Santiago Ramón y Cajal
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| Santiago Ramón y Cajal | |
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| Born | 1 May 1852 Petilla de Aragón, Spain |
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| Died | 17 October 1934 (aged 82) Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spain |
| Fields | Neuroscience |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1906) |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish histologist, physician, pathologist and Nobel laureate. His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were so original and influential that he is considered by many to be the greatest neuroscientist of all time.[1] His skills as an artist allowed him to make hundreds of drawings so beautiful and lucid that many of them are still used for educational purposes today.[2]
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[edit] Biography
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The son of Justo Ramón and Antonia Cajal, Ramón y Cajal was born of Aragonese parents in Petilla de Aragón in Navarra, Spain. As a child he was transferred between many different schools because of his poor behaviour and anti-authoritarian attitude. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness is his imprisonment at the age of eleven for destroying the town gate with a homemade cannon. He was an avid painter, artist, and gymnast. He worked for a time as a shoemaker and barber, and was well known for his pugnacious attitude.
Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of Zaragoza, Aragon, from which he graduated in 1873. After a competitive examination, he served as a medical officer in the Spanish Army. He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874-75, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis. After returning to Spain he married Silveria Fañanás García in 1879, with whom he had four daughters and three sons. He was appointed as a professor of the Universidad de Valencia in 1881, and in 1883 he received his Doctor of Medicine degree in Madrid. He later held professorships in both Barcelona and Madrid. He was Director of the Zaragoza Museum (1879), Director of the National Institute of Hygiene (1899), and founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas (1922) (later renamed to the Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute). He died in Madrid in 1934.
[edit] Works and theories
Ramón y Cajal's most famous studies was the discovery of the neuron as we know it. The studies were on the fine structure of the central nervous system. Cajal used a histological staining technique developed by his contemporary Camillo Golgi. Golgi found that by treating brain tissue with a silver chromate solution, a relatively small number of cells in the brain were darkly stained. This allowed Cajal to resolve in detail the structure of individual neurons and led him to conclude that nervous tissue was composed of individual, autonomous cells, the neurons, instead of a continuous web.[3] Cajal was instrumental in compiling work to support the Neuron doctrine, the idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system.[4] He poetically described neurons in this autobiography[5] as the "mysterious butterflies of the soul".[6]
[edit] Distinctions and books
Among his many distinctions and societal memberships, Ramón y Cajal was also made an honorary Doctor of Medicine of the Universities of Cambridge and Würzburg and honorary Doctor of Philosophy of the Clark University.
He published over 100 scientific works and articles in French, Spanish, and German. Among his most notable were Rules and advices on scientific investigation, Histology, Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system, Manual of normal histology and micrographic technique, Elements of histology, Manual of general Anatomic Pathology, New ideas on the fine anatomy of the nerve centres, Textbook on the nervous system of man and the vertebrates, and The retina of vertebrates.
In 1905, he published five science-fictional "Vacation Stories" under the pen name "Dr. Bacteria."
The asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal is named in his honour.
[edit] Gallery of drawings by Santiago Ramón y Cajal
 Drawing of the neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Systeme Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertebretes, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Paris. 1911. |
 Drawing of the cells of the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905. |
 Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905. |
 From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900. |
 Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899. Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. |
 Drawing of Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891. |
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Jacobsen, Marcus (1993). Foundations of neuroscience. Springer. pp. 237. ISBN 9780306445408.
- ^ "History of Neuroscience". Society for Neuroscience. http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=HistoryofNeuroscience_main. Retrieved on 2008-10-09.
- ^ SRY Cajal, (1888). Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves, Rev. Trim. Histol. Norm. Patol. 1: 1–10
- ^ TH Bullock, (1959). Neuron doctrine and electrophysiology, Science 129:997–1002.PubMed
- ^ Ramón y Cajal (1923). Recuerdos de mi vida. Madrid: Pueyo. English trans.(1966) Recollections of my life. (translators E.H. Craigie J. Cano) MIT Press ISBN 978-0262030182
- ^ A Battro,(2003). Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul Ross Institute
[edit] References
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1937). Recuerdos de mi Vida. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 8420622907.
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1999) [1897]. Advice for a Young Investigator. translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0262681501.
- Everdell, William R. (1998). The First Moderns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226224805.
[edit] Publications available online
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1899). Comparative Study of the Sensory Areas of the Human Cortex. http://books.google.com/books?id=2Dv-zWg89tsC.
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Richard Greeff (1894) (in German). Die Retina der Wirbelthiere: Untersuchungen mit der Golgi-cajal'schen Chromsilbermethode und der ehrlich'schen Methylenblaufärbung. Bergmann. http://books.google.com/books?id=rSXltRD9VDsC.
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Johannes Bresler, E. Mendel (1896) (in German). Beitrag zum Studium der Medulla Oblongata: Des Kleinhirns und des Ursprungs der Gehirnnerven. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth. http://books.google.com/books?id=lFDQWR8dPucC.
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; L. Azoulay (1894) (in French). Les nouvelles idées sur la structure du système nerveux chez l'homme et chez les vertébrés. C. Reinwald. http://books.google.com/books?id=nysaAAAAYAAJ.
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1906) (in German). Studien über die Hirnrinde des Menschen v.5. Johann Ambrosius Barth. http://books.google.com/books?id=eMmtxDaSFv8C.
[edit] Publications about Cajal online
- Fishman RS. (2007). The Nobel Prize of 1906. Arch Ophthalmol. 125:690-4.PubMed (Review of the work of the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal)
[edit] External links
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
- Life and discoveries of Cajal
- Special Collection: Santiago Ramón y Cajal (University of Barcelona Library)
- Brief overview of Cajal's career
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