New Territories West (1998 constituency)
| New Territories West | |
|---|---|
| Former Geographical constituency for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong | |
 Boundary of New Territories Westin Hong Kong | |
| District | Tsuen Wan District Tuen Mun District Yuen Long District Kwai Tsing District Islands District |
| Region | New Territories |
| Population | 2,174,700 (2020)[1] |
| Electorate | 1,308,081 (2020)[2] |
| Former constituency | |
| Created | 1998 |
| Abolished | 2021 |
| Number of members | Five (1998–2000) Six (2000–2004) Eight (2004–2012) Nine (2012–2021) |
| Created from | New Territories Central, New Territories North-west (1995), New Territories South, New Territories South-west (1995), New Territories West (1995) |
| Replaced by | Hong Kong Island West (2021), New Territories North West (2021), New Territories South West (2021) |
The New Territories West geographical constituency was one of the geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2021. It was established in 1998 for the first SAR Legislative Council election and was abolished under the 2021 overhaul of the Hong Kong electoral system. Located in the western part of the New Territories, it was the largest geographical constituency in Hong Kong with 1,308,081 electorates in 2020. It consisted of Tsuen Wan District, Kwai Tsing District, Tuen Mun District, Yuen Long District and Islands District. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, it elected nine members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation.
History[edit]
The single-constituency single-vote system was replaced by the party-list proportional representation system for the first SAR Legislative Council election designed by Beijing to reward the weaker pro-Beijing candidates and dilute the electoral strength of the majority pro-democrats.[3] Five seats were allocated to New Territories West, where the pro-democrats took four of the seats with one seat went to Tam Yiu-chung of the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) with nearly one-fifth of the popular vote. Pro-grassroots democrats Lee Cheuk-yan of the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) and Leung Yiu-chung of the Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre (NWSC) each won a seat, with pro-democracy flagship party Democratic Party took two seats with Lee Wing-tat and Albert Ho being elected.
One extra seat was added to the constituency in the 2000 Legislative Council election, where the Democratic Party split their tickets into three in order to maximise its chance to win one more seat, due to the unique design of the Hare quota of the party-list proportional representation. Different zones were set up for each ticket to gather their votes, Kwai Tsing and Islands Districts for Lee Wing-tat, Tuen Mun and rural Yueng Long for Albert Ho and Tsuen Wan, Yuen Long Town Centre, Tin Shui Wai and a small part of Tuen Mun for Albert Chan.[4] With the rural support of the DAB–PA joint ticket, Tang Siu-tong was able to beat the Democratic tickets to gain the extra seat at the expense of Lee Wing-tat who lost the re-election.
In the 2004 Legislative Council election, the number of seats in New Territories West was increased to eight, where the two new seats were taken by Lee Wing-tat who came back from his loss, and Selina Chow of the Liberal Party who rode on the popularity gained from the party's opposition 2003 Basic Law Article 23 legislation. Selina Chow lost her 2008 re-election which she complained the rural votes were taken away by DAB's rural candidate Cheung Hok-ming.[5] Chow was replaced by veteran trade unionist Wong Kwok-hing of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU).
In 2010, Albert Chan of the League of Social Democrats (LSD) resigned from the office to rigger a by-election as a de facto referendum on the government's constitutional reform proposal. Chan was re-elected with a low turnout due to the government and pro-Beijing boycott.[6]
The deal on the modified constitutional reform proposal struck by the moderate democrats and the Beijing authorities expanded the number of the geographical constituency seats from 30 to 35, where the seats in New Territories West were increased to nine. The DAB deployed an offensive strategy by splitting their ticket into three separate ones, led by Tam Yiu-chung, Leung Che-cheung and Chan Han-pan respectively. All three DAB tickets were elected, taking the advantage on the miscalculation of the pro-democrats, where the Civic Party took a overly aggressive strategy by fielding Kwok Ka-ki and Audrey Eu on the same ticket , hoping to win two seats. As a result, the Civics failed to get Eu elected and wasted votes at the expense on the Democratic Party who saw Lee Wing-tat and Josephine Chan both failed to win a seat. With Michael Tien of the New People's Party (NPP) also won a seat and Alice Mak retained a seat for the FTU, the pro-Beijing camp achieved a majority in New Territories West for the first time by winning five seats compared to pro-democrats' four.
The pro-Beijing camp retained its majority in the 2016 Legislative Council election, as the pro-democrats again split their votes in the overcrowding field. Localist camp Eddie Chu and Civic Passion's Cheng Chung-tai were elected with high votes among the opposition candidate, while Civic Kwok Ka-ki and Democrat Andrew Wan took the two other seats. Veteran Lee Cheuk-yan of the Labour Party was unexpectedly defeated by pro-Beijing independent Junius Ho with a margin of 0.91 percentage point, who took Tam Yiu-chung's place who was retiring.
Members returned[edit]
Below are all the members since the creation of the New Territories West constituency. The number of seats allocated to New Territories has been increased from five to nine between 1998 and 2012 due to the enlargement.
| LegCo members for New Territories West, 1998–2021 | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term | Election | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | |||||||||
| 1st | 1998 | Lee Wing-tat (DP) |
Tam Yiu-chung (DAB) |
Albert Ho (DP) |
Lee Cheuk-yan (TF→CTU→Lab/CTU) |
Leung Yiu-chung (NWSC) |
|||||||||||||
| 2nd | 2000 | Albert Chan (DP→Ind→LSD) |
Tang Siu-tong (PA) | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd | 2004 | Cheung Hok-ming (DAB) |
Lee Wing-tat (DP) |
Selina Chow (LP) | |||||||||||||||
| 4th | 2008 | Wong Kwok-hing (FTU) | |||||||||||||||||
| Vacant | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 (b) | Albert Chan (LSD→PP) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5th | 2012 | Kwok Ka-ki (CP) |
Leung Che-cheung (DAB/NTAS) |
Michael Tien (NPP→RT) |
Alice Mak (FTU) |
Chan Han-pan (DAB/NTAS) | |||||||||||||
| 6th | 2016 | Cheng Chung-tai (Civic Passion) |
Junius Ho (Ind) |
Eddie Chu (Ind) |
Andrew Wan (DP) | ||||||||||||||
| Vacant | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vacant | Vacant | Vacant | |||||||||||||||||
Summary of seats won[edit]
| Term | Election | Distribution | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1998 |
| ||
| 2nd | 2000 |
| ||
| 3rd | 2004 |
| ||
| 4th | 2008 |
| ||
| 5th | 2012 |
| ||
| 6th | 2016 |
|
| 1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| DAB | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| Frontier | 1 | ||||||
| NWSC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| CTU | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Progressive Alliance | 1 | ||||||
| Liberal | 1 | ||||||
| FTU | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| LSD | 1 | ||||||
| Civic | 1 | 1 | |||||
| People Power | 1 | ||||||
| Labour | 1 | ||||||
| NPP | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Civic Passion | 1 | ||||||
| Independent | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Pro-democracy | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |
| Pro-Beijing | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | |
| Seats | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | |
[edit]
| 1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 39.2 | 34.3 | 26.9 | 23.2 | 11.8 | 6.9 | |
| DAB | 19.4 | 29.6 | 24.9 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 18.0 | |
| Frontier | 12.5 | ||||||
| NWSC | 10.3 | 17.3 | 12.7 | 10.7 | 8.8 | 3.5 | |
| ADPL | 5.2 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 3.4 | |||
| Liberal | 0.8 | 2.7 | 10.9 | 5.4 | 0.2 | ||
| CTU | 15.2 | 9.9 | 10.6 | ||||
| FTU | 9.0 | 7.1 | 8.2 | ||||
| LSD | 8.1 | 1.9 | 4.7 | ||||
| Civic | 7.0 | 14.5 | 7.0 | ||||
| People Power | 8.9 | ||||||
| Labour | 8.2 | 5.0 | |||||
| NPP | 7.6 | 11.7 | |||||
| Civic Passion | 9.0 | ||||||
| Youngspiration | 1.7 | ||||||
| Independent and Others | 12.7 | 1.0 | 10.6 | 1.0 | 8.5 | 20.6 | |
| Pro-democracy | 71.2 | 66.7 | 60.5 | 61.3 | 54.6 | 55.2 | |
| Pro-Beijing | 28.8 | 32.3 | 38.7 | 37.5 | 43.0 | 44.4 | |
Election results[edit]
The largest remainder method (with Hare quota) of the proportional representative electoral system was introduced in 1998, replacing the single-member constituencies of the 1995 election. Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the quota + remainder.
2010s[edit]
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Vote share
| 2016 Legislative Council election: New Territories West | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 67,049 | 11.11 | |||
| Nonpartisan | Eddie Chu Hoi-dick | 84,121 | 13.94 (11.11+2.83) |
N/A | |
| NPP | Michael Tien Puk-sun Wilson Wong Wai-shun, So Ka-man, Jonathan Tsui Hiu-kit, Kam Man-fung, Wyran Cheng Chit-pun, Sammi Fu Hiu-lam |
70,646 | 11.71 (11.11+0.60) |
+4.13 | |
| DAB | Chan Han-pan Jody Kwok Fu-yung, Dragon Li Sai-lung, Michelle Leung Kar-ming, Jones Chan Chun-chung, Lui Dik-ming, Pau Ming-hong |
58,673 | 9.72 | +2.39 | |
| Civic Passion | Cheng Chung-tai Cheung Yiu-sum |
54,496 | 9.03 | N/A | |
| DAB (NTAS) | Leung Che-cheung Clement Lui Kin, Ken Wong Hon-kuen, Terry Yip Man-pan, Chiu Kwan-siu, Lai Ka-man |
50,190 | 8.32 | –0.40 | |
| FTU | Alice Mak Mei-kuen Yiu Kwok-wai, Kot Siu-yuen, Ken Fung Pui-yin, Lau Chin-pang |
49,680 | 8.23 | +1.16 | |
| Civic | Kwok Ka-ki Henry Sin Ho-fai |
42,334 | 7.02 | –7.46 | |
| Democratic | Andrew Wan Siu-kin Ho Chun-yan, Lee Wing-tat, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung, Lam Siu-fai |
41,704 | 6.91 | –4.86 | |
| Independent | Ho Kwan-yiu | 35,657 | 5.91 | +3.74 | |
| Labour | Lee Cheuk-yan, Chiu Yan-loy | 30,149 | 5.00 | –3.22 | |
| LSD (People Power) | Wong Ho-ming, Albert Chan Wai-yip | 28,529 | 4.73 | –6.03 | |
| NWSC | Wong Yun-tat, Leung Ching-shan, Rayman Chow Wai-hung | 20,974 | 3.48 | –5.30 | |
| ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee | 17,872 | 2.96 | N/A | |
| Youngspiration (TSWNF) | Wong Chun-kit, Wong Pak-yu | 9,928 | 1.65 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Carolyn Tong Wing-chi | 2,408 | 0.40 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Clarice Cheung Wai-ching | 2,390 | 0.40 | N/A | |
| Liberal | Chow Wing-kan | 1,469 | 0.24 | N/A | |
| Christians to the World | Hendrick Lui Chi-hang | 812 | 0.13 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Kwong Koon-wan | 810 | 0.13 | N/A | |
| Politihk SS | Ko Chi-fai, Innes Tang Tak-shing | 604 | 0.10 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 603,446 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 9,624 | ||||
| Turnout | 613,070 | 56.43 | +5.14 | ||
| Registered electors | 1,086,515 | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Vote share
| 2012 Legislative Council election: New Territories West | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 55,401 | 11.11 | |||
| Civic | Kwok Ka-ki Audrey Eu Yuet-mee |
72,185 | 14.48 (11.11+3.37) |
+7.48 | |
| People Power | Albert Chan Wai-yip Jacqueline Chan So-ling, Raymond Lai, Tong Wing-chi |
44,355 | 8.90 | +0.80 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Wong Yun-tat |
43,799 | 8.78 | −1.92 | |
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung Lung Shui-hing, Yip Man-pan, Mo Shing-fung |
43,496 | 8.72 | −14.38 | |
| Labour | Lee Cheuk-yan Tam Chun-yin |
40,967 | 8.22 | −2.38 | |
| NPP | Michael Tien Puk-sun Clarice Cheung Wai-ching, Wong Cheuk-kin, Ho Kin-cheong |
37,808 | 7.58 | N/A | |
| DAB (NTAS) | Chan Han-pan Poon Chi-shing, Nixie Lam Lam, Chan Chun-chung, Law Kwan, Leung Kar-ming, Tsang Tai |
36,555 | 7.33 | N/A | |
| FTU | Alice Mak Mei-kuen Luk Chung-hung, Manwell Chan, Kot Siu-yuen, Tang Cheuk-him |
35,239 | 7.07 | −1.93 | |
| DAB | Leung Che-cheung Tsang Hin-keung, Lui Kin, Christina Maisenne Lee, Wong Wai-ling, Chui Kwan-siu |
33,777 | 6.77 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Lam Lap-chi, Lai King-wai | 32,792 | 6.58 | −4.92 | |
| Democratic | Josephine Chan Shu-ying, Zachary Wong Wai-ying, Li Hung-por, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung, Ho Hang-mui | 25,892 | 5.19 | −4.01 | |
| Third Force | Chan Keung, Ting Yin-wah, So Ka-man, Chow Ping-tim, Tang Ka-leung, Nancy Poon Siu-ping, Raju Gurung | 16,767 | 3.36 | N/A | |
| Independent | Chan Yut-wah | 11,997 | 2.41 | N/A | |
| Independent | Ho Kwan-yiu | 10,805 | 2.17 | N/A | |
| LSD | Tsang Kin-shing | 9,280 | 1.86 | N/A | |
| Democratic Alliance | Mak Ip-sing | 2,896 | 0.58 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 498,610 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 7,816 | ||||
| Turnout | 506,426 | 51.29 | +9.12 | ||
| Registered electors | 987,333 | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSD | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 109,609 | 81.73 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Li Kwai-fong | 12,555 | 9.36 | ||
| Tertiary 2012 | Kwok Wing-kin | 6,192 | 4.62 | ||
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 3,276 | 2.44 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Li Sai-hung | 2,475 | 1.85 | ||
| Majority | 97,054 | 72.37 | |||
| Total valid votes | 134,107 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 5,256 | ||||
| Turnout | 139,363 | 14.71 | |||
| Registered electors | 947,276 | ||||
| LSD hold | Swing | ||||
2000s[edit]
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 2008 Legislative Council election: New Territories West[8] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 49,787 | 12.50 | |||
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung, Cheung Hok-ming Leung Che-cheung, Chan Han-pan, Lung Shui-hing, Leung Kar-ming, Andy Lo Kwong-shing, Lui Kin |
92,037 | 23.11 (12.50+10.61) |
−1.77 | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat Wong Suet-ying, Lam Siu-fat, Cheung Wai-mei, Lam Lap-chi |
45,767 | 11.49 | −1.99 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Wong Yun-tat |
42,441 | 10.66 | −2.04 | |
| CTU | Lee Cheuk-yan Tam Chun-yin |
42,366 | 10.64 | +0.73 | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Hui Chi-fung, Lo Man-hon |
36,764 | 9.23 | −4.25 | |
| FTU (DAB) | Wong Kwok-hing Alice Mak Mei-kuen, Marina Tsang Tze-kwan, Tsui Fan, Dennis Leung Tsz-wing, Tang Ka-piu, Yiu Kwok-wai, Manwell Chan |
35,991 | 9.04 | N/A | |
| LSD | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 32,182 | 8.08 | +0.27 | |
| Civic | Fernando Cheung Chiu-hung, Sumly Chan Yuen-sum, Wong Ka-wa | 27,910 | 7.01 | N/A | |
| Liberal | Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee, Chow Wing-kan | 21,570 | 5.42 | −5.48 | |
| Democratic | Cheung Yin-tung, Kwong Chun-yu | 10,069 | 2.53 | N/A | |
| ADPL | Tandon Lai Chaing, Yeung Chi-hang | 6,771 | 1.70 | −1.44 | |
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 1,720 | 0.43 | +0.03 | |
| Blue Intelligent Union | Leung Suet-fong, Thapa Komal | 1,366 | 0.3 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Yuen Wai-chung | 1,338 | 0.34 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 398,292 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 2,427 | ||||
| Turnout | 400,719 | 42.49 | −10.99 | ||
| Registered electors | 943,161 | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2004 Legislative Council election: New Territories West[9] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 57,926 | 12.50 | |||
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung, Cheung Hok-ming Leung Che-cheung, Au Yeung Po-chun, Tsui Fan, Chan Han-pan, Andy Lo Kwong-sing, Philip Ng King-wah |
115,251 | 24.87 (12.50+12.37) |
−4.71 | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat Sumly Chan Yuen-sum |
62,500 | 13.49 (12.50+0.99) |
+3.11 | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Cheung Yin-tung |
62,342 | 13.45 (12.50+0.95) |
+2.25 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Andrew Wan Siu-kin |
59,033 | 12.74 (12.50+0.24) |
−4.53 | |
| Liberal | Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee | 50,437 | 10.88 | +8.14 | |
| CTU | Lee Cheuk-yan Ip Ngok-fung |
45,725 | 9.87 | −5.32 | |
| Independent | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 36,278 | 7.83 | −4.86 | |
| ADPL | Yim Tim-sang, Kong Fung-yi, Tai Yin-chiu, Kwun Tung-wing | 14,570 | 3.14 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Stephen Char Shik-ngor | 9,116 | 1.97 | N/A | |
| New Forum | Lui Hau-tuen, Siu Shing-choi, Chan Choi-hi | 4,511 | 0.97 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Ng Tak-leung | 1,920 | 0.41 | N/A | |
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 1,725 | 0.37 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 463,408 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 3,449 | ||||
| Turnout | 466,857 | 53.48 | +9.75 | ||
| Registered electors | 873,031 | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 2000 Legislative Council election: New Territories West[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 57,266 | 16.67 | |||
| DAB (HKPA) | Tam Yiu-chung, Tang Siu-tong Leung Che-cheung, Chau Chuen-heung, Chan Yau-hoi, Au Yeung Po-chun |
101,629 | 29.58 (16.67+12.91) |
+10.23 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung | 59,348 | 17.27 | +6.97 | |
| CTU (Frontier) | Lee Cheuk-yan | 52,202 | 15.19 | +2.74 | |
| Democratic | Albert Chan Wai-yip Cosmas Kwong Kwok-chuen |
43,613 | 12.69 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Josephine Chan Shu-ying, Cheung Yuet-lan, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung |
38,472 | 11.20 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Wong Bing-kuen | 35,648 | 10.38 | N/A | |
| Liberal | David Yeung Fuk-kwong | 9,408 | 2.74 | +1.9 | |
| Nonpartisan | Angela Man Yun-fei | 3,274 | 0.95 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 343,594 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 2,663 | ||||
| Turnout | 346,257 | 43.73 | −9.52 | ||
| Registered electors | 791,746 | ||||
1990s[edit]
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 1998 Legislative Council election: New Territories West[11] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
| Quota | 75,035 | 20.00 | |||
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Ho Chun-yan Zachary Wong Wai-yin, Josephine Chan Shu-ying |
147,098 | 39.21 (20.00+19.21) |
||
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung Leung Che-cheung, Chau Chuen-heung, Chan Wan-sang, Hui Chiu-fai |
72,587 | 19.35 | ||
| Frontier | Lee Cheuk-yan Ip Kwok-fun |
46,696 | 12.45 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Leung Yiu-chung | 38,627 | 10.30 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Lam Wai-keung, Tai Kuen, Chow Ping-tim, Chan Ka-mun, Tso Shiu-wai | 25,905 | 6.91 | ||
| ADPL | Yim Tim-sang | 19,500 | 5.20 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Ting Yin-wah | 11,176 | 2.98 | ||
| Independent | Yeung Fuk-kwong | 6,428 | 1.71 | ||
| Liberal | Paul Chan Sing-kong, Liu Kwong-sang, Wong Kwok-keung | 3,138 | 0.84 | ||
| 123DA | Yum Sin-ling, Christopher Chu, Mak Ip-sing, Shung King-fai | 3,050 | 0.81 | ||
| Pioneer | Lam Chi-leung | 968 | 0.26 | ||
| Total valid votes | 375,173 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 2,042 | ||||
| Turnout | 377,215 | 53.25 | |||
| Registered electors | 708,443 | ||||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Number of Seats for the Geographical Constituencies" (PDF). Electoral Affairs Commission.
- ^ "Voter Registration Statistics: Geographical Constituency". Registration and Electoral Office.
- ^ Diamond, Larry; Myers, Ramon H. (2001). Elections and Democracy in Greater China. OUP Oxford. pp. 1985–6.
- ^ "【立會選舉評論】分區配票的成效（文﹕蔡子強、陳雋）". 明報. 20 September 2016.
- ^ "周梁 發叔決裂". 東方日報. 10 September 2008.
- ^ "2010 LegCo By-election". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ "2010 LegCo By-election". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ "2008 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ "2004 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ "立法會選舉結果". Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2002.
- ^ "Legco election overall result". Electoral Affairs Commission.