Nez Perce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Total population |
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| 2,700 |
| Regions with significant populations |
 United States (Idaho) |
| Languages |
| Religion |
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Christianity, other |
| Related ethnic groups |
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other Penutian peoples |
The Nez Perce (pronounced /ˌnɛzˈpɜrs/) are a tribe of Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region (Columbia River Plateau) of the United States. They are descended from the first humans to come to the Americas, more than 10,000 years ago.[1] The tribe currently governs and inhabits a reservation in Idaho. The Nez Perce's name for themselves is Nimíipuu (pronounced [nimiːpuː]), which means simply "the people", or "we the people".[2]
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[edit] Name
"Nez Perce" is the spelling of the name used by the tribe itself, the United States Government, and contemporary historians. Older historical and ethnological works use the French spelling "Nez Percé," with the diacritic.
In the journals of William Clark, the people are referred to as Chopunnish (/ˈtʃoʊpənɪʃ/). This term is an adaptation of the term cú·pʼnitpeľu (the Nez Perce people) which is formed from cú·pʼnit (piercing with a pointed object) and peľu (people).[3] Nez Perce oral tradition indicates the name Cuupn'itpel'uu meant “we walked out of the woods or walked out of the mountains" and referred to the time before the Nez Perce had horses. The most common self-designation used today by the Nez Perce is Nimíipuu.[4] Nez Perce is a misnomer given by the interpreter of the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the time they first encountered the Nez Perce in 1805. It is from the French, "pierced nose." This is an inaccurate description of the tribe. They did not practice nose piercing or wearing ornaments. The actual "pierced nose" tribe lived on and around the lower Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest and are commonly called the Chinook tribe by historians and anthropologists. The Chinook relied heavily upon salmon as did the Nez Perce and shared fishing and trading sites but were much more hierarchical in their social arrangements.
[edit] Traditional lands and culture
The Nez Perce area at the time of Lewis and Clark was approximately 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km2). It covered parts of Washington, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho, in an area surrounding the Snake, Salmon and the Clearwater rivers. The tribal area extended from the Bitterroots in the east to the Blue Mountains in the west between latitude 45°N and 47°N.[5]
In 1800, there were more than 70 permanent villages ranging from 30 to 200 individuals, depending on the season and social grouping. About 300 total sites have been identified, including both camps and villages. In 1805 the Nez Perce were the largest tribes on the Columbia River Plateau, with a population of about 6,000. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nez Perce had declined to about 1,800 because of epidemics, conflicts with non-Indians, and other factors.[6]
The Nez Perce, as many western Native American tribes, were migratory and would travel with the seasons, according to where the most abundant food was to be found at a given time of year. This migration followed a predictable pattern from permanent winter villages through several temporary camps, nearly always returning to the same locations year after year. They were known to go as far east as the Great Plains of Montana to hunt buffalo, and as far west as Celilo Falls to fish for salmon on the Columbia River. They relied heavily on quamash or camas gathered in the region between the Salmon and Clearwater River drainages as a food source.
The Nez Perce National Historical Park includes a research center which has the park's historical archives and library collection. It is available for on-site use in the study and interpretation of Nez Perce history and culture.[7]
[edit] History
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[edit] Chief Joseph's surrender
The Nez Perce splintered into two groups in the mid-19th century, with one side accepting coerced relocation to a reservation and the other refusing to give up their fertile land in Washington. On October 5, 1877, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry near Chinook in the north of what is now Montana. Before this surrender, the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation.[8] After surrendering, Chief Joseph stated his famous quote: "Hear me, my chiefs, I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." The flight path is reproduced by the Nez Perce National Historic Trail.[9] The annual Cypress Hills ride in June commemorates the Nez Perce people's crossing into Canada.[10]
[edit] Nez Perce horse breeding program
The Nez Perce tribe began a breeding program in 1995 based on crossbreeding the Appaloosa and a Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke to produce the Nez Perce Horse. This is a program to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce, a proud tradition of selective breeding and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century. The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute (based in Washington D.C.), which promotes such businesses in Indian country.
[edit] Fishing
Fishing is an important ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial activity for the Nez Perce tribe. Nez Perce fishers participate in tribal fisheries in the mainstem Columbia River between Bonneville Dam and McNary Dam. The Nez Perce also fish for spring/summer Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Snake River and its tributaries. The Nez Perce tribe runs the Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery on the Clearwater River as well as several satellite hatchery programs.
[edit] Nez Perce Indian Reservation
The current tribal lands consist of a reservation comprising parts of four counties in northern Idaho, primarily in the Camas Prairie region. In descending order of surface area, the counties are Nez Perce, Lewis, Idaho, and Clearwater. The total land area is 1,195.1 square miles (3,095 km2), and the reservation's population at the 2000 census was 17,959 residents.[11] Its largest community is the city of Orofino, near its northeast corner. Lapwai, the seat of tribal government, has the highest percentage of Nez Perce people, at 81.39%.
[edit] Communities
[edit] Notable people
- The best-known leader of the Nez Perce was Chief Joseph, who led his people in their struggle to retain their identity in the face of U.S. encroachments on their land.
- One notable Nez Perce scholar was Archie Phinney. He studied under Franz Boas at Columbia University and produced a published collection of Nez Perce myths and legends from the oral tradition, Nez Perce Texts.
- Actress Elaine Miles, best known from her role in television's Northern Exposure, is Nez Perce.
- Silent film actors Jack and Al Hoxie are the sons of a half–Nez Perce mother.
- Jackson Sundown was a Nez Perce War veteran and rodeo champion.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Chatters, James C.; David L. Pokotylo (1998). "Prehistory: Introduction.". Handbook of North American Indians v.12 Plateau. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 73–80mee. ISBN 0-16-049514-8.
- ^ Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Perce dictionary. University of California Press.
- ^ Walker, Deward (1998). Plateau. Handbook of North American Indians v. 12. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 437–438. ISBN 0-16-049514-8.
- ^ Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Perce dictionary. University of California Press.
- ^ Spinden, Herbert Joseph (1908). Nez Percé Indians. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, v.2 pt.3. American Anthropological Association. p. 172. OCLC 4760170.
- ^ Walker, Jr., Jones, Deward E., Peter N. (1964). The Nez Perce. http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/walker.html: University of Washington.
- ^ Nez Perce National Historic Park research center http://www.nps.gov/nepe/historyculture/research-center.htm
- ^ USA Government FAQ on Nez Perce flight path http://www.fs.fed.us/npnht/faq/
- ^ U.S. government historical trail map and brochure http://www.fs.fed.us/npnht/brochure/overall.pdf
- ^ "Nez Perce Ride to Freedom". http://www.horsesall.com/equine-horse-history/nez-perce-ride-to-freedom-713.html.
- ^ "Nez Perce Reservation Census of Population". United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-tree_id=4001&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-transpose=N&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=14000US16035970200&-geo_id=14000US16049960500&-geo_id=14000US16061950100&-geo_id=14000US16061950200&-geo_id=14000US16069990100&-geo_id=25000US2445&-search_results=25000US2445&-format=&-fully_or_partially=N&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y Nez Perce Reservation. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
[edit] References
- Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.: The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest. Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
- L.V. McWhorter: Hear Me, My Chiefs! Nez Perce Legend and History. Caxton Printers, 1992.
- L.V. McWhorter: Yellow Wolf: His Own Story. Caxton Printers, 1940.
- John R. Swanton: The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, Smithsonian Press, Washington D.C., 1969.
- Deward E. Walker Jr.: Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 12: Plateau. Smithsonian Institution (Hg.). Washington: 1998.
- Brown, Dee (1970). Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-23219-3.
[edit] Further reading
- Beal, Merrill D. "I Will Fight No More Forever"; Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963.
- Bial, Raymond. The Nez Perce. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002. ISBN 0761412107.
- Boas, Franz (1917) (DJVU). Folk-tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert & Co.. OCLC 2322072. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=42.
- Humphrey, Seth K (1906) (DJVU). The Indian dispossessed. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (Revised ed.). Little, Brown and Co.. OCLC 4450366. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=79.
- Josephy, Alvin M. The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest. Yale western Americana series, 10. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965.
- Judson, Katharine Berry (1912) (DJVU). Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest, especially of Washington and Oregon. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (2nd ed.). McClurg. OCLC 10363767. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=66. Oral traditions from the Chinook, Nez Perce, Klickitat and other tribes of the Pacific Northwest.
- Lavender, David Sievert. Let Me Be Free: The Nez Perce Tragedy. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0060167076.
- Nerburn, Kent. Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy. New York, NY: HarperSanFrancicso, 2005. ISBN 0060513012.
- Stout, Mary. Nez Perce. Native American peoples. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2003. ISBN 0836836669.
- Warren, Robert Penn. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, Who Called Themselves the Nimipu, "the Real People": A Poem. New York: Random House, 1983. ISBN 0394530195.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nez Perce |
- Official tribal site.
- Friends of the Bear Paw, Big Hole & Canyon Creek Battlefields.
- Nez Perce Horse Registry.
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission - member tribes include the Nez Perce.
- Nez Perce National Historic Park.
- Nez Perce National Historic Trail.
