Phintella parva

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Phintella parva
The related male Phintella versicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Phintella
Species:
P. parva
Binomial name
Phintella parva
(Wesołowska, 1981)

Phintella parva (Korean: 묘향깡충거 미, lit. 'Myo-hyang-kkang-chung-geo-mi') is a species of jumping spider in the genus Phintella that lives in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. The species was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 1981 based on a holotype from North Korea. However, retrospectively; it was recognised that other examples of the spider had been previously collected and, at one time, a description published without a species name. The spider is small, between 3.5 and 4 mm (0.14 and 0.16 in) long, and yellow. The female is slightly larger than the male. The abdomen has a striped pattern and the carapace has circular markings, but the most distinguishing difference between this species and other members of the genus are its copulatory organs, particularly the short curved embolus on the male and long straight insemination ducts in the female.

Taxonomy[edit]

In 1981, Wanda Wesołowska described a new species of jumping spider, which she named Icius parvus, one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist over her career.[1][2] The species name is the Latin for small. The species was originally ascribed to the genus Icius, first described by Eugène Simon in 1876, but was transferred to Phintella in 1983 by Jerzy Prószyński.[1] After being transferred to the new genus, the gender of the species name was changed, from parvus to parva.[3] Phintella parva is known as 묘향깡충거 미 (Myo-hyang-kkang-chung-geo-mi) in Korea.[4]

The genus Phintella was raised in 1906 by Embrik Strand and W. Bösenberg.[5] The genus name derives from the genus Phintia, which it resembles.[6] The genus Phintia was itself renamed Phintodes, which was subsequently absorbed into Tylogonus.[7] There are similarities between spiders within genus Phintella and those in Chira, Chrysilla, Euophrys, Icius, Jotus and Telamonia.[8] Genetic analysis confirms that it is related to the genera Helvetia and Menemerus. [9] In 2015, Wayne Maddison confirmed that it is classified in the tribe Chrysillini, named after the genus Chrysilla.[10] In 2017, the genus was grouped with 32 other genera of jumping spiders under the name Chrysillines in the supergroup Chrysilloida by Jerzy Prószyński.[11]

Description[edit]

Phintella parva is a small spider. The female is larger than the male, with a total length of between 4 and 5 mm (0.16 and 0.20 in).[4] It has a body is divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax that has a length of between 1.78 and 2.05 mm (0.070 and 0.081 in) and a width of between 1.28 and 1.55 mm (0.050 and 0.061 in), and an abdomen that is between 2.98 and 3.08 mm (0.117 and 0.121 in) long and 1.8 and 2.18 mm (0.071 and 0.086 in) wide.[12] The spider has a carapace that is longer than it is wide, shaped like a quadrangle.[4] It is a yellow with circular markings to towards the back. The eye field is black. The underside of the carapace, or sternum, has brown sides and a yellow middle. The mouthparts are distinctive. The chelicerae, labium and area around the mouth is yellow with brown lines around the sides.[12]

The abdomen is also yellow and has two broad stripes running down it and along the sides. Some spiders have an additional stripe down the middle of the abdomen. Four or five chevrons can often be seen at the very back. There is another black stripe on the underside that stretches from the epigastric furrow to spiracle.[3] The spinnerets are yellow, as are the legs.[12] It is unusual copulatory organs. The epigyne is small with small signs of sclerotization.[13]| It has a pocket towards the very rear, near the epigastric furrow. The copulatory openings lead via relatively long straight insemination ducts to spherical spermathecae.[14]

The male is similar to the female. It is slightly smaller with a total length of between 3.78 and 4.67 mm (0.149 and 0.184 in).[15] The cephalothorax is between 1.73 and 1.9 mm (0.068 and 0.075 in) long and between 1.25 and 1.38 mm (0.049 and 0.054 in) wide, and the abdomen between 1.83 and 2 mm (0.072 and 0.079 in) long and 1.05 and 1.2 mm (0.041 and 0.047 in) wide. The carapace has similar colouring, but is less pale. The legs are similarly yellow, although there are brown patches on the femora. The palpal bulb is slightly smaller than others in the genus, with a shape reminiscent of a bean. It has a short curved embolus and a single tibial apophysis, a projection on the pedipalp tibia.[12]

Similar species[edit]

Phintella parva is often confused with other species of the genus. Particularly, it closely resembles the related Phintella popovi, differing in the shape of the copulatory organs. The male's curved embolus and straight and tibial apophysis are characteristic and the length of the insemination ducts in the female enables the species to be identified.[12] Cluster analysis confirms that the species is most closely related to the Phintella cavaleriei, and then Phintella bifurcilinea, both of which share similar species distributions.[16]

At the same time as she described Icius parvus, Wesołowska also described two other species, which she identified as being members of the existing species Icius linea or Icius abnomis. She recognised that the samples were similar to those species but that the exact relationship between the different specimens uncertain.[17] In 2000, Dmitri Logunov and Yu Marusik identified that these two examples were actually of this species.[18] The first example in Japan was originally thought to be Phintella mellotei while a male specimen had been misnamed Phintella difficilis by Logunov in 1979. This was rectified in 1992 by Logunov and Wesołowska.[12] All these specimens are now recognised as being members of the species Phintella parva.[19]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Phintella parva lives in China, Japan, Korea and Russia.[1] The holotype for the species was discovered in the valleys around Mount Myohyang, North Korea, by Bohdan Pisarski and Jerzy Prószyński in 1959. Female specimens were also seen near to the city of Pyongyang and in the South Hamgyong Province. They were not described and named until 1981.[20][13] Subsequently, examples have been found throughout the country. The first recorded siting in Haeju was in 1987, followed by Chongjin, Hongwon County, Kaesong and Kyongsong County in 1990. The spider was also found in the areas around Mount Myohyang and Mount Kumgang at the same time.[21] South Korea was later added to the species distribution, with examples being identified in Sobaeksan and area around Palgongsan in the North Gyeongsang Province, the first to be found dating from 1964.[3]

Subsequent identifications have shown that the species also lives outside the Korean peninsula. Wesołowska also identified that it had been found in Primorsky Krai, in what is now Russia, and described in 1979, but had not been given a species name.[13] It was later seen that the spider was also to live on Furugelm Island.[22] The first example in China was identified in Shanxi.[23] The species was subsequently found in many other areas of the country, including Beijing, Gansu, Hebei and Henan.[24][25] Hebei is a particularly rich area for the species. Finds include 19 examples collected from Zhuolu County in 2004 and Yu County in 2006.[15] The spider has also been observed in the Mie Prefecture of Honshu, Japan, which extended its range still further.[12][26]

The spider seems to thrive in diverse environments, including the environs of Tianchi Mountain, Song County, Luoyang, the city of Linzhou, rural areas in Neixiang County and pine woods of Khabarovsk Krai.[24][12]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2017). "Phintella parva (Wesolowska, 1981)". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  2. ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
  3. ^ a b c Seo 1995, p. 190.
  4. ^ a b c Kim & Lee 2014, p. 111.
  5. ^ Prószyński 1983b, p. 6.
  6. ^ Bösenberg & Strand 1906, p. 333.
  7. ^ Cameron & Wijesinghe 1993, p. 16.
  8. ^ Prószyński 1983a, p. 43.
  9. ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
  10. ^ Maddison 2015, p. 231.
  11. ^ Prószyński 2017, pp. 10, 13, 17.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Logunov & Wesołowska 1992, p. 141.
  13. ^ a b c Wesołowska 1981, p. 60.
  14. ^ Logunov & Wesołowska 1992, p. 142.
  15. ^ a b Zhang, Peng & Zhang 2022, p. 353.
  16. ^ Seo 1995, p. 195.
  17. ^ Wesołowska 1981, p. 57.
  18. ^ Logunov & Marusik 2000, p. 279.
  19. ^ Logunov & Koponen 2000, p. 81.
  20. ^ Mroczkowski 1972, pp. 315–316.
  21. ^ Logunov & Marusik 2000, p. 287.
  22. ^ Logunov & Wesołowska 1992, p. 139.
  23. ^ Tu & Zhu 1986, pp. 93–94.
  24. ^ a b Zhu & Zhang 2011, p. 496.
  25. ^ Peng 2020, p. 305.
  26. ^ Ono, Ikeda & Kono 2009, p. 572.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bösenberg, W.; Strand, Embrik (1906). "Japanische Spinnen" [Japanese Spiders]. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (in German). 30: 93–422.
  • Cameron, H. D.; Wijesinghe, D. P. (1993). "Simon's Keys to the Salticid Groups". Peckhamia. 3 (1): 1–26.
  • Kim, Seung-Tae; Lee, Sue-Yeon (2014). "Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Salticidae, Segestriidae. Spiders". Invertebrate Fauna of Korea. 21 (31): 1–186.
  • Logunov, Dmitri V.; Marusik, Yu M. (2000). "Miscellaneous notes on Palaearctic Salticidae (Arachnida: Aranei)". Arthropoda Selecta. 8 (4): 263–292.
  • Logunov, Dmitri V.; Koponen, Seppo (2000). "A synopsis of the jumping spider fauna in the Russian Far East (Araneae, Salticidae)". Entomologica Fennica. 11 (2): 67–87. doi:10.33338/ef.84047.
  • Logunov, Dmitri V.; Wesołowska, Wanda (1992). "The jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) of Khabarovsk Province (Russian Far East)". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 29 (3): 113–146. JSTOR 23735345.
  • Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
  • Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
  • Mroczkowski, Maciej (1972). "Field Investigations in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea by staff members of the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences". Fragmenta Faustica. 18 (17): 313–343.
  • Ono, Hirotsugu; Ikeda, Hiroyoshi; Kono, Ryo (2009). "ハエトリグモ科" [Salticidae]. In Ono, Hirotsugu (ed.). 日本産クモ類 [The Spiders of Japan] (in Japanese). Kanagawa: Tokai University Press. pp. 558–588. ISBN 978-4-48601-791-2.
  • Peng, Xianjin (2020). 中固功物志: 元香椎劫物第五十三卷: 蛛形鋼 蜘蛛目 跳蛛科 [Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata 53, Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 978-7-03063-853-3.
  • Prószyński, Jerzy (1983a). "Position of genus Phintella (Araneae: Salticidae)". Acta Arachnologica. 31 (2): 43–48. doi:10.2476/asjaa.31.43. ISSN 1880-7852.
  • Prószyński, Jerzy (1983b). "Redescriptions of types of Oriental and Australian Salticidae (Aranea) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest". Folia Entomologica Hungarica. 44: 283–297.
  • Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
  • Seo, Bo-Keun (1995). "Redescription and multivariate analysis of genus Phintella (Araneae, Salticidae) from Korea". Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology. 11: 183–197.
  • Tu, H. S.; Zhu, M. S. (1986). "New records and one new species of spiders from China". Journal of Hebei Normal University (in Chinese). 1986 (2): 88–97.
  • Wesołowska, Wanda (1981). "Salticidae (Aranei) from North Korea, China and Mongolia". Annales Zoologici, Warszawa. 36: 45–83.
  • Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3.
  • Zhang, Feng; Peng, Jinyou.; Zhang, Baoshi (2022). 小五台山蜘蛛 [Spiders of Mount Xiaowutai] (in Chinese). Vol. 3. Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 978-7-03072-464-9.
  • Zhu, Mingsheng; Zhang, Baoshi (2011). 河南蜘蛛志: 蛛形纲:蜘蛛目 [Spider Fauna of Henan: Arachnida: Araneae] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 978-7-03031-139-9.
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