interferometric location finding of VLF signal transmitters". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1384 (1). International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories”: IOP Publishing: 012042. Bibcode:2019JPhCS1384a2042P. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1384/1/012042.
  3. ^ a b "VLF Transmitters List". sidstation.loudet.org.
  4. ^ "MW List".
  5. ^ "RADIO SIGNALS IN THE RANGE; 15 - 20 kHz". www.vlf.it.
  6. ^ "VLF station la Régine (French Navy)".
  7. ^ "RADIO SIGNALS IN THE RANGE; 20 - 25 kHz". www.vlf.it.
  8. ^ "Navy Shore Station LF & VLF Transmitters". www.navy-radio.com.
  9. ^ "US Naval Communications Station Balboa - Panama - NBA". www.navy-radio.com.
  10. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  11. ^ "Nadajnik Babice" (in Polish).
  12. ^ "Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza" (in Polish).
  13. ^ "IK4HDQ 0 50 5 MHz".
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