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Sardinian conjugation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The conjugation of Sardinian verbs are mainly divided according to infinitives into -are, -ere, and -ire verbs in north-central dialects (including the Limba Sarda Comuna) for regular verbs, similar to the tripartite systems of Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian (all involve infinitives with thematic vowels -a-, -e-, and -i-). In southern dialects (including Campidanese dialect), these infinitives above change to -ai, -i, and -iri, respectively. Irregular verbs also exist as well. Many Sardinian conjugated forms were similar and conservative phonologically to Classical Latin, although the number of tenses were greatly reduced and the remaining tenses rely on periphrasis.

The conjugation of Sardinian verbs split into its own article due to possible diversity. The conjugations here are currently based on Limba Sarda Comuna,[1] Logudorese dialect,[2][3][4] and Campidanese dialect.[5]

Overview

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Like other Romance languages, Sardinian verbs have a high degree of inflection. However, Sardinian conjugation is rather diverse, but less diverse compared to that of Occitan. Additionally, the indicative and subjunctive imperfect tenses of Campidanese come from Latin indicative perfect and subjunctive pluperfect, respectively. Also, the Latin indicative perfect evolved to poetic preterite in Logudorese dialect, the endings are (from 1SG > 2SG > 3SG > 1PL > 2PL > 3PL) -esi, -esti, -esit, -èsimus/-emus, -ezis, and -èsint. Sardinian once also preserved the Latin conjugation of the indicative pluperfect (e.g. sc. derat from lat. dederat, sc. fekerat / fecherat from Lat. fecerat, sc. furarat from VL. *furaverat, etc.), but has long fallen out of use.[6] The tenses include (periphrases are in green):

  • Infinitive (infinitivu)
  • Participle (partitzípiu)
    • Past participle
  • Gerund (gerùndiu)
  • Indicative (indicativu)
    • Present (presentu)
    • Past present (passadu pròssimu): by adding indicative present forms of auxiliary verbs (either àere or essere) with past participle
    • Imperfect (imperfetu)
    • Past imperfect (passadu pròssimu): by adding indicative imperfect forms of auxiliary verbs with past participle
    • Future (fùturu): by adding indicative present forms of àere plus a and the infinitive
    • Future anterior (fùturu anteriore): by adding present forms of àere a with the infinitives of auxiliary verbs and past participle
  • Conditional (conditzionale): by adding indicative imperfect forms of dèpere (in Logudorese and LSC) or ái(ri) plus a (in the transitional dialects and Campidanese), both with the infinitive[7]
    • Conditional past: by adding imperfect forms of dèpere with the infinitives of auxiliary verbs and past participle
  • Subjunctive (congiuntivu)
    • Present
    • Past (passadu): by adding subjunctive present forms of auxiliary verbs with past participle
    • Imperfect
    • Pluperfect (trapassadu): by adding subjunctive imperfect forms of auxiliary verbs with past participle
  • Imperative (imperativu)
    • Negative imperative (forma negativa): by adding no with the subjunctive present forms

Similar to Portuguese and Spanish, imperative forms can only exist in 2SG and 2PL, but other forms (except 1SG) are supplied by present subjunctive forms.

The forms are mostly pronounced as they written, with the exception of forms ending in consonants are pronounced with an epenthetic vowel same as the last vowel next to the consonant (echo vowel), with the final unvoiced consonant being voiced intervocalically and voiced stops were further lenited also intervocalically to fricatives (cantascàntasa [ˈkantaza], cantetcàntede [ˈkantɛðɛ]). Therefore, it is normally not reflected in the orthography, although the forms cantan, càntana, cantant, or càntanta of the 3PL ending in Logudorese are all acceptable (forms in -nt is used here).

Example of pronunciations of forms

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Logurdurese

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Infinitive tènnere [ˈtɛnːɛɾɛ]
Gerund tenende [tɛˈnɛɳɖɛ]
Past participle tentu [ˈtentu]
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present tèngio
tenes
tenet
tenimus
tenides
tenent
[ˈtɛndʒɔ]
[ˈtɛnɛzɛ]
[ˈtɛnɛðɛ]
[teˈnimuzu]
[teˈniðɛzɛ]
[ˈtɛnɛn(t)ɛ]
tèngia
tèngias
tèngiat
tengiamus
tengiais
tèngiant
[ˈtɛndʒa]
[ˈtɛndʒaza]
[ˈtɛndʒaða]
[tɛnˈdʒaːmuzu]
[tɛnˈdʒajzi]
[ˈtɛndʒan(t)a]
tene
tengiais
[ˈtɛːnɛ]
[tɛnˈdʒajzi]
Imperfect tenia
tenias
teniat
tenìamus
teniais
teniant
[teˈniː.a]
[teˈniː.aza]
[teˈniː.aða]
[teˈniː.amuzu]
[teˈniː.ajzi]
[teˈniː.an(t)a]
tennere
tenneres
tenneret
tenneremus
tennereis
tennerent
[tɛˈnːɛɾɛ]
[tɛˈnːɛɾɛzɛ]
[tɛˈnːɛɾɛðɛ]
[tenːeˈɾeːmuzu]
[tenːeˈɾejzi]
[tɛˈnːɛɾɛn(t)ɛ]

Nuorese

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Infinitive appèrrere [aˈpːɛrɛɾɛ]
Gerund apperende [apːɛˈɾɛɳɖɛ]
Past participle appértu / apperta [aˈpːertu] / [aˈpːɛrta]
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present apperjo
appéris
appérit
apperimus
apperìes
appérin
[aˈpːɛɾjɔ]
[aˈpːeɾizi]
[aˈpːeɾiti]
[apːɛˈɾimuzu]
[apːɛˈɾi.ɛzɛ]
[aˈpːeɾini]
apperja
apperjas
apperjat
apperjamus
apperjazes
apperjan
[aˈpːɛɾja]
[aˈpːɛɾaza]
[aˈpːɛɾata]
[apːɛˈɾjamuzu]
[apːɛˈɾjadzɛzɛ]
[aˈpːɛɾjana]
appéri
apperìe
[aˈpːeɾi]
[apːɛˈɾi.ɛ]
Imperfect apperìo
apperìas
apperìat
apperiabamus
apperiabazes
apperìan
[apːɛˈɾi.ɔ]
[apːɛˈɾi.aza]
[apːɛˈɾi.ata]
[apːɛɾi.aˈβamuzu]
[apːɛɾi.aˈβadzɛzɛ]
[apːɛˈɾi.ana]
apperrère(po)
apperreres
apperreret
apperrerémus
apperrerezes
apperreren
[apːɛˈrɛɾɛ(pɔ)]
[apːɛˈrɛɾɛzɛ]
[apːɛˈrɛɾɛtɛ]
[apːɛrɛˈɾemuzu]
[apːɛrɛˈɾɛdzɛzɛ]
[apːɛˈrɛɾɛnɛ]

Auxiliary verbs: èssere and àere

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Both verbs are highly irregular, they contain subjunctive forms in the imperative forms (in Campidanese, the verb ai is missing the past participle and imperative forms). Like other descendants of Latin verb sum (see also Romance copula), the verb èssere is suppletive, consisting of Latin verbs of (already suppletive) sum "I am" in remaining forms, and stō "I stand" in the past participle. The verb àere is only used as an auxiliary verb, the meaning of "to have" otherwise is by the verb tènnere, in central-southern dialects (see § Irregular verbs). In Logudorese dialect, the preterite (see § Overview) forms of èssere is fui, fusti/fisti/fis, fuit/fit, fimus/fimis, fustis/fizis, and fuint/fint, similarly, the preterite stem of àere is app-.

Èssere "to be"

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Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive èssere
Gerund essende
Past participle istadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present so
ses
est
semus
seis
sunt
sia
sias
siat
siamus
siais
siant
sias
siais
Imperfect fia
fias
fiat
fiamus
fiais
fiant
essere
esseres
esseret
esseremus
essereis
esserent
Nuorese
Infinitive èssere
Gerund essende
Past participle istàu / istada
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present soe
ses
est
semus
sezis
sun
sìa
sìas
sìat
siamus
siazes
sìan

Replaced
by istare:
ista,
istàe
Imperfect fippo
fis
fit
fimus
fizis
fin
essere(po)
esseres
esseret
esseremus
esserezes
esseren
Logudorese
Infinitive essere
Gerund essende, sende
Past participle istadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present so
ses
est
semus
seis
sunt
sia, sie
sias, sies
siat, siet
siamus, siemus
siades, siedas, siezis, siezas
siant, sient
sias, sies
siazes, siezes
Imperfect fia, fio
fias, fist
fiat, fit
fimus
fizis
fin
essére
esséres
esséret
esséremus
essérezis, essérezez
essérent
Campidanese
Infinitive essi
Gerund sendi
Past participle stètiu, stau
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present seu
ses
est
seus
seis
sunt, funt
sia
sias
siast
siaus
siais
siant
siast
siais
Imperfect fia, femu
fiast
fiat, fut
fiaus, femus
fiais, festis
fiant
fessi
fessis
fessit
fèssimus
fèssidis
fessint

Àere "to have"

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Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive àere
Gerund aende
Past participle àpidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present apo
as
at
amus
ais
ant
apa
apas
apat
apamus
apais
apant
apas
apais
Imperfect aia
aias
aiat
aìamus
aiais
aiant
aere
aeres
aeret
aeremus
aereis
aerent
Nuorese
Infinitive àere
Gerund aènde
Past participle àppiu/àppia
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present appo
as
at
amus
azes
an
appa
appas
appat
appamus
appazes
appan
Imperfect aìo, aìa
aìas
aìat
abamus, ajabamus
abazes, ajabazes
aìan
aere(po)
aeres
aeret
aeremus
aerezes, aerezis
aeren
Logudorese
Infinitive àere
Gerund a(pp)ende
Past participle appidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present appo
as
at
amus
ais
ant
appa
appas
appat
appamus
appades, appazes
appant
a
appades
Imperfect aia, aio
aias
aiat
aì(a)mus
ai(a)zis
aiant
a(pp)ere
a(pp)eres
a(pp)eret
a(pp)eremus
a(pp)erezes
a(pp)erent
Campidanese
Infinitive ai
Gerund endi
Past participle tentu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present apu
as
at
eus
eis
ant
apa
apas
apat
apaus
apais
apant
(missing)
Imperfect ia, emu
iast
iat
iaus, emus
iais, estis
iant
essi
essis
essit
èssimus
èssidis
essint

For verbs with the auxiliary verb èssere, the past participle agrees with gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) of the subject, for example (in 1SG and 1PL) apo àpidu; amus àpidu; but so istadu, -a; semus istados, -as.[8] The verbs èssere and àere always use auxiliary verbs same as theirselves.

Verbs in -are: cantare

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Verbs under this group are verbs whose the infinitive ends in -are, or -ai in southern dialects (incl. Campidanese). This group is derived from the Latin first conjugation infinitive, -āre.

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive cantare "to sing"
Gerund cantende
Past participle cantadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present canto
cantas
cantat
cantamus
cantades
cantant
cante
cantes
cantet
cantemus
canteis
cantent
canta
cantade
Imperfect cantaia
cantaias
cantaiat
cantaìamus
cantaiais
cantaiant
cantare
cantares
cantaret
cantaremus
cantareis
cantarent
Nuorese
Infinitive domare "to tame"
Gerund domande
Past participle domàu / domada
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present domo
domas
domat
domamus
domàes
doman
dome
domes
domet
domémus
domedas
domen
doma
domàe
Imperfect domabo
domabas
domabat
domabamus
domabazes
domaban
domàre(po)
domares
domaret
domarémus
domarezes
domaren
Logudorese
Infinitive cantare "to sing"
Gerund cantande
Past participle cantadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present canto
cantas
cantat
cantamus
cantades
cantant
cante
cantes
cantet
cantemus
cantedes
cantent
canta
cantade
Imperfect cantaìa
cantaìas
cantaìat
cantaiamus
cantaiazis
cantaiant
cantere
canteres
canteret
canteremus
canterezis
cantèrent
Campidanese
Infinitive cantai "to sing"
Gerund cantendi
Past participle cantau
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present cantu
cantas
cantat
cantaus
cantais
cantant
canti
cantis
cantit
canteus
canteis
cantint
canta
cantai
Imperfect cantamu
cantàst
cantàt
cantamus
cantastis
cantànt
cantessi
cantessis
cantessit
cantèssimus
cantèssidis
cantessint
Past

Verbs in -ere: tìmere

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Verbs under this group are verbs whose the infinitive ends in -ere, or -i in southern dialects. There are slight orthographic irregularity due to being accented in the infinitive and past participle (tìmere, tìmidu) but unaccented elsewhere due to default penultimate syllable stress (timo, times). This group is derived by the merger of the Latin second and third conjugation infinitives, (a)-ḗre and (á)-ere, respective, with the infinitive form favored the third one. Similar mergers also occurred in many Romance languages.

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive tìmere "to fear"
Gerund timende
Past participle tìmidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present timo
times
timet
timimus
timides
timent
tima
timas
timat
timamus
timais
timant
time
timide
Imperfect timia
timias
timiat
timìamus
timiais
timiant
timere
timeres
timeret
timeremus
timereis
timerent
Nuorese
Infinitive fàchere "to do"
Gerund fachende
Past participle fattu / fatta
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present faco
faches
fachet
fachimus
fachìes
fachen
faca
facas
facat
facamus
facades
facan
fache
fachìe
Imperfect fachìo, fachìa
fachìas
fachìat
fachiabamus
fachiabazes
fachìan
fachère(po)
facheres
facheret
facherémus
facherezes
facheren
Logudorese
Infinitive tìmere "to fear"
Gerund timende
Past participle tìmidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present timo
times
timet
timimus
timides
tìment
tima
timas
timat
timamus
timades
tìmant
time
timide
Imperfect timia
timias
timiat
timiamus
timiazis
timiant
timere
timeres
timeret
timeremus
timerezis
timèrent
Campidanese
Infinitive prandi "to have lunch"
Gerund prandendi
Past participle pràndiu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present prandu
prandis
prandit
prandeus
prandeis
prandint
pranda
prandas
prandat
prandaus
prandais
prandant
prandi
prandei
Imperfect prandemu
prandiast
prandiat
prandemus
prandestis
prandiant
prandessi
prandessis
prandessit
prandèssimus
prendèssidis
prendessint

Verbs in -ire: finire

[edit]

Verbs under this group are verbs whose the infinitive ends in -ire, or -iri in southern dialects. This group is derived from the Latin fourth conjugation infinitive, -īre. Unlike French (all pure -ir verbs are now irregular), Catalan, Romanian, or Italian; Sardinian does not make distinctions between verbs in pure -ire and inchoative -ire (whose some forms infixed with Latin once-inchoative infix -ēscō).

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive finire "to finish"
Gerund finende
Past participle finidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present fino
finis
finit
finimus
finides
finent
fina
finas
finat
finamus
finais
finant
fini
finais
Imperfect finia
finias
finiat
finìamus
finiais
finiant
finire
finires
finiret
finiremus
finireis
finirent
Nuorese
Infinitive finire "to finish"
Gerund fininde
Past participle finìu / finìa
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present fino
finis
finit
finimus
finìes
finin
fina
finas
finat
finamus
finazes
finan
fini
finìe
Imperfect finìo, finìa
finìas
finìat
finiabamus
finiabazes
finìan
finìre(po)
finires
finiret
finiremus
finirezes
finiren
Logudorese
Infinitive partire "to divide"
Gerund partinde
Past participle partidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present parto
partis
partit
partimus
partides
pàrtint
parta
partas
partat
partamus
partades
pàrtant
parti
partide
Imperfect partia
partias
partiat
partiamus
partiazis
partìant
partire
partires
partiret
partiremus
partirezis
partìrent
Campidanese
Infinitive partiri "to divide"
Gerund partendi
Past participle partiu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present partu
partis
partit
parteus
parteis
partint
parta
partas
partat
partaus
partais
partant
parti
partei
Imperfect partemu
partiast
partiat
partemus
partestis
partiant
partessi
partessis
partessit
partèssimus
partèssidis
partessint

Irregular verbs

[edit]

Only the important ones are listed here, excluding regular alterations of infinitive stems ending in hard -ch/-gh (before front vowels), or -c/-g (before back vowels) to -c/-g before back vowels and -ch/-gh before front vowels, or accented stems as shown at § Verbs in -ere: tìmere. This section excludes the irregular verbs èssere and àere, these verbs are included at the section § Auxiliary verbs: èssere and àere instead.

Tènnere "to have"

[edit]

This verb is the meaning of "to have" when not used as an auxiliary verb (as opposed to ai), in central-southern dialects. The second-person imperative plural form uses the corresponding present subjunctive form. Pònnere "to put" and its derivatives are conjugated similarly to tènnere, but its past participle is postu instead of *pontu.

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive tènnere
Gerund tenende
Past participle tentu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present tèngio
tenes
tenet
tenimus
tenides
tenent
tèngia
tèngias
tèngiat
tengiamus
tengiais
tèngiant
tene
tengiais
Imperfect tenia
tenias
teniat
tenìamus
teniais
teniant
tennere
tenneres
tenneret
tenneremus
tennereis
tennerent
Campidanese
Infinitive tenni
Gerund tennendi
Past participle tentu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present tengu
tenis
tenit
teneus
teneis
tenint
tenga
tengas
tengat
tengaus
tengais
tengant
teni
tenei
Imperfect tennemu
tenniast
tenniat
tennemus
tennestis
tenniant
tenessi
tenessis
tenessit
tenèssimus
tenèssidis
tenessint

Bènnere "to come"

[edit]

While this verb conjugated similarly to tènnere, some forms has -i-, and the second-person plural imperative does not come from subjunctive present.

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive bènnere
Gerund benende
Past participle bènnidu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present bèngio
benis
benit
benimus
benides
benint
bèngia
bèngias
bèngiat
bengiamus
bengiais
bèngiant
beni
benide
Imperfect benia
benias
beniat
benìamus
beniais
beniant
bennere
benneres
benneret
benneremus
bennereis
bennerent

Fàghere "to do"

[edit]

Pòdere "to be able" is conjugated similarly to fàghere, but the medial consonant of the infinitive is -d- and the past participle was pòdidu (pòtziu in Campidanese). Còghere "to cook" is also conjugated similarly to fàghere, but the present forms containing -tz- is replaced by -g-.

Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive fàghere
Gerund faghende
Past participle fatu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present fatzo
faghes
faghet
faghimus
faghides
faghent
fatza
fatzas
fatzat
fatzamus
fatzais
fatzant
faghe
faghide
Imperfect faghia
faghias
faghiat
faghìamus
faghiais
faghiant
faghere
fagheres
fagheret
fagheremus
faghereis
fagherent

Dare "to give"

[edit]
Limba Sarda Comuna
Infinitive dare
Gerund dende
Past participle dadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present dao
das
dat
damus
dais
dant
dia
dias
diat
diamus
diais
diant
dae
dage
Imperfect daia
daias
daiat
daìamus
daiais
daiant
dare
dares
daret
daremus
dareis
darent
Nuorese
Infinitive dare
Gerund dande
Past participle dau
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present do
das
dat
damus
daes
dan
dìa, dìe
dìas, dìes
dìat, dìet
diamus, diémus
diazes, diezes
dìan, dìen
dae
daze
Imperfect dabo
dabas
dabat
dabamus
dabazes
daban
dare(po)
dares
daret
daremus
darezes
daren
Campidanese
Infinitive donai
Gerund dende, dande
Past participle dau, dadu
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present dongu, dònju
donas
dònat
donaus
donais
dònant
dona(m)u
donast
donat
donamus
donastis
donant
-
dona
donghit
don(gh)eus
donai
don(gh)int
Imperfect daia
daias
daiat
daìamus
daiais
daiant
don(gh)essi
don(gh)essis
don(gh)essit
don(gh)èssimus
don(gh)estis
don(gh)èssint

Various verbs with minor irregularity

[edit]

Andare "to go"

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This verb is normally not suppletive and conjugated regularly as -are verbs in Limba Sarda Comuna, but suppletive similarly to verbs like French aller and Italian andare (all means "to go") in some dialects. In Campidanese and Logudorese, the imperative forms are suppletive, resulting on forms bai / baxi and bae / bazi, respectively.

Bàlere "to be worth"

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This verb has irregular -gi- in indicative present (in 1SG) and subjunctive present tenses (bàgio; bàgia, bàgias, bàgiat, bagiamus, bagiais, bàgiant). In Campidanese, the -l- instead geminates to -ll- (ballu; balla, ...).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Limba Sarda Comuna. Normas linguìsticas de referèntzia a caràtere isperimentale pro sa limba sarda iscrita de s'Amministratzione regionale" (PDF). Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.
  2. ^ Grammatica sardo-campidanese
  3. ^ "Logudorese, Sardinian". docs.verbix.com.
  4. ^ Grammatica (Sardo-Italiano)
  5. ^ Arrègulas po ortografia, fonètica, morfologia e fueddàriu de sa Norma Campidanesa de sa Lìngua Sarda (PDF). Alfa Editrice. 2009. ISBN 9788885995475.
  6. ^ Lorenzo Renzi, Alvise Andreose (2009). Manuale di linguistica e filologia romanza. Il Mulino. p. 56.
  7. ^ Simone Pisano. "Il futuro e il condizionale analitici in alcune varietà sarde moderne: genesi di marche grammaticali da forme verbali lessicalmente piene" (PDF). Filologia sarda. p. 161.
  8. ^ Propostas isperimentales de unos cantos liniamentos grammaticales comunes de sa limba sarda
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