People's Liberation Army Navy

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中国人民解放军海军 People's Liberation Army Navy
Active	since September, 1950
Country	People's Republic of China
Size	250,000 personnel 57 submarines 77 principal surface combatants 84 amphibious warfare ships ~387 coastal warfare vessels ~31 mine warfare vessels ~370-480 landing craft ~150 auxiliary/support vessels
Engagements	Chinese Civil War, Sino-Vietnamese War, Anti-Piracy in Somalia
Commanders
Current commander	Admiral Wu Shengli

The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) (Simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军海军; Traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍海軍; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Hǎijūn) is the naval branch of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the military of the People's Republic of China. Until the early 1990s, the navy performed a subordinate role to the PLA Land Forces. Since then, it has undergone rapid modernisation. With a personnel strength of over 250,000, the PLAN also includes the 35,000 strong Coastal Defense Force and the 56,000 man Naval infantry/Marines, plus a 56,000 PLAN Aviation naval air arm operating several hundred land-based aircraft and ship-based helicopters. As part of its overall program of naval modernization, the PLAN has a plan of developing a blue-water navy.^[1]

Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 1950s and 1960s 2.2 1970s and 1980s 3 Current status 3.1 Strategy, plans, priorities 3.2 2008 Anti-piracy operations 4 Organization 5 Ranks 6 Equipment 6.1 Inventory 6.2 Ships 6.3 Submarines 6.4 Naval Weaponry 6.5 Naval Aircraft 7 Future fleet 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Mission

Peacetime:

• Sea patrols of territorial waters
• Establish presence in disputed territorial waters and protect current interests
• Anti-piracy, anti-smuggling, search and rescue
• Maintain security of territorial waters
• Active logistical support role of combatants and island garrisons
• Maintain security of Sea Lines of Communications

Wartime:

• Littoral defense of local seas
• Blockade or protection of vital ship routes and choke points (eg. Taiwan strait)
• Tactical transport, support, and amphibious operations of ground forces
• Air defense
• Anti-submarine operations
• Engagement of enemy shipping
• Active logistical support role of combatants and island garrisons

[edit] History

The PLAN traces its lineage to units of the Republic of China Navy who defected to the People's Liberation Army towards the end of the Chinese Civil War. In 1949, Mao Zedong asserted that "to oppose imperialist aggression, we must build a powerful navy." During the Landing Operation on Hainan Island, the communists used wooden junks fitted with mountain guns as both transport and warships against the Republic of China Navy. The Naval Academy was set up at Dalian in March 1950, mostly with Soviet instructors. The navy was established in September 1950 by consolidating regional naval forces under General Staff Department command in Jiangyan, now in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. It then consisted of a motley collection of ships and boats acquired from the Kuomintang forces. The Naval Air Force was added two years later. By 1954 an estimated 2,500 Soviet naval advisers were in China—possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel—and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships. With Soviet assistance, the navy reorganized in 1954 and 1955 into the North Sea Fleet, East Sea Fleet, and South Sea Fleet, and a corps of admirals and other naval officers was established from the ranks of the ground forces. In shipbuilding the Soviets first assisted the Chinese, then the Chinese copied Soviet designs without assistance, and finally the Chinese produced vessels of their own design. Eventually Soviet assistance progressed to the point that a joint Sino-Soviet Pacific Ocean fleet was under discussion.

[edit] 1950s and 1960s

Through the upheavals of the late 1950s and 1960s the Navy remained relatively undisturbed. Under the leadership of Minister of National Defense Lin Biao, large investments were made in naval construction during the frugal years immediately after the Great Leap Forward. During the Cultural Revolution, a number of top naval commissars and commanders were purged, and naval forces were used to suppress a revolt in Wuhan in July 1967, but the service largely avoided the turmoil affecting the country. Although it paid lip service to Mao and assigned political commissars aboard ships, the Navy continued to train, build, and maintain the fleets.

[edit] 1970s and 1980s

In the 1970s, when approximately 20 percent of the defense budget was allocated to naval forces, the Navy grew dramatically. The conventional submarine force increased from 35 to 100 boats, the number of missile-carrying ships grew from 20 to 200, and the production of larger surface ships, including support ships for oceangoing operations, increased. The Navy also began development of nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSN) and nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN).

In the 1980s, under the leadership of Chief Naval Commander Liu Huaqing, the navy developed into a regional naval power, though naval construction continued at a level somewhat below the 1970s rate. It should be noted that Liu Huaqing was an Army Officer who spent most of his career in administrative positions involving science and technology.

It was not until 1988 that the People's Liberation Army Navy was lead by a Naval Officer. Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Deng's national policies. While under his leadership Naval construction yards produced fewer ships than the 1970s, greater emphasis was placed on technology and improved quality.

Modernization efforts also encompassed higher educational and technical standards for personnel; reformulation of the traditional coastal defense doctrine and force structure in favor of more green-water operations; and training in naval combined-arms operations involving submarine, surface, naval aviation, and coastal defense forces.

Examples of the expansion of China's capabilities were the 1980 recovery of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in the Western Pacific by a twenty-ship fleet, extended naval operations in the South China Sea in 1984 and 1985, and the visit of two naval ships to three South Asian nations in 1985. In 1982 the navy conducted a successful test of an underwater-launched ballistic missile. The navy also had some success in developing a variety of surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles, improving basic capabilities.^[2]

In 1986 the Navy's order of battle included two Xia-class SSBNs armed with twelve CSS-N-3 missiles and three Han-class SSNs armed with six SY-2 cruise missiles. In the late 1980s, major deficiencies reportedly remained in antisubmarine warfare, mine warfare, naval electronics (including electronic countermeasures equipment), and naval aviation capabilities.

The PLA Navy was ranked in 1987 as the third largest navy in the world, although naval personnel had comprised only 12 percent of PLA strength. In 1987 the Navy consisted (as it does now) of the naval headquarters in Beijing; three fleet commands — the North Sea Fleet, based at Qingdao, Shandong; the East Sea Fleet, based at Shanghai; and the South Sea Fleet, based at Zhanjiang, Guangdong — and about 2,000 ships. The 350,000-person Navy included Naval Air Force units of 34,000 men, the Coastal Defense Forces of 38,000, and the Marine Corps of 56,500. Navy Headquarters, which controlled the three fleet commands, was subordinate to the PLA General Staff Department. In 1987, China's 1,500 km coastline was protected by more than 100 diesel-powered Romeo- and Whiskey-class submarines, which could remain at sea only a limited time. Inside this protective ring and within range of shore-based aircraft were destroyers and frigates mounting Styx antiship missiles, depth-charge projectors, and guns up to 130 mm. Any invader penetrating the destroyer and frigate protection would have been swarmed by almost 900 fast-attack craft. Stormy weather limited the range of these small boats, however, and curtailed air support. Behind the inner ring were Coastal Defense Force personnel operating naval shore batteries of Styx missiles and guns, backed by ground force units deployed in depth.

[edit] Current status

[edit] Strategy, plans, priorities

The People's Liberation Army Navy has become more prominent in recent years owing to a change in Chinese strategic priorities. The new strategic threats include possible conflict with the United States and/or a resurgent Japan in areas such as the Taiwan Strait or the South China Sea. As part of its overall program of naval modernization, the PLAN has a long-term plan of developing a blue water navy.^[1]

China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan. In December 2007 the first Type 094 submarine was moved to Sanya.[1] The Daily Telegraph on 1 May 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. According to the Western news media the base is reportedly to help China project seapower well into the Pacific Ocean area, including challenging United States naval power.^[3][4]

During a 2008 interview with the BBC, Major General Qian Lihua, a senior Chinese defense official, stated that the PLAN aspired to possessing a small number of aircraft carriers to allow it to expand China's air defense perimeter. ^[5] According to Qian the important issue was not whether China had an aircraft carrier, but what it did with it. ^[5] However, as of yet only certain military personalities have stated China indeed plans to build or acquire aircraft carriers and there has, as of yet, been no official evidence of an active and advancing aircraft program.

At the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the PLAN, 52 vessels were shown in manoeuvres off Qingdao in April 2009 including previously unseen nuclear submarines. The demonstration was seen as a sign of the growing status of China, while the president, Hu Jintao, indicated that China is neither seeking regional hegemony nor entering an arms race.^[6]

On July 15th 2009, Senator Jim Webb of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee explained that only the "United States has both the stature and the national power to confront the obvious imbalance of power that China brings" to situations such as the claims to the Spratly and Paracel islands.^[7]

[edit] 2008 Anti-piracy operations

On 18 December 2008, Chinese authorities deployed People's Liberation Army Navy vessels to escort Chinese shipping in the Gulf of Aden.^[8] This deployment came after a series of attacks and attempted hijackings on Chinese vessels by Somali pirates. Reports suggest two destroyers (Luyang II-Class 171 Haikou and Luyang-Class 169 Wuhan) and a supply ship are the ones being used. This move was welcomed by the international community as the warships complement a multinational fleet already operating along the coast of Africa. It will be the first time Chinese warships have deployed outside the Asia-Pacific region for a military operation since Zheng He in the 15th century.

[edit] Organization

The PLAN is organized into several departments for efficient command, control and coordination.

[edit] Ranks

[edit] Equipment

The PLAN initially utilized Soviet-based hardware as the backbone of their forces, with increasing domestic production over time. In the last several years, the PRC has made progress in modernizing its fleet with the purchase of Sovremenny class destroyers and Kilo class submarines, as well as producing sophisticated domestic designs such as the Lanzhou class destroyers and the Yuan class submarines.

China's submarine fleet has also made advances. The Song and Yuan-class subs are quieter than their predecessors and the Kilo-class subs are equipped with two next-generation weapons: the Klub anti-ship cruise missile and the VA-111 Shkval torpedo. Some Chinese submarines, including the Kilo and Yuan, are also thought to have air-independent propulsion, which would allow them to remain submerged for longer periods of time than they could previously maintain.

Chinese naval technology has improved, in part due to Russian assistance. Its latest destroyers use more local hardware of an improved quality, such as better fire-control systems, stealth technology in their hull designs to reduce their radar profile, and C4ISR systems.

However, despite these rapid advances, roughly half of China's major combat vessels and the bulk of the smaller vessels are still from older, obsolescent classes and not replaced by newer ones.

[edit] Inventory

Type	Nr. Planned/ Building	Nr. Active	Nr. in Reserve
Submarines
Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines	3	4
Nuclear Attack Submarines	4-6	5	2
Conventional Ballistic Missile Submarines	0	1
Conventional Attack Submarines	1	47
Total Submarines	8-10	57	2
Principal Surface Combatants
Aircraft Carriers	3	0
Destroyers		26
Frigates	1	51
Total Principal Surface Combatants	4	77
Coastal Warfare Vessels
Missile Boats		132	110-120
Torpedo Boats		20	150
Gun Boats		160	100
Submarine Chasers		75	20
Total Coastal Warfare Vessels		~387	~380-390
Amphibious Warfare Vessels
Landing Platforms	1	1
Landing Ships		83
Landing Craft		370-480
Total Amphibious Warfare Vessels	1	~454-564
Mine Warfare Vessels
Mine Warfare Ships		27	42
Mine Warfare Drones		4	26
Total Mine Warfare Vessels		31	68
Total Auxiliary/Support Vessels		~153
Total All Vessels	12+	~1159-1269	450+
Total Combat Vessels	12+	~632	420+

Note: "Total Combat Vessels" counts only submarines, principal surface combatants, coastal warfare vessels, mine warfare ships, landing platforms and ships. These are vessels that would normally be commissioned and excludes landing craft, mine warfare drones and auxiliary/support vessels. All numbers are approximate.

[edit] Ships

[edit] Submarines

[edit] Naval Weaponry

[edit] Naval Aircraft

[edit] Future fleet

The PLAN's ambitions include operating out to the first and second island chains, as far as the South Pacific near Australia, and spanning to the Aleutian islands, and operations extending to the Straits of Malacca near the Indian Ocean^[9]

Modernizing the fleet into a blue water navy will also provide better power projection in not only the region but globally in the 21st century. Chinese naval analysts also feel the need to develop a navy capable of challenging the United States Navy or capable of handling a potential conflict with Taiwan.

The future PLAN fleet will be composed of a balance of assets aimed at maximising the PLAN's fighting effectiveness. On the high end, there would be modern destroyers equipped with long range air defense missiles (Type 052B, Type 052C, Type 051C); destroyers armed with supersonic anti-ship missiles (Sovremenny class); advanced nuclear powered attack and ballistic missile submarines (Type 093, Type 094); advanced conventional attack submarines (Kilo and Yuan); aircraft carriers and large amphibious warfare vessels capable mobilizing troops at long distances. On the medium and low end, there would be more economical multi-role capable frigates and destroyers (upgraded Luda, Luhu, Jiangwei II, Jiangkai); fast littoral missile attack craft (Houjian, Houxin, Houbei); various landing ships and light craft; conventionally powered coastal patrol submarines (Song).

The future fleet will have the obsolete combat ships (based on 1960s designs) phased out in the coming decades as more modern designs enter full production. It may take a decade for the bulk of these older ships to be retired. Until then, they will serve principally on the low end, as multi-role patrol/escort platforms. Their use could be further enhanced in the future by being used as fast transports or fire support platforms.

During 2001-2006 there has been a rapid building and acquisition program.^[9] There were more than a dozen new classes of ships built in these last five years,^[9] totalling some 60 brand new ships (including landing ships and auxiliaries).^[9] Simultaneously, dozens of other ships have been either phased out of service or refitted with new equipment.

There had been speculation about the PLAN building or acquiring an aircraft carrier,^[10] but on March 23 2009 China's defense minister, Liang Guanglie, confirmed the country's plans to build its own aircraft carrier. ^[11]

Submarines play a significant role in the development of the PLAN's future fleet. This is made evident by the construction of a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, the Type 094 and the Type 093 nuclear attack submarine. This will provide the PLAN with a more modern response for the need of a seaborne nuclear deterrent. The new submarines will also be capable of performing conventional strike and other special warfare requirements.

Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service reported that the long term goals of PLAN planing include:

• assert or defend China’s claims in maritime territorial disputes and China’s interpretation of international laws relating freedom of navigation in exclusive economic zones (an interpretation at odds with the U.S. interpretation);
• protect China’s sea lines of communications to the Persian Gulf, on which China relies for some of its energy imports; and
• assert China’s status as a major world power, encourage other states in the region to align their policies with China, and displace U.S. regional military influence.^[12]

[edit] See also

• Soviet aircraft carrier Varyag
• Republic of China Navy

[edit] References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. [2]

[edit] External links

• Chinese naval aircraft in service
• PLAN - Chinese Defence Today
• Global Security - China
• PLA idag-PLAN (Swedish)

v • d • e Torpedoes of the People's Republic of China 324mm Yu-7  · ET-52 350mm APR-3E 450mm Yu-2 533mm Yu-6  · Yu-5  · Yu-4  · Yu-3  · Yu-1  · Type 53-65  · VA-111 Shkval 650mm Type 65 Rocket-propelled CY-1  · CY-2  · CY-3  · CJ-1 * = Under Development List of Chinese torpedoes

v • d • e Missiles of the People's Republic of China Surface-to- Surface Ballistic Missiles Intercontinental DF-41 · DF-31A · DF-31 · DF-5 Intermediate Range DF-4 · DF-3 Medium Range DF-25 · DF-21 · DF-2 Short Range B-611 · P-12 · DF-15 (M-9) · DF-11 (M-11) · DF-1 Submarine Launched JL-2 · JL-1 Anti-Ship DF-21[1] Cruise Missiles Long Range Land Attack DH-10 · CF-1 · CF-2 · HN-1 · HN-2 · HN-3 Short Range Land Attack YJ-85 (C-805)[1] · YJ-7 (C-701) · YJ-62 (C-602) · KD-88 · KD-63 · YJ-63 (C-603) · YJ-2 · YJ-1 · C-611 · XW-41 Anti-Ship Supersonic YJ-91 · YJ-83 (C-803) · FL-7 · HY-3 (C-301) · FL-2 (C-101) · CJ-1 · YJ-12 · YJ-22 · 3M-80MBE/E Moskit (SS-N-22) · 3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27) · C-302 · C-303 · YJ-4 · YJ-2 · YJ-1 Anti-Ship Subsonic YJ-82 (C-802) · YJ-8 (C-801) · C-704 · YJ-7 (C-701) · FL-10 · YJ-62 (C-602) · TL-10 · FL-8 · TL-1 · TL-2 · TL-6 · FL-9 · SY-2 · SY-1 · HY-4 (C-401) · HY-2 (C-201) · HY-1 · C-611 · XW-41 Anti-Tank Missiles HJ-10 · HJ-9 · HJ-8 · HJ-73 · 9K116 Bastion  · J-202 · J-201 · 265-I Anti-Submarine CY-1 · CY-2 · CY-3 · CJ-1 Air-to- Surface Cruise Missiles Long Range Land Attack DH-10 · HN-1 · HN-2 · HN-3 Short Range Land Attack AKD-10 · AR-1 · YJ-85 (C-805)[1] · C-704KD · YJ-7 (C-701) · YJ-62 (C-602) · KD-88 · KD-63 · YJ-63 (C-603) · Kh-59 · Kh-29 · YJ-4 Anti-Ship Supersonic YJ-91 · YJ-83 (C-803) · FL-7 · FL-2 (C-101) · 3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27) · C-303 Anti-Ship Subsonic YJ-82 (C-802) · YJ-8 (C-801) · C-705 · C-704 · YJ-7 (C-701) · FL-10 · YJ-62 (C-602) · TL-10 · FL-8 · TL-1 · TL-2 · TL-6 · FL-9 · C-601 · Kh-35 Anti-Radiation FL-7 · YJ-5 (HQ-61) · YJ-91 · Kh-31P · YJ-12 Anti-Tank Missiles HJ-10 · HJ-9 · HJ-8 · HJ-73 Guided Bombs LS  · LT  · FT  · KAB-1500Kr  · KAB-500Kr Surface-to- Air Anti-Satellite Missile SC-19  · KT-1 · KT-2  · KT-III Anti-Ballistic Missile SAMs FJ  · KT-1  · KT-2  · KT-III  · HQ-18 · S-300PMU-2 · HQ-15 · S-300PMU-1 (HQ-10) · HQ-9 · KS-2 · KS-1 Anti-Radiation SAMs FT-2000 Long Range Area Defence SAMs HQ-18 · S-300PMU-2 · HQ-15 · S-300PMU-1 (HQ-10) · HQ-9 · S-300PMU · S-300FM · KS-2 · KS-1 Medium Range Area Defence SAMs HQ-16 (Buk) · KS-2 · KS-1 · HQ-2 (S-75) · LS-2 ADS · PL-12 SAM · LS-II ADS Short Range Point Defence SAMs HQ-17 (Tor) · HQ-7 (FM-80) · HQ-64 (LY-60) · HQ-61 · TY-90 · DK-9 · CQW-2 · FLS-1 · FLG-1 · FLV-1 · FL-2000(V) · SG-2 ADS · LS ADS · YT ADS · FB-6A · FL-3000N · HN-5C · TD-2000 · TD-2000B Man Portable SAMs QW-18 · QW-11 · QW-4 · QW-3 · QW-2 · QW-1 · FN-6 · FN-16 · HN-5 Air-to-Air Beyond Visual Range AAMs PL-12 (SD-10) · PL-10 · PL-11 · PL-4 Within Visual Range AAMs PL-9 · PL-8 (Python 3) · PL-7 · PL-6 · PL-5 · PL-3 · PL-2 · K-5 (PL-1) · HJ-10 · TY-90 · QW-18 · QW-11 · QW-4 · QW-3 · QW-2 · QW-1 · FN-6 · FN-16 · HN-5 Notes: 1. Under Development List of Chinese missiles

v • d • e Ship classes of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy Submarines Nuclear Ballistic Missile Type 094 Jin class  · Type 092 Xia class Nuclear Attack Type 093 Shang class  · Type 091 Han class Conventional Ballistic Missile Modified Project 629 Golf class Conventional Attack Type 041 Yuan class  · Type 039/039A/039G Song class  · Type 035 Ming class  · Type 033 Romeo class  · Project 636 Kilo II class  · Project 877EKM Kilo I class Principal Surface Combatants Aircraft Carriers Future Chinese carrier*  · Project 1143.5 Kuznetsov class*  · Kiev class+ Destroyers Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class  · Type 052B Luyang I (Guangzhou) class  · Type 052 Luhu class  · Type 051C Luzhou class  · Type 051B Luhai class  · Type 051DT Luda IV class  · Type 051G1/G2 Luda III class  · Type 051 Luda II class  · Type 051 Luda I class  · Project 956EM Sovremenny II class  · Project 956 Sovremenny I class Frigates Type 054A Jiangkai II class  · Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class  · Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class  · Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class  · Type 053H1G Jianghu V class  · Type 053HT-H Jianghu IV class  · Type 053H2 Jianghu III class  · Type 053H1 Jianghu II class  · Type 053H Jianghu I class Coastal Warfare Vessels Missile Boats Type 022 Houbei class  · Type 037-II Houjian class  · Type 037-IG Houxin class  · Type 021 Houdong class  · Type 021 Huangfeng (Soviet Osa-I) class  · Type 021 Hola class  · China Cat (C 14) class  · Type 024 Heku/Hegu/Houku/Hougu class Torpedo Boats Type 025 Huchuan class  · P4 class Gun Boats Type 062-I Shanghai III class  · Type 062 Shanghai II class  · Type 062 Shanghai I class  · Type 206 Huludao class  · Shantou class+  · Beihai class+  · Huangpu class+  · Yulin class+ Submarine chasers Type 037-IS Haiqing class  · Type 037-I Haijiu class  · Type 062-I Haizhui class  · Type 037 Hainan class  · Kronshtadt class Amphibious Warfare Vessels Landing Platforms Type 071 Yuzhao class amphibious transport dock Landing Ships Type 072 Yukan class LST  · Type072-II Yuting I class LST  · Type 072-III Yuting II class LST  · Type 079 Yuliang class LSM  · Type 074 Yuhai (Wuhu-A) class LSM  · Type 073 I/II/III class LSM  · Type 073 IV Yunshu class LSM Landing Craft Yubei class LCU  · Type 722-II Jingsha II class LCAC  · Type 724 LCAC  · Type 271 Yupen class LCU  · Type 067 Yunnan class LCU  · Type 068/069 Yuch'in class LCM Mine Warfare Vessels Type 081 Wochi class minehunter  · Type 082-II Wozang class minehunter  · Type 918 Wolei class minelayer  · Type 010 class oceangoing minesweeper  · T-43 class oceangoing minesweeper+  · Type 082 Wosao class minesweeper  · Type 062 Fushun class coastal minesweeper+  · Type 312 Futi class minesweeper / minesweeping drone * = Under Construction/Procurement + = Retired          Ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy

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