Sex industry in prisons in America

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There are about 220,000 women currently incarcerated in America.[1] Over 30% of these women are convicted prostitutes.[2] Much of the research on the sex industry in prisons focuses on the experiences of women because the number of jailed female sex workers greatly outnumbers men. Prominent issues that the criminal justice system and women who are incarcerated on prostitution charges currently face include the sexually transmitted infections and diseases epidemic, the sex-work-prison cycle, and the prison-to-sex-trafficking pipeline. Intervention and diversion programs, both within prisons and in traditional and specialty courts aim to address these issues, decrease recidivism, and provide these women with resources to assist them in exiting the sex trade. There are a variety of community-based organizations which seek to help resolve these concerns.

Prevalence[edit]

According to the Office of Justice Programs, the typical incarcerated sex worker is a young, poor, single mother with little job experience and low self-esteem. More often than not, these are women of color who have a history of drug or alcohol abuse.[3] These women tend to have experienced intimate partner violence at higher rates than women who have not been arrested for sex work.[4]

An estimated 56-82% of female victims of lifetime sexual abuse were found to be incarcerated on prostitution charges, with sexual victimization having a more prominent effect on likelihood of conviction for prostitution for women than men. Those who experienced sexual abuse at some point in their lives have greater recidivism rates. Additionally, jailed female prostitutes tend to experience more mental illness, with “depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders” being the most prevalent. There is evidence that the experienced sexual abuse and mental illness are linked.[5]

Estimates have found that there are about one to two million sex workers in America, with 80% of these being women.[6] Women are disproportionately imprisoned and sentenced on prostitution charges, whereas men are more likely to be fined or sentenced to probation.[7][8]

Issues[edit]

Sexually transmitted infections and diseases epidemic[edit]

Following this centuries-long practice, incarcerated women are occasionally routinely tested for sexually transmitted infections and diseases depending on state guidelines. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV have been noted as frequently occurring STIs throughout U.S. prisons and have become increasingly prevalent in recent decades. Incarcerated female sex workers were found to have greater chlamydia infection rates than women convicted of other crimes.[9]

Sex-work-prison cycle[edit]

One of the most complex issues that sex workers' rights organizations and criminal justice system officials are trying to address is the cycle of recidivism upon release from prison. Often, the jobs most accessible and available to formerly incarcerated individuals are low paying or minimum wage, and ex-convicts of sex work note that they often cannot afford to support their lifestyle.[2] In fact, about half of formerly incarcerated women reported that they have had to turn to sex work in order to supplement their income. When they return to sex work, their chances of being arrested for prostitution increase, and from this a cycle of sex work and arrests begin.[10] However, since 2000, many states have begun to offer programs that seek to end this cycle and support women as they leave the sex trade for good.[8]

Sex trafficking pipeline[edit]

There are some reports of a prison-to-sex-trafficking pipeline in Florida, Massachusetts, and Chicago. More often than not, these women are domestically born. Coming out of prison, these women may seek companionship or not have the means to sustain themselves immediately, and so agree to live with men who promise them relationships or who claim to host a group of formerly incarcerated women. Oftentimes, these relationships are established during the women's prison stay, with promises of being taken care of and provided for upon being released. Instead, pimps such as Richard Rawls hold ex-convicts captive and force them to engage in sex work, often supplying the women with drugs.[2][11]

Solutions[edit]

Intervention and diversion programs[edit]

Currently, cities such as Baltimore are offering intervention programs that aim to train prison staff to be better equipped to work with women jailed on prostitution charges, decrease recidivism, and give these women the skills and opportunities they need to set themselves up for self-sufficiency once they leave prison. However, a 2019 study found that more often than not, these programs are unsuccessful in accomplishing their goals.[10]

One of the newest intervention programs is the creation of specialty (or problem-solving) courts, which were modeled off of mental health and drug treatment courts. Problem-solving courts seek to decrease the caseload of traditional courts by focusing on one specific area of crime.[12] These aim to use highly specialized experts on the experiences of sex workers, sexual abuse, grooming, homelessness, trauma, and drug use in order to create a personalized and accurate treatment program for each sex worker who enters the system.[12] Oftentimes, this can mean probation, court-mandated supervision, addiction treatment, workshops, community engagement, and other social services while trying to avoid jail time. These community services can include counseling, free education, job and skills training, job referrals, mentoring, and housing both for emergencies and for those trying to exit the sex trade who need temporary accommodations. When convicts complete their treatment program successfully within 90 days to six months, the charges are then expunged from their criminal record.[13]

Another method of intervention is the court-affiliated prostitution diversion program in which unspecialized criminal courts collaborate with multiple judges to send convicted sex workers to a less customized court-ordered intervention. While not always preventing jail time, these programs seek to decrease chances of future arrests and encourage sex workers to leave the trade through supervision, counseling, job placement, literacy training, and various other social services.[13]

The most success has been found with programs that ensure a wide variety of social services in one location and that the sex worker is incarcerated for as little as possible. Specialty courts have been the most effective at lowering recidivism rates.[12]

SWOP Behind Bars in Chicago outreach

Organizations[edit]

SWOP Behind Bars[edit]

SWOP (Sex Worker Outreach Project) Behind Bars is an American grassroots sex worker rights organization which aims to highlight the needs and issues that incarcerated sex workers and human trafficking victims face. They support full decriminalization of sex work. They provide community resources to enhance educational opportunities, host a bail fund for jailed sex workers, and provide mentors and support to sex workers leaving the field.[14]

Global Network of Sex Work Projects[edit]

NSWP is a worldwide collection of local, state, or national sex-worker-led groups who unify to advocate against criminalization of sex work. They engage in research projects on the variety of unique experiences of sex workers, lead rallies, and hold conferences between leading figures in the debates over how to address sex work legally, economically, and socially.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kajstura, Aleks. "Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019". Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  2. ^ a b c Kim, Sage J.; Peterson, Caryn (2020-11-18). "The health effects of gendered and devalued work: health outcomes of incarcerated women engaging in sex work and care/service work". Health & Justice. 8 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s40352-020-00124-4. ISSN 2194-7899. PMC 7677821. PMID 33206239.
  3. ^ "Women in Jail | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  4. ^ Weir, Brian W.; O’Brien, Kerth; Bard, Ronda S.; Casciato, Carol J.; Maher, Julie E.; Dent, Clyde W.; Dougherty, John A.; Stark, Michael J. (June 2009). "Reducing HIV and Partner Violence Risk Among Women with Criminal Justice System Involvement: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Motivational Interviewing-based Interventions". AIDS and Behavior. 13 (3): 509–522. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9422-0. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 2855899. PMID 18636325.
  5. ^ Karlsson, Marie E.; Zielinski, Melissa J. (April 2020). "Sexual Victimization and Mental Illness Prevalence Rates Among Incarcerated Women: A Literature Review". Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 21 (2): 326–349. doi:10.1177/1524838018767933. ISSN 1524-8380. PMC 6761034. PMID 29661117.
  6. ^ Dodge, Mary; Starr-Gimeno, Donna; Williams, Thomas (May 2005). "Puttin' on the Sting: Women Police Officers' Perspectives on Reverse Prostitution Assignments". International Journal of Police Science & Management. 7 (2): 71–85. doi:10.1350/ijps.7.2.71.65778. ISSN 1461-3557. S2CID 144156710.
  7. ^ Pfeffer, Rebecca; Ormachea, Pablo; Eagleman, David (November 2018). "Gendered Outcomes in Prostitution Arrests in Houston, Texas". Crime & Delinquency. 64 (12): 1538–1567. doi:10.1177/0011128717748576. ISSN 0011-1287. S2CID 148586087.
  8. ^ a b Jiwatram-Negrón, Tina; Shaw, Stacey; Ma, Xin; El-Bassel, Nabila; Gilbert, Louisa (2020-05-01). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Sex Trading Among High-Risk Substance-Involved Women Under Community Supervision in New York City". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 47 (5): 529–546. doi:10.1177/0093854819892932. ISSN 0093-8548. S2CID 213254590.
  9. ^ Parvez, Farah; Katyal, Monica; Alper, Howard; Leibowitz, Ruth; Venters, Homer (June 2013). "Female sex workers incarcerated in New York City jails: prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk behaviors". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 89 (4): 280–284. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050977. ISSN 1368-4973. PMC 3664364. PMID 23687128.
  10. ^ a b Koegler, Erica; Preble, Kathleen M.; Cimino, Andrea N.; Stevens, Jordan E.; Diehl, Sue (2020-02-01). "Examining Recidivism in a Prostitution Diversion Program". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 64 (2–3): 232–248. doi:10.1177/0306624X19866115. ISSN 0306-624X. PMID 31364427. S2CID 198999738.
  11. ^ Kelly, A. (Producer & Director), & McNamara, M. (2018). The Trap: the deadly sex-trafficking cycle in American prisons [Motion picture]. United States: The Guardian.
  12. ^ a b c "Problem-Solving Courts". National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  13. ^ a b Mueller, Daria (2012). Treatment Courts and Court-Affiliated Diversion Projects for Prostitution in the United States. Chicago Coalition for the Homeless.
  14. ^ "What We Do". SWOP Behind Bars. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  15. ^ "What we do | Global Network of Sex Work Projects". www.nswp.org. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
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