Schistosoma spindale

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Schistosoma spindale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Order: Diplostomida
Family: Schistosomatidae
Genus: Schistosoma
Species:
S. spindale
Binomial name
Schistosoma spindale
(Montgomery, 1906)

Schistosoma spindale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. It causes intestinal schistosomiasis in the ruminants.

The distribution of Schistosoma spindale includes Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Thailand,[1] Malaysia, and Laos.[2]

The tegument of Schistosoma spindale under scanning electron microscope was studied in 1983.[3] It is non-tuberculated.[4]

The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus[5] that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma spindale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent.[5] One snail can produce up to 7,000 cercariae in one day.[1]

Cercariae can infect cattle in water environment.

The cercariae usually infect some hairy host (low host specificity) in shallow and muddy waters.[1]

The definitive hosts of Schistosoma spindale are (mainly) ruminants and Schistosoma spindale cause intestinal schistosomiasis of ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia).[5] Surveillance for cattle schistosomiasis is generally inadequate and the literature is limited, but some idea of the problem can be gained from past small scale studies.[5] For a diagnosis there is need to find eggs of Schistosoma spindale in feces.[6] Surveys in Sri Lanka revealed prevalence of Schistosoma spindale of 31.2% (of 901 cattle),[6] whilst in Bangladesh a similarly high prevalence of 36% has been reported.[5][7] More recently, in Kerala South India, prevalences have been reported up to 57.3% in cattle, 50% in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and 4.7% in goats.[5][8] The prevalence of Schistosoma spindale in the animals depends on the diagnostic test employed. Thus, it was as low as 10–30% by faecal examination (again low if egg detection method is employed and high if hatching method is followed) with as high as 80–95% by examining mesentery of the animals for live schistosomes during post mortem.[9][page needed] Schistosoma spindale was found causing an outbreak in cattle in Maharashtra leading to heavy mortality with symptoms similar to Rinder pest.[10]

Other hosts of Schistosoma spindale include:

Schistosoma spindale has been implicated of human cercarial dermatitis in India[13] and in Malaysia.[11]

Cladogram[edit]

A cladogram based on 18S ribosomal RNA, 28S ribosomal RNA, and partial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus Schistosoma:[14]

References[edit]

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[5]

  1. ^ a b c Haas, W.; Granzer, M.; Brockelman, C. R. (1990). "Finding and recognition of the bovine host by the cercariae of Schistosoma spindale". Parasitology Research. 76 (4): 343–350. doi:10.1007/bf00928190. PMID 2336448.
  2. ^ Schneider, C. R.; Kitikoon, V.; Sornmani, S.; Thirachantra, S. (1975). "Mekong schistosomiasis. III: A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 69 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1080/00034983.1975.11687005. PMID 1155989.
  3. ^ Kruatrachue, M.; Riengrojpitak, S.; Upatham, E. S.; Sahaphong, S. (1983). "Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma spindale". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 14 (3): 281–289. PMID 6658498.
  4. ^ Gupta S, Agrawal M (2002). "Comparative scanning electron microscopy of some Indian schistosomes". Journal of Parasitology and Applied Biology. 11: 49–54.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Liu, L.; Mondal, M. M.; Idris, M. A.; Lokman, H. S.; Rajapakse, P. V. J.; Satrija, F.; Diaz, J. L.; Upatham, E. S.; Attwood, S. W. (2010). "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57. PMC 2914737. PMID 20602771.
  6. ^ a b De Bont, J.; Vercruysse, J.; Van Aken, D.; Southgate, V. R.; Rollinson, D.; Moncrieff, C. (1991). "The epidemiology of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906 in cattle in Sri Lanka". Parasitology. 102 Pt 2 (2): 237–241. doi:10.1017/s0031182000062545. PMID 1852491.
  7. ^ Islam K. (1975). "Schistosomiasis in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh". Trop Anim Health Prod 7: 244.
  8. ^ Ravindran, R.; Lakshmanan, B.; Ravishankar, C.; Subramanian, H. (2007). "Visceral schistosomiasis among domestic ruminants slaughtered in Wayanad, South India". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 38 (6): 1008–1010. PMID 18613541.
  9. ^ Agrawal MC (2012). Schistosomes and schistosomiasis in South Asia. New Delhi: Springer (India) Pvt, Ltd. ISBN 978-81-322-0539-5.
  10. ^ Kulkarni HV, Rao SR, Chudhari PG (1954). "Unusual outbreak of schistosomiasis in bovines due to Schistosoma spindale associated with heavy mortality in Bombay state". Bombay Veterinary College Magazine. 4: 3–15.
  11. ^ a b c d e Inder Singh, K.; Krishnasamy, M.; Ambu, S.; Rasul, R.; Chong, N. L. (1997). "Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: Record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 28 (2): 303–307. PMID 9444010.
  12. ^ Singh, K. I.; Krishnasamy, M.; Ambu, S. (1992). "The large bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica, a new host for Schistosoma spindale, Montgomery, 1906, in Peninsular Malaysia". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 23 (3): 537–538. PMID 1488714..
  13. ^ Narain, K.; Rajguru, S. K.; Mahanta, J. (1998). "Incrimination of Schistosoma spindale as a causative agent of farmer's dermatitis in Assam with a note on liver pathology in mice". The Journal of Communicable Diseases. 30 (1): 1–6. PMID 9842157.
  14. ^ Brant, S. V.; Morgan, J. A. T.; Mkoji, G. M.; Snyder, S. D.; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J.; Loker, E. S. (2006). "An Approach to Revealing Blood Fluke Life Cycles, Taxonomy, and Diversity: Provision of Key Reference Data Including Dna Sequence from Single Life Cycle Stages". Journal of Parasitology. 92 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1645/GE-3515.1. PMC 2519025. PMID 16629320.

Further reading[edit]

  • Agrawal M. C. & Southgate V. R. (2000). "Schistosoma spindale and bovine schistosomosis". J Vet Parasitol 14: 95–107.
  • De Bont, J.; Vercruysse, J.; Van Aken, D.; Southgate, V. R.; Rollinson, D. (1991). "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. Spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus". Journal of Helminthology. 65 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1017/S0022149X00010361. PMID 2050980.
  • Fransen, J.; De Bont, J.; Vercruysse, J.; Van Aken, D.; Southgate, V. R.; Rollinson, D. (1990). "Pathology of natural infections of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906, in cattle". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 103 (4): 447–455. doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80032-1. PMID 2079559.
  • Littlewood, D. T. J.; Lockyer, A. E.; Webster, B. L.; Johnston, D. A.; Le, T. H. (2006). "The complete mitochondrial genomes of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma spindale and the evolutionary history of mitochondrial genome changes among parasitic flatworms". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 452–467. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.012. PMID 16464618..
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