List of justices of the Federal Constitutional Court

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Dieter Grimm [de], Hermann Heußner [de] and Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde in 1989

The Federal Constitutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht, usually abbreviated BVerfG) is the federal constitutional court of Germany. It is the highest independent constitutional organ of the German judiciary, ranking equally with the other supreme federal courts, and is – at the same time – the highest federal court in Germany.

Today, 16 justices serve on the two senates of the court. This article lists the current justices and the former presidents, vice-presidents and all former justices.

Current justices of the Federal Constitutional Court[edit]

The Court is divided into two senates, each with different subject-matter jurisdiction. The court's two senates were originally staffed with twelve justices each. With effect from 1963, the number of justices per senate was reduced to eight.[1] The eight justices per senate include the president and the vice-president of the Federal Constitutional Court, who each preside over one of the court's two senates.

First senate[edit]

Eight justices currently serve on the first senate of the Federal Constitutional Court. Listed in order of seniority, they are:

Justice Position
(seat) 		Tenure
(as justice) 		Tenure length
(as justice) 		Electoral body Proposal Ref.
1 Stephan Harbarth
(born 1971) 		President
Presiding Justice of the First Senate
(1 BT 4.7) 		30 November 2018
–
Incumbent 		5 years, 149 days Bundestag CDU/CSU [2][3][4]
2 Yvonne Ott [de]
(born 1963) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.8) 		8 November 2016
–
Incumbent 		7 years, 171 days Bundesrat SPD [5][4]
3 Josef Christ [de]
(born 1956) 		Justice
(1 BT 1.8) 		1 December 2017
–
Incumbent 		6 years, 148 days Bundestag CDU/CSU [6][4]
4 Henning Radtke [de]
(born 1962) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.6) 		16 July 2018
–
Incumbent 		5 years, 286 days Bundesrat CDU/CSU [7][4]
5 Ines Härtel [de]
(born 1972) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.6) 		10 July 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 292 days Bundesrat SPD [8][4]
6 Heinrich Amadeus Wolff [de]
(born 1965) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.8) 		3 June 2022
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 329 days Bundestag FDP [9]
7 Martin Eifert [de]
(born 1965) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.7) 		20 February 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 67 days Bundestag Alliance 90/The Greens [10][11]
8 Miriam Meßling [de]
(born 1973) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.7) 		17 April 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 10 days Bundesrat SPD [12][13]

Second senate[edit]

Eight justices currently serve on the second senate of the Federal Constitutional Court. Listed in order of seniority, they are:

Justice Position
(seat) 		Tenure
(as justice) 		Tenure length
(as justice) 		Electoral body Proposal Ref.
1 Doris König
(born 1957) 		Vice-President
Presiding Justice of the Second Senate
(2 BT 4.6) 		2 June 2014
–
Incumbent 		9 years, 330 days Bundestag SPD [14][2][4]
2 Ulrich Maidowski [de]
(born 1958) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.6) 		15 July 2014
–
Incumbent 		9 years, 287 days Bundestag SPD [15][4]
3 Christine Langenfeld
(born 1958) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.7) 		20 July 2016
–
Incumbent 		7 years, 282 days Bundesrat CDU/CSU [16][4]
4 Astrid Wallrabenstein [de]
(born 1969) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.8) 		22 June 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 310 days Bundesrat Alliance 90/The Greens [2][4]
5 Rhona Fetzer [de]
(born 1963) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.6) 		11 January 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 107 days Bundestag SPD [17][18]
6 Thomas Offenloch [de]
(born 1972) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.7) 		11 January 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 107 days Bundestag FDP [19][18]
7 Peter Frank
(born 1968) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.8) 		21 December 2023
–
Incumbent 		128 days Bundesrat CDU/CSU [20][21]
8 Holger Wöckel [de]
(born 1976) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.6) 		21 December 2023
–
Incumbent 		128 days Bundesrat CDU/CSU [22][23]

Presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court[edit]

The president and the vice-president of the Federal Constitutional Court are elected alternately by the Bundestag and the Bundesrat in accordance with Section 9 of the Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz [de], and are appointed by the President of Germany in accordance with Section 10 of the Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz [de].[24]

To date, 10 persons have served as presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court. In chronological order, they are:

President Senate Tenure
(as justice) 		Tenure
(as president) 		Tenure length
(as president) 		Proposal Ref.
1 Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
(1883–1954) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
15 January 1954
(Died) 		7 September 1951
–
15 January 1954
(Died) 		2 years, 130 days FDP [25]
2 Josef Wintrich
(1891–1958) 		First Senate 23 March 1954
–
19 October 1958
(Died) 		23 March 1954
–
19 October 1958
(Died) 		4 years, 210 days CDU/CSU [26]
3 Gebhard Müller
(1900–1990) 		First Senate 8 January 1959
–
8 December 1971 		8 January 1959
–
8 December 1971 		12 years, 334 days CDU/CSU [27]
4 Ernst Benda
(1925–2009) 		First Senate 8 December 1971
–
20 December 1983 		8 December 1971
–
20 December 1983 		12 years, 12 days CDU/CSU [28][29]
5 Wolfgang Zeidler
(1924–1987) 		First Senate
(1967–1970)

Second Senate
(1975–1987) 		11 August 1967
–
31 May 1970
(First Term)

7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987
(Second Term) 		20 December 1983
–
16 November 1987 		3 years, 331 days SPD [30]
6 Roman Herzog
(1934–2017) 		First Senate 20 December 1983
–
30 June 1994 		16 November 1987
–
30 June 1994 		6 years, 226 days CDU/CSU [31][32]
7 Jutta Limbach
(1934–2016) 		Second Senate 24 March 1994
–
10 April 2002 		14 September 1994
–
10 April 2002 		7 years, 208 days SPD [33][34]
8 Hans-Jürgen Papier
(born 1943) 		First Senate 27 February 1998
–
16 March 2010 		10 April 2002
–
16 March 2010 		7 years, 330 days CDU/CSU [35][36]
9 Andreas Voßkuhle
(born 1963) 		Second Senate 7 May 2008
–
22 June 2020 		16 March 2010
–
22 June 2020 		10 years, 98 days SPD [37][36][2]
10 Stephan Harbarth
(born 1971) 		First Senate 30 November 2018
–
Incumbent 		22 June 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 310 days CDU/CSU [2][3]

Vice-presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court[edit]

To date, 15 persons have served as vice-presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court. Listed in chronological order, they are:

Vice-President Senate Tenure as justice Tenure as vice-president Tenure length (as vice-president) Proposal Ref.
1 Rudolf Katz
(1895–1961) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
23 July 1961
(Died) 		7 September 1951
–
23 July 1961
(Died) 		9 years, 319 days SPD [25]
2 Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner [de]
(1894–1971) 		Second Senate 19 December 1961
–
18 October 1967 		19 December 1961
–
18 October 1967 		5 years, 303 days SPD [27]
3 Walter Seuffert [de]
(1907–1989) 		Second Senate 18 October 1967
–
7 November 1975 		18 October 1967
–
7 November 1975 		8 years, 20 days SPD [28]
4 Wolfgang Zeidler
(1924–1987) 		First Senate
(1967–1970)

Second Senate
(1975–1987) 		11 August 1967
–
31 May 1970
(First Term)

7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987
(Second Term) 		7 November 1975
–
20 December 1983 		8 years, 43 days SPD [30]
5 Roman Herzog
(1934–2017) 		First Senate 20 December 1983
–
30 June 1994 		20 December 1983
–
16 November 1987 		3 years, 331 days CDU/CSU [31][32]
6 Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz [de]
(1929–2021) 		Second Senate 6 July 1981
–
24 March 1994 		16 November 1987
–
24 March 1994 		6 years, 128 days SPD [38][39]
7 Jutta Limbach
(1934–2016) 		Second Senate 24 March 1994
–
10 April 2002 		24 March 1994
–
14 September 1994 		174 days SPD [33][34]
8 Johann Friedrich Henschel [de]
(1931–2007) 		First Senate 19 July 1983
–
13 October 1995 		29 September 1994
–
13 October 1995 		1 year, 14 days FDP [31][40]
9 Otto Seidl
(1931–2022) 		First Senate 10 June 1986
–
27 February 1998 		13 October 1995
–
27 February 1998 		2 years, 137 days CDU/CSU [31][41]
10 Hans-Jürgen Papier
(born 1943) 		First Senate 27 February 1998
–
16 March 2010 		27 February 1998
–
10 April 2002 		4 years, 42 days CDU/CSU [42][36]
11 Winfried Hassemer
(1940–2014) 		Second Senate 3 May 1996
–
7 May 2008 		10 April 2002
–
7 May 2008 		6 years, 47 days SPD [43][44]
12 Andreas Voßkuhle
(born 1963) 		Second Senate 7 May 2008
–
22 June 2020 		7 May 2008
–
16 March 2010 		1 year, 313 days SPD [37][36][2]
13 Ferdinand Kirchhof
(born 1950) 		First Senate 1 October 2007
–
30 November 2018 		16 March 2010
–
30 November 2018 		8 years, 259 days CDU/CSU [45][3][46]
14 Stephan Harbarth
(born 1971) 		First Senate 30 November 2018
–
Incumbent 		30 November 2018
–
22 June 2020 		1 year, 205 days CDU/CSU [2][3]
15 Doris König
(born 1957) 		Second Senate 2 June 2014
–
Incumbent 		22 June 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 310 days SPD [14][2]

Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court[edit]

Since the establishment of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1951, 118 justices (including presidents and vice-presidents) have served on the court. The shortest tenure on the court lasted only 133 days (Claus Leusser [de]), while the longest serving member of the court served for 26 years and 56 days (Willi Geiger).[47]

The court's justices are elected by the Bundestag and the Bundesrat, and are appointed by the President of Germany. According to Article 94 of the German Basic Law, both legislative bodies elect half of the members of the two senates. The election procedure is contained in Sections 5 and 6 of the Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz [de].[48]

The 118 justices are listed below in chronological order. If the date of their assumption of office – their appointment – is identical, the lower seat number is decisive for the purposes of this list.

Justice Position
(seat) 		Senate Tenure
(as justice) 		Tenure length
(as justice) 		Proposal Ref.
1 Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
(1883–1954) 		President
(1 BT 1.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
15 January 1954
(Died) 		2 years, 130 days FDP [49]
2 Gerhard Heiland [de]
(1894–1961) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
22 August 1961 		9 years, 349 days SPD [50]
3 Herbert Scholtissek [de]
(1900–1979) 		Justice
(1 BT 4.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1967 		15 years, 358 days CDU/CSU [50]
4 Konrad Zweigert [de]
(1900–1996) 		Justice
(1 BT 5.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
11 October 1956 		5 years, 34 days SPD [50]
5 Joachim Lehmann [de]
(1909–1979) 		Justice
(1 BT 6.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1963 		11 years, 358 days SPD [51]
6 Erwin Stein [de]
(1903–1992) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
8 December 1971 		20 years, 92 days SPD [52]
7 Franz Wessel
(1903–1958) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
11 September 1958
(Died) 		7 years, 4 days SPD [52]
8 Erna Scheffler
(1893–1983) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1963 		11 years, 358 days SPD [50]
9 Theodor Ritterspach [de]
(1904–1999) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
7 November 1975 		24 years, 61 days CDU/CSU [50][53]
10 Martin Drath [de]
(1902–1976) 		Justice
(1 BR 6.1) 		First Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1963 		11 years, 358 days SPD [50]
11 Hans Georg Rupp
(1907–1989) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
7 November 1975 		24 years, 61 days SPD [51]
12 Anton Henneka [de]
(1900–1984) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
20 December 1968 		17 years, 104 days CDU/CSU [50]
13 Julius Federer [de]
(1911–1984) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1967 		15 years, 358 days CDU/CSU [50]
14 Gerhard Leibholz [de]
(1901–1982) 		Justice
(2 BT 4.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
8 December 1971 		20 years, 92 days CDU/CSU [50]
15 Conrad Frederick Roediger [de]
(1887–1973) 		Justice
(2 BT 5.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1956 		4 years, 359 days DP [49]
16 Walter Klaas [de]
(1895–1978) 		Justice
(2 BT 6.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1963 		11 years, 358 days SPD [50]
17 Rudolf Katz
(1895–1961) 		Vice-President
(2 BR 1.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
23 July 1961
(Died) 		9 years, 319 days SPD [25]
18 Willi Geiger
(1909–1994) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
2 November 1977 		26 years, 56 days CDU/CSU [51]
19 Georg Fröhlich [de]
(1884–1971) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1956 		4 years, 359 days CDU/CSU [49]
20 Claus Leusser [de]
(1909–1966) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
18 January 1952 		133 days CDU/CSU [49]
21 Bernhard Wolff [de]
(1886–1966) 		Justice
(2 BR 5.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1956 		4 years, 359 days SPD [49]
22 Ernst Friesenhahn [de]
(1901–1984) 		Justice
(2 BR 6.1) 		Second Senate 7 September 1951
–
31 August 1963 		11 years, 358 days CDU/CSU [52]
23 Kurt Zweigert [de]
(1886–1967) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.1) 		First Senate 13 September 1951
–
14 February 1952 		154 days CDU/CSU [54]
24 Wilhelm Ellinghaus [de]
(1888–1961) 		Justice
(1 BR 5.1) 		First Senate 13 September 1951
–
12 October 1955 		4 years, 29 days SPD [54]
25 Egon Schunck [de]
(1890–1981) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.2) 		Second Senate 13 September 1952
–
31 August 1963 		10 years, 352 days CDU/CSU [54]
26 Josef Wintrich
(1891–1958) 		President
(1 BT 1.2) 		First Senate 23 March 1954
–
19 October 1958
(Died) 		4 years, 210 days CDU/CSU [26]
27 Karl Heck [de]
(1896–1997) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.2) 		First Senate 2 April 1954
–
9 February 1965 		10 years, 313 days CDU/CSU [54][55]
28 Hans Kutscher
(1911–1993) 		Justice
(1 BR 5.2)

Justice
(2 BR 3.2) 		First Senate
(1955–1956)

Second Senate
(1956–1970) 		12 October 1955
–
31 August 1956

1 September 1956
–
25 October 1970
(on leave from 26 October 1970 until 31 August 1971) 		15 years, 3 days SPD [56]
29 Gebhard Müller
(1900–1990) 		President
(1 BT 1.3) 		First Senate 8 January 1959
–
8 December 1971 		12 years, 334 days CDU/CSU [27]
30 Hugo Berger [de]
(1900–1990) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.2) 		First Senate 8 January 1959
–
11 August 1967 		8 years, 215 days SPD [56]
31 Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner [de]
(1894–1971) 		Vice-President
(2 BR 1.2) 		Second Senate 19 December 1961
–
18 October 1967 		5 years, 303 days SPD [27]
32 Karl Haager [de]
(1911–2008) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.2) 		First Senate 9 May 1962
–
7 May 1979 		16 years, 363 days SPD [57][58]
33 Wiltraut Rupp-von Brünneck [de]
(1912–1977) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.2) 		First Senate 1 September 1963
–
18 August 1977
(Died) 		13 years, 351 days SPD [57]
34 Gregor Geller [de]
(1903–1988) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.3) 		Second Senate 1 September 1963
–
8 December 1971 		8 years, 98 days CDU/CSU [57]
35 Werner Böhmer [de]
(1915–2014) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.3) 		First Senate 10 February 1965
–
5 July 1983 		18 years, 145 days CDU/CSU [57][59]
36 Wolfgang Zeidler
(1924–1987) 		President
(2 BT 1.2)
(1983–1987)

Vice-President
(2 BT 1.2)
(1975–1983)

Justice
(1 BR 2.3)
(1967–1970) 		First Senate
(1967–1970)

Second Senate
(1975–1987) 		11 August 1967
–
31 May 1970
(First Term)

7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987
(Second Term) 		2 years, 293 days
(First Term)

12 years, 9 days
(Second Term) 		SPD [30]
37 Hans Brox [de]
(1920–2009) 		Justice
(1 BT 4.2) 		First Senate 1 September 1967
–
7 November 1975 		8 years, 67 days CDU/CSU [60][61]
38 Fabian von Schlabrendorff
(1907–1980) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.2) 		Second Senate 1 September 1967
–
7 November 1975 		8 years, 67 days CDU/CSU [60]
39 Walter Seuffert [de]
(1907–1989) 		Vice-President
(2 BR 1.3) 		Second Senate 18 October 1967
–
7 November 1975 		8 years, 20 days SPD [28]
40 Hans-Justus Rinck [de]
(1918–1995) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.2) 		Second Senate 20 December 1968
–
8 October 1986 		17 years, 292 days CDU/CSU [60]
41 Helmut Simon [de]
(1922–2013) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.4) 		First Senate 15 June 1970
–
16 November 1987 		16 years, 115 days SPD [60][62]
42 Walter Rudi Wand
(1928–1985) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.3) 		Second Senate 26 October 1970
–
20 December 1983 		13 years, 55 days CDU/CSU [60]
43 Ernst Benda
(1925–2009) 		President
(1 BT 1.4) 		First Senate 8 December 1971
–
20 December 1983 		12 years, 12 days CDU/CSU [28][29]
44 Hans Joachim Faller [de]
(1915–2006) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.2) 		First Senate 8 December 1971
–
19 July 1983 		11 years, 223 days CDU/CSU [63][64]
45 Martin Hirsch [de]
(1913–1992) 		Justice
(2 BT 4.2) 		Second Senate 8 December 1971
–
6 July 1981 		9 years, 210 days SPD [63]
46 Joachim Rottmann [de]
(1925–2014) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.4) 		Second Senate 8 December 1971
–
20 December 1983 		12 years, 12 days FDP [63][65]
47 Dietrich Katzenstein [de]
(1923–2008) 		Justice
(1 BT 4.3) 		First Senate 7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987 		12 years, 9 days CDU/CSU [66][67]
48 Konrad Hesse
(1919–2005) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.2) 		First Senate 7 November 1975
–
16 July 1987 		11 years, 251 days FDP and SPD [66][68]
49 Engelbert Niebler [de]
(1921–2006) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.3) 		Second Senate 7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987 		12 years, 9 days CDU/CSU [63][69]
50 Helmut Steinberger [de]
(1931–2014) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.4) 		Second Senate 7 November 1975
–
16 November 1987 		12 years, 9 days CDU/CSU [66][70]
51 Gisela Niemeyer
(1923–2012) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.3) 		First Senate 2 November 1977
–
28 November 1989 		12 years, 26 days SPD [66][71]
52 Ernst Träger
(1926–2015) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.2) 		Second Senate 2 November 1977
–
28 November 1989 		12 years, 26 days CDU/CSU [66][72]
53 Hermann Heußner [de]
(1926–1996) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.3) 		First Senate 7 May 1979
–
15 June 1989 		10 years, 39 days SPD [66][73]
54 Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz [de]
(1929–2021) 		Vice-President
(2 BT 4.3)
(1987–1994)

Justice
(2 BT 4.3)
(1981–1987) 		Second Senate 6 July 1981
–
24 March 1994 		12 years, 261 days SPD [38][39]
55 Franz Niedermaier [de]
(1925–1986) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.4) 		First Senate 5 July 1983
–
5 April 1986
(Died) 		2 years, 274 days CDU/CSU [74]
56 Johann Friedrich Henschel [de]
(1931–2007) 		Vice-President
(1 BR 1.3)
(1994–1995)

Justice
(1 BR 1.3)
(1983–1994) 		First Senate 19 July 1983
–
13 October 1995 		12 years, 86 days FDP [31][40]
57 Roman Herzog
(1934–2017) 		President
(BT 1.5)
(1987–1994)

Vice-President
(1 BT 1.5)
(1983–1987) 		First Senate 20 December 1983
–
30 June 1994 		10 years, 192 days CDU/CSU [31][32]
58 Hans Hugo Klein
(born 1936) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.4) 		Second Senate 20 December 1983
–
3 May 1996 		12 years, 135 days CDU/CSU [74]
59 Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde
(1930–2019) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.5) 		Second Senate 20 December 1983
–
3 May 1996 		12 years, 135 days SPD [74][75]
60 Otto Seidl
(1931–2022) 		Vice-President
(1 BT 2.5)
(1995–1998)

Justice
(1 BT 2.5)
(1986–1995) 		First Senate 10 June 1986
–
27 February 1998 		11 years, 262 days CDU/CSU [31][41]
61 Karin Graßhof
(born 1937) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.3) 		Second Senate 6 October 1986[a]
–
15 October 1998 		11 years, 364 days SPD [76][77]
62 Dieter Grimm [de]
(born 1937) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.3) 		First Senate 16 July 1987
–
16 December 1999 		12 years, 153 days SPD [76]
63 Alfred Söllner [de]
(1930–2005) 		Justice
(1 BT 4.4) 		First Senate 16 November 1987
–
13 October 1995 		7 years, 331 days CDU/CSU [76][78]
64 Thomas Dieterich [de]
(1934–2016) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.5) 		First Senate 16 November 1987
–
4 February 1994 		6 years, 80 days SPD [76][79]
65 Everhardt Franßen
(born 1937) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.3) 		Second Senate 16 November 1987
–
30 June 1991 		3 years, 226 days SPD [76]
66 Konrad Kruis
(1930–2022) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.4) 		Second Senate 16 November 1987
–
28 September 1998 		10 years, 316 days CDU/CSU [76][80]
67 Paul Kirchhof
(born 1943) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.5) 		Second Senate 16 November 1987
–
16 December 1999 		12 years, 30 days CDU/CSU [81][82]
68 Jürgen Kühling
(1934–2019) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.5) 		First Senate 12 July 1989
–
23 January 2001 		11 years, 195 days SPD [81][83]
69 Helga Seibert
(1939–1999) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.4) 		First Senate 28 November 1989
–
28 September 1998 		8 years, 304 days SPD [81][84]
70 Klaus Winter
(1936–2000) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.3) 		Second Senate 28 November 1989
–
10 October 2000
(Died) 		10 years, 317 days CDU/CSU [81][85]
71 Bertold Sommer [de]
(born 1937) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.4) 		Second Senate 12 July 1991
–
31 July 2003 		12 years, 19 days SPD [81][86]
72 Renate Jaeger
(born 1940) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.6) 		First Senate 24 March 1994
–
31 October 2004 		10 years, 221 days SPD [43]
73 Jutta Limbach
(1934–2016) 		President
(2 BT 4.4)
(1994–2002)

Vice-President
(2 BT 4.4)
(1994) 		Second Senate 24 March 1994
–
10 April 2002 		8 years, 17 days SPD [33][34]
74 Evelyn Haas
(born 1949) 		Justice
(1 BT 1.6) 		First Senate 14 September 1994
–
2 October 2006 		12 years, 18 days CDU/CSU [43]
75 Udo Steiner
(born 1939) 		Justice
(1 BT 4.5) 		First Senate 13 October 1995
–
1 October 2007 		11 years, 353 days CDU/CSU [43]
76 Dieter Hömig [de]
(1938–2016) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.4) 		First Senate 13 October 1995
–
25 April 2006 		10 years, 194 days FDP [43][87]
77 Hans-Joachim Jentsch
(1937–2021) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.5) 		Second Senate 3 May 1996
–
28 September 2005 		9 years, 148 days CDU/CSU [43][88]
78 Winfried Hassemer
(1940–2014) 		Vice-President
(2 BT 3.5)
(2002–2008)

Justice
(2 BT 3.5)
(1996–2002) 		Second Senate 3 May 1996
–
7 May 2008 		12 years, 4 days SPD [43][44]
79 Hans-Jürgen Papier
(born 1943) 		President
(1 BT 2.6)
(2002–2010)

Vice-President
(1 BT 2.6)
(1998–2002) 		First Senate 27 February 1998
–
16 March 2010 		12 years, 17 days CDU/CSU [42][36]
80 Siegfried Broß [de]
(born 1946) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.5) 		Second Senate 28 September 1998
–
16 November 2010 		12 years, 49 days CDU/CSU [89][90]
81 Lerke Osterloh
(born 1944) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.4) 		Second Senate 15 October 1998
–
16 November 2010 		12 years, 32 days SPD [89]
82 Christine Hohmann-Dennhardt
(born 1950) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.5) 		First Senate 11 January 1999
–
2 February 2011 		11 years, 83 days SPD [89][91]
83 Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem
(born 1940) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.4) 		First Senate 16 December 1999
–
2 April 2008 		8 years, 108 days SPD [89]
84 Udo Di Fabio
(born 1954) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.6) 		Second Senate 16 December 1999
–
19 December 2011 		12 years, 3 days CDU/CSU [89][92]
85 Brun-Otto Bryde
(born 1943) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.5) 		First Senate 23 January 2001
–
2 February 2011 		10 years, 10 days Alliance 90/The Greens [89][93]
86 Rudolf Mellinghoff
(born 1954) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.4) 		Second Senate 23 January 2001
–
31 October 2011 		10 years, 281 days CDU/CSU [89][94][95]
87 Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff
(born 1953) 		Justice
(2 BT 4.5) 		Second Senate 10 April 2002
–
2 June 2014 		12 years, 53 days SPD [96][14]
88 Michael Gerhardt [de]
(born 1948) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.5) 		Second Senate 31 July 2003
–
15 July 2014 		10 years, 349 days SPD [97][15]
89 Reinhard Gaier [de]
(born 1954) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.7) 		First Senate 1 November 2004
–
8 November 2016 		12 years, 7 days SPD [98][5]
90 Herbert Landau [de]
(born 1948) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.6) 		Second Senate 28 September 2005
–
20 July 2016 		10 years, 296 days CDU/CSU [99][16]
91 Michael Eichberger
(born 1953) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.5) 		First Senate 25 April 2006
–
16 July 2018 		10 years, 82 days CDU/CSU [100][7]
92 Wilhelm Schluckebier [de]
(born 1949) 		Justice
(1 BT 1.7) 		First Senate 2 October 2006
–
1 December 2017 		11 years, 60 days CDU/CSU [101][6]
93 Ferdinand Kirchhof
(born 1949) 		Vice-President
(1 BT 4.6)
(2010–2018)

Justice
(1 BT 4.6)
(2007–2010) 		First Senate 1 October 2007
–
30 November 2018 		11 years, 60 days CDU/CSU [45][3][46]
94 Johannes Masing
(born 1959) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.5) 		First Senate 2 April 2008
–
10 July 2020 		12 years, 99 days SPD [102][8]
95 Andreas Voßkuhle
(born 1963) 		President
(2 BR 4.7)
(2010–2020)

Vice-President
(2 BR 4.7)
(2008–2010) 		Second Senate 7 May 2008
–
22 June 2020 		12 years, 46 days SPD [37][36][2]
96 Andreas Paulus
(born 1963) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.7) 		First Senate 16 March 2010
–
3 June 2022 		12 years, 79 days FDP [36][4]

[9]

97 Monika Hermanns [de]
(born 1959) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.5) 		Second Senate 16 November 2010
–
11 January 2023 		12 years, 56 days SPD [103][4][17]
98 Peter M. Huber [de]
(born 1959) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.6) 		Second Senate 16 November 2010
–
11 January 2023 		12 years, 56 days CDU/CSU [90][4][19]
99 Susanne Baer
(born 1964) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.6) 		First Senate 2 February 2011
–
20 February 2023 		12 years, 21 days Alliance 90/The Greens [93][4][10]
100 Gabriele Britz
(born 1968) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.6) 		First Senate 2 February 2011
–
17 April 2023 		12 years, 74 days SPD [91][4][12]
101 Peter Müller
(born 1955) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.7) 		Second Senate 19 December 2011
–
21 December 2023 		12 years, 4 days CDU/CSU [92][4][20][21]
102 Sibylle Kessal-Wulf [de]
(born 1958) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.5) 		Second Senate 19 December 2011
–
21 December 2023 		12 years, 4 days CDU/CSU [92][4][22]
103 Doris König
(born 1957) 		Vice President
(2 BT 4.6)
(2020–)

Justice
(2 BT 4.6)
(2014–2020) 		Second Senate 2 June 2014
–
Incumbent 		9 years, 330 days SPD [14][2][4]
104 Ulrich Maidowski [de]
(born 1958) 		Justice
(2 BT 1.6) 		Second Senate 15 July 2014
–
Incumbent 		9 years, 287 days SPD [15][4]
105 Christine Langenfeld
(born 1958) 		Justice
(2 BR 3.7) 		Second Senate 20 July 2016
–
Incumbent 		7 years, 282 days CDU/CSU [16][4]
106 Yvonne Ott [de]
(born 1963) 		Justice
(1 BR 2.8) 		First Senate 8 November 2016
–
Incumbent 		7 years, 171 days SPD [5][4]
107 Josef Christ [de]
(born 1956) 		Justice
(1 BT 1.8) 		First Senate 1 December 2017
–
Incumbent 		6 years, 148 days CDU/CSU [6][4]
108 Henning Radtke [de]
(born 1962) 		Justice
(1 BR 1.6) 		First Senate 16 July 2018
–
Incumbent 		5 years, 286 days CDU/CSU [7][4]
109 Stephan Harbarth
(born 1971) 		President
(1 BT 4.7)
(2020–)

Vice-President
(1 BT 4.7)
(2018–2020) 		First Senate 30 November 2018
–
Incumbent 		5 years, 149 days CDU/CSU [3][2][4]
110 Astrid Wallrabenstein [de]
(born 1969) 		Justice
(2 BR 4.8) 		Second Senate 22 June 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 310 days Alliance 90/The Greens [2][4]
111 Ines Härtel [de]
(born 1972) 		Justice
(1 BR 4.6) 		First Senate 10 July 2020
–
Incumbent 		3 years, 292 days SPD [8][4]
112 Heinrich Amadeus Wolff [de]
(born 1965) 		Justice
(1 BT 2.8) 		First Senate 3 June 2022
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 329 days FDP [9][104]
113 Rhona Fetzer [de]
(born 1963) 		Justice
(2 BT 2.6) 		Second Senate 11 January 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 107 days SPD [17][18]
114 Thomas Offenloch [de]
(born 1972) 		Justice
(2 BT 3.7) 		Second Senate 11 January 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 107 days FDP [19][18]
115 Martin Eifert [de]
(born 1965) 		Justice
(1 BT 3.7) 		First Senate 20 February 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 67 days Alliance 90/The Greens [10][11]
116 Miriam Meßling [de]
(born 1973) 		Justice
(1 BR 3.7) 		First Senate 17 April 2023
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 10 days SPD [12][13]
117 Peter Frank
(born 1968) 		Justice
(2 BR 1.8) 		Second Senate 21 December 2023
–
Incumbent 		128 days CDU/CSU [20][21]
118 Holger Wöckel [de]
(born 1976) 		Justice
(2 BR 2.6) 		Second Senate 21 December 2023
–
Incumbent 		128 days CDU/CSU [22][23]
Justice Position
(seat) 		Senate Tenure
(as justice) 		Tenure length
(as justice) 		Proposal Ref.

Key[edit]

  • Justice: States the name of the justice. In brackets the year of birth for justices who are still alive, and the year of birth and death for justices, who are deceased, are given.
  • Position (seat): The office of the justice is listed (i.e. president, vice-president or justice). In brackets the seat number is provided: It is composed of the number of the Senate (1 or 2), the electoral body (Bundestag [BT] or Bundesrat [BR]), the respective seat of the justice (1 to 6) and a number corresponding to the chronological occupancy of the seat. Example: The indication "1 BR 4.3" shows that the justice is the third to occupy the fourth seat of the group of justices elected by the Bundesrat to the first senate.
  • Senate: States on which senate the respective justice serves or has served.
  • Tenure (as justice):
    • First date: Specifies the date on which the justice assumed their office. This date is not identical with the date of their election.
    • Last date: Indicates the last day of the term of office of the justice. In case of sitting justices, they are marked as "incumbent".
  • Tenure length: States the length of time a justice is or was in office.
  • Proposal: States which German political party proposed the respective justice for their office.
  • Ref.: Gives a reference for the information provided in the specific row of the table.

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Badura & Dreier 2001 state 8 October 1986 as the date of Graßhof's appointment. The Federal Constitutional Court provides 6 October 1986 in a press release. The latter date is used here.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ley 1991, pp. 424–425.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Pressemitteilung Nr. 51/2020: Präsidentenwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht". Federal Constitutional Court. 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Pressemitteilung Nr. 83/2018: Vizepräsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Kirchhof scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Rath, Christian (15 April 2022). "Vor dem großen Wechsel". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 81/2016: Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Reinhard Gaier scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 7 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 106/2017: Bundesverfassungsrichter Dr. h. c. Wilhelm Schluckebier scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  7. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 58/2018: Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Michael Eichberger scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  8. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 60/2020: Richterwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht - Bundesverfassungsrichter Prof. Dr. Johannes Masing scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 10 July 2020. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 50/2022: Richterwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht - Bundesverfassungsrichter Prof. Dr. Andreas L. Paulus scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 3 June 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  10. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 21/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichterin Prof. Dr. Susanne Baer scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 20 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  11. ^ a b Rath, Christian (20 February 2023). "Martin Eifert wird zum Verfassungsrichter ernannt: Der neue Klima-Richter". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  12. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 42/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichterin Prof. Dr. Gabriele Britz scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  13. ^ a b Rath, Christian (25 March 2023). "Miriam Meßling neue Bundesverfassungsrichterin". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d "Pressemitteilung Nr. 47/2014: Bundesverfassungsrichterin Prof. Dr. Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 30 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 59/2014: Bundesverfassungsrichter Dr. Michael Gerhardt scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 14 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  16. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 44/2016: Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Herbert Landau scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 2/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichterin Monika Hermanns scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d Rath, Christian (9 December 2022). "Neue Verfassungsrichter:innen: Neues Trio fürs Bundesverfassungsgericht". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  19. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 3/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichter Prof. Dr. Peter M. Huber scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  20. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 123/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichter Peter Müller scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Rath, Christian (21 December 2023). "Peter Frank wird Verfassungsrichter: Ein Justizbeamter auf dem Weg nach oben". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  22. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 122/2023: Bundesverfassungsrichterin Dr. Sibylle Kessal-Wulf scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  23. ^ a b Rath, Christian (15 December 2023). "Holger Wöckel wird neuer Verfassungsrichter". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  24. ^ Ley 1991, pp. 438–439.
  25. ^ a b c Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 915, 930.
  26. ^ a b Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 919, 930.
  27. ^ a b c d Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 920, 930.
  28. ^ a b c d Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 922, 930.
  29. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 20/2009: Präsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts a.D. Prof. Dr. Benda verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  30. ^ a b c Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 921, 923, 930.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 925, 930.
  32. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 1/2017: Der ehemalige Präsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts und spätere Bundespräsident Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Roman Herzog ist verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  33. ^ a b c Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 927, 930.
  34. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 64/2016: Die ehemalige Präsidentin des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Jutta Limbach ist verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 46/2002: Präsidentenwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht - Ernennung der neuen Verfassungsrichterin". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 10 April 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g "Pressemitteilung Nr. 17/2010: Präsidentenwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  37. ^ a b c "Pressemitteilung Nr. 51/2008: Vizepräsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Winfried Hassemer scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  38. ^ a b Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 924, 930.
  39. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2021: Ehemaliger Vizepräsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  40. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 32/2007: Bundesverfassungsrichter und Vizepräsident a.D. Prof. Dr. Johann Friedrich Henschel verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  41. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 106/2022: Ehemaliger Vizepräsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Dr. Otto Seidl verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  42. ^ a b Badura & Dreier 2001, pp. 928, 930.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 928.
  44. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 1/2014: Der ehemalige Vizepräsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Winfried Hassemer ist verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  45. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 96/2007: Bundesverfassungsrichter Prof. Dr. Udo Steiner scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2002.
  46. ^ a b "Pressemitteilung Nr. 50/2020: 70. Geburtstag des Vizepräsidenten des Bundesverfassungsgerichts a. D. Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Kirchhof". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  47. ^ Ley 1982, p. 526.
  48. ^ Ley 1991, p. 435.
  49. ^ a b c d e Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 915.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 916.
  51. ^ a b c Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 918.
  52. ^ a b c Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 917.
  53. ^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 56/99: Ehemaliger Verfassungsrichter Theodor Ritterspach verstorben". Juristisches Internetprojekt Saarbrücken (in German). 14 May 1999. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  54. ^ a b c d Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 919.
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  57. ^ a b c d Badura & Dreier 2001, p. 921.
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  83. ^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 93/2019: Der ehemalige Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Dr. Jürgen Kühling ist verstorben". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
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  97. ^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 18/2018: 70. Geburtstag des ehemaligen Richters des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Dr. Michael Gerhardt". Federal Constitutional Court. 29 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
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  100. ^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 58/2018: Richter des Bundesverfassungsgerichts Prof. Dr. Michael Eichberger scheidet aus dem Amt". Federal Constitutional Court (in German). 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Badura, Peter; Dreier, Horst, eds. (2001). 50 Jahre Bundesverfassungsgericht (in German). Vol. II: Klärung und Fortbildung des Verfassungsrechts. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-147627-1.
  • Ley, Richard (1982). "Die Erstbesetzung des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes". Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen (in German). 13 (4): 521–541. JSTOR 24218513.
  • —————— (1991). "Die Wahl der Mitglieder des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes. Eine Dokumentation anläßlich des 40jährigen Bestehens". Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen (in German). 22 (3): 420–449. JSTOR 24224804.
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