Portal:Telephones

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A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history. Nowadays, phones are almost always in the form of smartphones or mobile phones, due to technological convergence.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. (Full article...)

A mobile phone (or cellphone) is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"); mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. (Full article...)

A smartphone (often simply called a phone) is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones have built-in cameras, GPS navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text messaging, and internet-based messaging apps. (Full article...)

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The National Do Not Call List (DNCL) (French: Liste nationale de numéros de télécommunication exclus) is a list administered by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) that enables residents of Canada to decide whether or not to receive telemarketing calls. It was first announced by the Government of Canada on 13 December 2004.

The DNCL has been labelled a "disaster" and over a decade after the law's creation, many telemarketers are either unaware or do not follow the rules imposed by the DNCL.

The DNCL continues to receive heavy criticism, the latest being from Senator Percy Downe who referred to it as "totally useless", due to the costly but totally ineffective enforcement, the large number of exempt groups and the ability for anyone from anywhere in the world to purchase sets of phone numbers for relatively low fees, and then abuse the Do Not Call List as a calling list. Senator Downe cited multiple examples of constituents, whom he had personally added to the list, receiving a sudden increase in telemarketing calls three months later. (Full article...)

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Samsung foldable smartphones (front side)

A foldable smartphone (also known as a foldable phone or simply foldable) is a smartphone with a folding form factor. It is reminiscent of the clamshell (or "flip phone") design of many earlier feature phones. Some variants of the concept use multiple touchscreen panels on a hinge, while other designs utilise a flexible display. Concepts of such devices date back as early as Nokia's "Morph" concept in 2008, and a concept presented by Samsung Electronics in 2013 (as part of a larger set of concepts utilizing flexible OLED displays), while the first commercially available folding smartphones with OLED displays began to emerge in November 2018.

Some devices may fold out on a vertical axis to into a wider, tablet-like form, but are still usable in a smaller, folded state; the display may either wrap around to the back of the device when folded (as with the Royole FlexPai and Huawei Mate X), or use a booklet-like design where the larger, folded screen is located on the interior, and a screen on its "cover" allows the user to interact with the device without opening it (such as the Samsung Galaxy Fold series). Horizontally-folding smartphones have also been produced, typically using a clamshell form factor.

The first generation of commercially released foldable smartphones faced concerns over their durability, as well as their high prices. (Full article...)

List of phone types
Payphone Courtesy telephone Emergency telephone Secure telephone Smartphone Mobile phone Satellite phone Phablet Car phone Windows Phone Camera phone Feature phone VoIP phone iPhone Tin can telephone Sound-powered telephone Grillo telephone Golden telephone Reis telephone Cordless telephone Shoe phone Field telephone IBM Simon Mobile radio telephone Modular smartphone Prepaid mobile phone

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Multi-frequency dialing

These multi-frequency tones were generated by automated switching equipment. The blue box was designed to replicate these tones.

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A blue box is an electronic device that produces tones used to generate the in-band signaling tones formerly used within the North American long-distance telephone network to send line status and called number information over voice circuits. This allowed an illicit user, referred to as a "phreaker", to place long-distance calls, without using the network's user facilities, that would be billed to another number or dismissed entirely as an incomplete call. A number of similar "color boxes" were also created to control other aspects of the phone network. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various telephone-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1A 19th century acoustic tin can or "lovers' telephone" (from History of the telephone)
Image 2Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems, 1997–2003 (from Mobile phone)
Image 3Mobile payment system. (from Smartphone)
Image 4A Moto G7 Power; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch". (from Smartphone)
Image 5A New York City driver holding two phones (from Smartphone)
Image 6Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 7Antonio Meucci's telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 8Philipp Reis, 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 9Dupuis and Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992 (from Mobile phone)
Image 10Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State (1878) (from History of the telephone)
Image 11The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard (from Smartphone)
Image 12Inserted memory and SIM cards (from Smartphone)
Image 13A text message (SMS) (from Mobile phone)
Image 14The HTC Desire, a 2010 smartphone with optical trackpad and search button (from Smartphone)
Image 15"Device options" menu of Samsung Mobile's TouchWiz user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second (from Smartphone)
Image 16Private conversation, 1910 (from History of the telephone)
Image 17Smartphone with infrared transmitter on top for use as remote control (from Smartphone)
Image 181917 wall telephone, open to show magneto and local battery (from History of the telephone)
Image 19Elisha Gray, 1876, designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park, Illinois. (from History of the telephone)
Image 20The original Apple iPhone; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads (from Smartphone)
Image 21Mobile/desktop convergence: the Librem 5 smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer (from Smartphone)
Image 22Cellular networks work by only reusing radio frequencies (in this example frequencies f1-f4) in non adjacent cells to avoid interference (from Mobile phone)
Image 231896 Telephone (Sweden) (from History of the telephone)
Image 24Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 25People using phones while walking (from Mobile phone)
Image 26Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated. (from Mobile phone)
Image 27Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s (from Smartphone)
Image 28Android smartphones (from Mobile phone)
Image 29Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1932 silent film. Shows Bell's second telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. (from History of the telephone)
Image 30Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007 reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973. (from Mobile phone)
Image 31The back of a Nokia 9 PureView. It features a five-lens camera array with Zeiss optics, using a mixture of color and monochrome sensors. (from Smartphone)
Image 32A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris (from History of the telephone)
Image 33A user consulting a mapping app on a phone (from Smartphone)
Image 34Top of cellular telephone tower (from History of the telephone)
Image 35Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone-like devices. (from History of the telephone)
Image 36A driver using two handheld mobile phones at once (from Mobile phone)
Image 37IBM Simon and charging base (1994) (from Smartphone)
Image 38A high-capacity portable battery charger (power bank) (from Smartphone)
Image 39Mobile payment system (from Mobile phone)
Image 40Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Google Chromium derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the tab list using the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note 4. (from Smartphone)
Image 41This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout. (from Smartphone)
Image 42Apple iPhone smartphone (from History of the telephone)
Image 43The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. In 1983, it became the first commercially available handheld cellular mobile phone. (from Mobile phone)
Image 44E-waste in Agbogbloshie (from Smartphone)
Image 45Old Receiver schematic, c.1906 (from History of the telephone)
Image 46A smartphone displaying the homepage of the English Wikipedia (from Smartphone)
Image 47A Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus, featuring a "hole-punch" camera (from Smartphone)
Image 48Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 Motorola 8900X-2 to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus (from Mobile phone)
Image 49A sign in the US restricting cell phone use to certain times of day (no cell phone use between 7:30–9:00 am and 2:00–4:15 pm) (from Mobile phone)
Image 50Scrapped mobile phones (from Mobile phone)
Image 51The LG Prada with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006 (from Smartphone)
Image 52Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (from Mobile phone)
Image 53
Bell prototype telephone stamp
Centennial Issue of 1976
(from History of the telephone)
Image 54A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas (Greater Houston) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm. (from Smartphone)
Image 55The master telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876 (from History of the telephone)
Image 56A smartphone touchscreen (from Smartphone)
Image 57The back of a Huawei P30. It features three rear-facing camera lenses with Leica optics. (from Smartphone)
Image 58A Meizu MX4 with Flyme OS (from Smartphone)
Image 59Typical mobile phone mini-SIM card (from Mobile phone)
Image 60Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal. (from History of the telephone)
Image 61A German rotary dial telephone, the W48 (from History of the telephone)
Image 62Optical track pad sensor of an HTC Legend, 2010. (from Smartphone)

Selected biography

Charles Bourseul (28 April 1829 – 23 November 1912) was a pioneer in development of the "make and break" telephone about 20 years before Bell made a practical telephone.

Bourseul was born in Brussels, Belgium, and grew up in Douai, France. His father was a French army officer. Charles worked for the telegraph company as a civil engineer and mechanic. He made improvements to the telegraph system of L. F. Breguet (a French instrument maker) and Samuel F. B. Morse. Charles Bourseul experimented with the electrical transmission of the human voice and developed an electromagnetic microphone, but his telephone receiver was unable to convert electric current back into clear human voice sounds.

In 1854 Bourseul wrote a memorandum on the transmission of the human voice by electric currents that was first published in a magazine L'Illustration (Paris), though no prototype was built. That is about the same time that Meucci later claimed to have created his first attempt at the telephone in the United States of America. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Innocenzo Manzetti Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Tivadar Puskás Douglas H. Ring W. Rae Young Martin Cooper (inventor) Thomas Cowherd Gardiner Greene Hubbard Anthony Pollok Thomas A. Watson Elisha Gray George Sweigert Pat Fleet John Draper

Selected images

Image 1Apple iPhones
Image 2Landline call blocking in use
Image 3An example of a K6, the most common red telephone box model, photographed in London in 2012
Image 4Historical telephone with the German imperial eagle and the heraldic shield of the House of Hohenzollern dynasty; Vollmer's Mill, Seebach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Image 5Automatic electric Rotary dial telephone
Image 6Telephone booth box art outside the Tower of London, 2012
Image 7A historic telephone booth in Skansen, Stockholm
Image 8Public telephone, Bucharest, Romania
Image 9An Italian gettone telefonico (telephone token) from 1945, which was used in Italian phone booths
Image 10Emergency telephones, on the Paris-Bordeaux railway line, Saint-Saviol station, Vienne, France
Image 11Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886
Image 12A police box outside Earl's Court tube station in London, built in 1996 and based on the 1929 Gilbert Mackenzie Trench design
Image 13Android smartphones
Image 14Mailbox and public telephone in Haßfurt, Germany
Image 15Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 16Push-button telephone
Image 17The AUTOVON was a worldwide American military telephone system that was built starting in 1963.
Image 18A Northern Electric telephone, model number N415H, circa 1950 (probably)
Image 19A Bell Canada payphone with digital display
Image 20Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 21Foldable smartphones
Image 22A traditional North American rotary phone dial. The associative lettering was originally used for dialing named exchanges but was kept because it facilitated memorization of telephone numbers.
Image 23A cordless phone
Image 24Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked magneto generator
Image 25A Funke + Huster telephone inside the Idrija Mine, Slovenia
Image 26Photograph of the interior of the Prairie Grove Airlight Outdoor Telephone Booth in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Image 27A Western Electric candlestick phone from the 1920s
Image 28Track-side emergency brake and emergency telephones at the platform of the metro station Aspern Nord, Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria

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v t e Telephony
Types	Landline Cable telephony Mobile phone Satellite phone Photophone
Accessories	Answering machine Caller ID
Connectivity	Cable protection system Communications satellites Fibre-optical Free-space optical ISDN Mobile phone signal POTS PSTN Submarine cables VoIP
Calls	Missed call Misdialed call Nuisance call Phone tag
Applications	Fax transmission Telephone calls Telephone newspapers Théâtrophone Video calls
Telecommunication portal Telephones portal

v t e Emergency telephone numbers
Emergency telephone Harmonised service of social value
000 (Australia) 102 (India) 106 (Australia) 108 (India) 110 (Iran, Japan, China) 111 (New Zealand) 112 (Europe and others, worldwide GSM mobile networks) 119 (parts of Asia and Jamaica) 120 (China) 122 (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) 123 (Colombia, Egypt) 128 (Mercosur member states) 190 (Brazil) 911 (Iraq, North America E-911 system, Philippines) 988 (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) 999 (Bangladesh, UK and others) 1122 (Pakistan)
Telephones portal Telecommunication portal List article Category Wikimedia Commons