Sogeram languages
| Sogeram | |
|---|---|
| Sogeram River Wanang | |
| Geographic distribution | Near the Sogeram River, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Glottolog | soge1235 |
The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.[1]
In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after the Wanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal (Tomul River).
Languages[edit]
Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages.[2]
- Sogeram
- West Sogeram
- Central Segeram
- "East" Sogeram
Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue of Gants by classifying it as East Sogeram, closest to Kursav though he refrains from claiming the two languages form a clade. He notes that the name "East Sogeram" is no longer geographically appropriate, as Gants would be the westernmost Sogeram language.[3]
Recently discovered Magɨyi may also be a Sogeram language, with the forms of identified cognates closest to Mum.[4]
Because these languages form a chain, where each influences its neighbors, the branching of the family is not clear. Usher divides the languages in nearly the same way, differing only in the placement of Manat:[1]
- Sogeram River
Names[edit]
Below are Sogeram language names in Daniels (2015) compared to names listed in Z'graggen (1975), along with their respective meanings.[5]: 6
| Daniels (2015) | meaning | Z'graggen (1975) | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mand | ‘no’ | Atemple | village name |
| Nend | ‘no’ | Angaua | demonym |
| Manat | ‘no’ | Paynamar | village name |
| Apalɨ | ‘no’ | Emerum | village name |
| Mum | ‘what’ | Katiati | village name |
| Sirva | language name | Sileibi | village name? |
| Magɨ | ‘no’ | ||
| Aisi (Mabɨŋ) | ‘why (no)’ | Musak | village name |
| Kursav | language name | Faita | village name |
| Gants | language name | Gants | language name |
Proto-language[edit]
| Proto-Sogeram | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Sogeram languages |
A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015).[6]
Phonology[edit]
Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels (2015):[6]: 55
| *p | *t | *k | *kʷ <kw> | |
| *β <v> | *s | |||
| *m | *n | *ɲ <ñ> | *ŋ | |
| *r |
| *i | *ɨ | *u |
| *a |
Pronouns[edit]
Daniels (2017) reconstructs the pronouns as follows:[3]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ya | *a-ra |
| 2 | *na | *na-ra |
| 3 | *nu/*nɨ | *nɨ-ra |
Compare Ross's proto-Madang singular pronouns *ya, *na, *nu/*ua.
Lexicon[edit]
Selected lexical reconstructions from Daniels (2015) are listed below.[6]: 360–392
| Proto-Sogeram | Gloss | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| *akwasa | betelnut | Areca catechu |
| *kari | betelnut | Areca catechu |
| *kasam | breadfruit | Artocarpus altilis |
| *kuimaŋ | coconut | Cocos nucifera |
| *mirkwa | cordyline | Cordyline fruticosa |
| *kunsa | yam | Dioscorea sp. |
| *mɨnta | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica |
| *mimpɨŋ | ironwood tree | Intsia bijuga |
| *makin | sago | Metroxylon sp. |
| *manɨŋ | banana | Musa sp. |
| *kamura | betel pepper | Piper betle |
| *akɨru | sugar | Saccharum officinarum |
| *sakai | bamboo | |
| *umai | bean | |
| *kɨñakw | paint tree | |
| *sukan | reed sp. |
| Proto-Sogeram | Gloss | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| *kɨñakuŋ | wattled brush-turkey | Aepypodius arfakianus |
| *siar | starling | Aplonis sp. |
| *kaiaŋki | sulphur-crested cockatoo | Cacatua galerita |
| *muiam | cassowary | Casuarius unappendiculatus |
| *ikakara | chicken | Gallus gallus |
| *kumpin | Victoria crowned pigeon | Goura victoria |
| *kwɨñaŋ | palm cockatoo | Probosciger aterrimus |
| *kukɨ | sago grub | Rhynchophorus ferrugineus |
| *aŋam | collared brush-turkey | Talegalla jobiensis |
| *kuyiv | bird-of-paradise | Paradisaeidae |
| *kariv | flying fox | Pteropus |
| *iŋkɨn | ground possum | Phalangeridae |
| *muŋmi | bee | |
| *kapa | bird | |
| *apapara | butterfly | |
| *kuntar | centipede | |
| *mavra | crocodile | |
| *upri | dog | |
| *kɨmparam | eel | |
| *iau | fish | |
| *kukasa | frog | |
| *naŋram | frog | |
| *iman | louse | |
| *kamɨŋaua | millipede | |
| *ñaŋkur | mosquito | |
| *iran | parrot species | |
| *urir | parrot species | |
| *sampaN | pig | |
| *sar | snake | |
| *takwɨ | snake |
Comparisons[edit]
The following is a comparative table of reconstructed forms in Proto-Sogeram and Proto-Northern Adelbert.[7]: 472
| gloss | Proto-Sogeram | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|---|
| breast | *aman ‘breast’ | *men ‘breast’ |
| cook in pot | *imu ‘put in pot’ | *im- ‘boil, cook in pot’ |
| see | *iŋka ‘see, perceive’ | *ag- ‘see’ |
| turn | *ir, irɨ- ‘turn, spin’ | *girik- ‘turn’ |
| fight | *kira ‘fight’ | *war- ‘hit, fight’ |
| bow | *kɨmi ‘bow’ | *kemi ‘bow’ |
| die | *kɨmu ‘die’ | *um- ‘die’ |
| walk, go | *kɨnta ‘walk’ | *iduw- ‘go’ |
| root | *kɨntɨr ‘root’ | *durun ‘root’ |
| roast | *kra ‘roast’ | *id- ‘roast’ |
| arm, hand | *kuman ‘arm, hand’ | *waben ‘arm, hand’ |
| centipede | *kuntar ‘centipede’ | *wisir ‘centipede’ |
| egg | *maŋka ‘egg’ | *munag ‘egg’ |
| husband | *-mum ‘husband’ | *muŋ ‘husband, man’ |
| eat | *ña ‘eat’ | *an- ‘eat’ |
| heavy, weight | *pɨm ‘weight’ | *bin ‘heavy’ |
| snake | *takwɨ ‘snake’ | *duag ‘snake’ |
| heart, liver | *umpaŋ ‘heart’ | *gemaŋ ‘liver’ |
| call | *ura ‘call out’ | *par- ‘call’ |
References[edit]
- ^ a b Usher, Timothy. 2020. Sogeram River. New Guinea World.
- ^ Daniels, Don. 2016. Magɨ: An undocumented language of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 55: 199-224.
- ^ a b Daniels, Don. 2017. Gants is a Sogeram Language. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 82-93.
- ^ ISO code request 2013-029
- ^ Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Languages of the Madang District, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ a b c Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.
- ^ Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
Further reading[edit]
- Daniels, Don. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 49(1), 163–193.
- Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.
- Daniels, Don. 2020. Grammatical reconstruction: The Sogeram languages of New Guinea. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
- Online word lists
- Proto-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
- Proto-Central-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
- Proto-Eastern-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
- Proto-Western-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.