Robert Knowles (parasitologist)
Robert Knowles (30 October 1883 – 3 August 1936, Calcutta) was a British parasitologist, known for his discovery, with Biraj Mohan Das Gupta, of the Plasmodium species now known as Plasmodium knowlesi.[1][2]
Biography[edit]
Knowles matriculated at Downing College, Cambridge and graduated in 1905 with B.A. Receiving medical education at St Mary's Hospital, London, he was made M.R.S.C in 1907 and L.R.C.P. Lond. in 1907. As a British officer in the Indian Medical Service he was made lieutenant on 1 February 1908, captain on 1 February 1911, major on 1 August 1919, and lieutenant-colonel on 1 August 1927;[3] upon his death in 1936 he held the rank of colonel. He became a professor of protozoology at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine in 1928. Knowles was the director of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from 1933 to 1935; in the directorship his predecessor was Hugh William Acton and his successor was Sir Ram Nath Chopra.[citation needed]
P. knowlesi[edit]
Giuseppe Franchini published in 1927 what is generally believed to be the first description of the Plasmodium species now known as P. knowlesi. At the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, in 1931 H. G. M. Campbell detected P. knowlesi in a macaque imported from Singapore. Campbell showed his discovery to his supervisor L. Everard Napier, who injected the strain into three monkeys, one of which developed symptoms of malaria. Aware of the Protozoological Department's search for a monkey malaria strain, Napier and Campbell gave the infected monkey to the physician Biraj Mohan Das Gupta, working under Knowles. Das Gupta maintained the Plasmodium species by serial passage in monkeys until Knowles returned from leave. In 1932, Knowles and Das Gupta published their description of the Plasmodiium species and their account of how it could be transmitted from monkey to human by blood passage to three human volunteers.[4] The Plasmodium species was named Plasmodium knowlesi by Sinton and Mulligan in 1932. The first natural infection of P. knowlesi in humans was observed in 1965.[1]
Selected publications[edit]
- with Ronald Senior-White: Malaria: its investigation and control with special reference to Indian conditions. Thacker, Spink & Co. 1927.
- with H. W. Acton: On the dysenteries of India, with a chapter on secondary streptococcal infections and sprue. 1928.
- An introduction to medical protozoology, with chapters on the spirochætes and on laboratory methods. 1928.
- with revision and abridgment by Biraj Mohan Das Gupta: Knowles's introduction to medical protozoology (2nd ed.). Calcutta: U. N. Dhur & Sons. 1944.
- with Biraj Mohan Dasgupta and Ronald Senior-White: Studies in the parasitology of malaria. Indian Medical Research Memoirs 18. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. 1930.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Antinori S; Galimberti L; Milazzo L.; Corbellino M (2013). "Plasmodium knowlesi: the emerging zoonotic malaria parasite". Acta Tropica. 125 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008. PMID 23088834.
- ^ Wesolowski R; Wozniak A; Mila-Kierzenkowska C; Szewczyk-Golec K (2015). "Plasmodium knowlesi as a Threat to Global Public Health". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 53 (5): 575–581. doi:10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.575. PMC 4635839. PMID 26537037.
- ^ Crawford, D.G. (1930). "Knowles, Robert (entry # 450)". Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930. Vol. 2 (1800–1930). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 545. ISBN 9781781502310.
- ^ Singh B; Daneshvar C. (2013). "Human infections and detection of Plasmodium knowlesi". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (2): 165–184. doi:10.1128/cmr.00079-12. PMC 3623376. PMID 23554413.