User:سائغ/U

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Background[edit]

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and Historical background of the Russo-Ukrainian War
See also: Enlargement of NATO, Ukraine–NATO relations, and Second Cold War

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States would issue an assurance against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[1]

Despite being a recognized independent country since 1991, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine had been perceived by the leadership of Russia as being part of its sphere of influence. In 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO.[2][3] In 2009, Romanian analyst Iulian Chifu and his co-authors opined that in regard to Ukraine, Russia has pursued an updated version of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact's member states prior to the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence during the late-1980s and early-1990s.[4] This view is built upon the premise that Russia's actions to placate the West in the early 1990s should have been met with reciprocity from the West, without NATO expansion along Russia's border.[5]

Following weeks of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement (2013–2014), pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition on 21 February 2014 signed a settlement agreement that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[6][7][8] Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[9] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[10] The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the War in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[11][12]

On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO."[13][14][15] On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed the Decree No. 117/2021 approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol."[16]

In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[17] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[18] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[19] Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[20][21][22]

Russia has said that a possible Ukrainian accession to NATO and the NATO enlargement in general threaten its national security.[23][24][25] In turn, Ukraine and other European countries neighboring Russia have accused Putin of attempting to restore the Russian Empire/Soviet Union and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[26][27][28][29][30]

  CSTO member states
  NATO member states
  States affected by territorial disputes (Georgia and Ukraine)
  Disputed regions (Abkhazia, Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk, South Ossetia)
  1. ^ "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  2. ^ Harding, Luke; Borger, Julian; Chrisafis, Angelique (2 April 2008). "Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east". The Guardian. Moscow; Bucharest; Paris. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  3. ^ Dawar, Anil (4 April 2008). "Putin warns Nato over expansion". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2022. The Russian president, Vladimir Putin, today repeated his warning that Moscow would view any attempt to expand NATO to its borders as a 'direct threat'.
  4. ^ Chifu, Iulian; Nantoi, Oazu; Sushko, Oleksandr (2009). "Russia–Georgia War of August 2008: Ukrainian Approach" (PDF). The Russian Georgian War: A trilateral cognitive institutional approach of the crisis decision-making process. Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. p. 181. ISBN 978-973-1983-19-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Conceptually, Russia sees Ukraine within the sphere of own 'privileged interests'; in fact, it means a modernized version of Brezhnev's doctrine of 'limited sovereignty', realized after the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
  5. ^ Remarks concerning Ukraine, Vladimir Putin, makes a statement following the Security Council meeting on Donbass recognition Video on YouTube, RT, 21 February 2022, minutes 41:17–42:58. Quote: "Because of the openness and goodwill, our goodwill, relations between Russia and the West were at a high level. Russia fulfilled all its obligations, we withdrew troops from Germany, from the central and European countries, and it made a huge contribution in overcoming the legacy of the Cold War. We consistently suggested all kinds of cooperation, including in the form of the NATO council and OECD. ... [When I asked], how would America see Russia joining NATO? ... How did Americans really look at this possibility? You can see it in their practical steps, in regard for a country: Open support of the terrorists in North Caucasus; Ignoring our demands and our concerns in the security area; Withdrawing from the arms treaties, and so on and so forth. It still begs the question, why? Why did they do that? What for? Okay, you don't want to see a friend in us, an ally in us. But why do you want to make an enemy out of us?"
  6. ^ "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  7. ^ Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". rferl.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  8. ^ Feffer, John (14 March 2014). "Who Are These 'People,' Anyway?". HuffPost. Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014. At that point, his own party abandoned him and called for a vote to take place. Parliament then voted to remove Yanukovych from office by a margin of 328 to 0.
  9. ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt; Baczynska, Gabriela; Goettig, Marcin; Graff, Peter; Elgood, Giles (22 February 2014). Roche, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in "coup"". Reuters. Kyiv: Thomson Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020. Underscoring Ukraine's regional divisions, leaders of Russian-speaking eastern provinces loyal to Yanukovich voted to challenge anti-Yanukovich steps by the central parliament.
  10. ^ Fisher, Max (3 September 2014). "Everything you need to know about the Ukraine crisis". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  11. ^ Grytsenko, Oksana; Vlasova, Anastasia (12 April 2014). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post. Luhansk: Businessgroup LLC. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ... their top aim is federalization of the country through all-Ukrainian referendum, one step from secession from the nation. 'It should be a federation in the borders of Ukraine, but with the right to separate if people demand this,' Kariakin said, confident that 85 percent of people in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine's seventh most populous with 2.2 million people, support him.
  12. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". aljazeera.com. Riga: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022. Putin framed the invasion and eventual annexation of Crimea as an act of salvation rather than a clear violation of international law and turned a revolution which could have marked the end of his rule into a much-needed popularity booster ... {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 May 2020 suggested (help)
  13. ^ Duggal, Hanna (25 January 2022). "Infographic: Military capabilities of Russia and Ukraine". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Relations with Ukraine". NATO. NATO. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2022. In September 2020, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO.
  15. ^ Getmanchuk, Alyona (30 September 2020). "Russia as aggressor, NATO as objective: Ukraine's new National Security Strategy". atlanticcouncil.org. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Zelensky enacts strategy for de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea". Ukrinform. Government of Ukraine. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Decree No. 117/2021 of March 24 on enactment of the relevant decision of the National Security and Defense Council was published on the website of the Head of State.
  17. ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022. During the recent Direct Line, when I was asked about Russian-Ukrainian relations, I said that Russians and Ukrainians were one people – a single whole. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 January 2022 suggested (help)
  18. ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.
  19. ^ Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  20. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour". The Guardian. Moscow. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. But that fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.
  21. ^ Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader.
  22. ^ Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?". Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th–13th centuries AD.
  23. ^ Taylor, Paul (23 November 2021). "Ukraine: NATO's original sin". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved 1 February 2022. The result heightened Kremlin's fears of encirclement and of losing the strategic depth that enabled Russia to prevail over Western invaders twice ... no amount of assurances that NATO is not a threat to Russia, that its purpose is purely defensive or that none of its weapons would ever be used except in response to an attack could assuage Moscow.
  24. ^ Guyer, Jonathan (27 January 2022). "How America's NATO expansion obsession plays into the Ukraine crisis". Vox. Vox Media. Retrieved 20 February 2022. To the West, it's a statement of autonomy; to Russia, it's a threat.
  25. ^ Lee, Matthew; Cook, Lorne (7 January 2022). "US, NATO rule out halt to expansion, reject Russian demands". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  26. ^ Agencies (13 September 2014). "Putin wants to destroy Ukraine and restore Soviet Union, says Yatseniuk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  27. ^ Bullough, Oliver (28 March 2014). "Vladimir Putin: The rebuilding of 'Soviet' Russia". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. 'He does not understand that the collapse of the Soviet system was predetermined, therefore he believes his mission is to restore the Soviet system as soon as possible,' he (Vladimir Bukovsky) says.
  28. ^ Rubin, Trudy (11 January 2022). "Putin wants to reestablish the Russian empire. Can NATO stop him without war?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Interstate General Media. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. He wants to rebuild the former Soviet sphere of influence that extended from Central Europe through Central Asia, and views this effort as a restoration of Russian greatness.
  29. ^ "Lithuanian president: Russia's attempts to create 'zones of influence' will not be tolerated". LRT English. Photograph by Office of the Lithuanian President. Lithuanian National Radio and Television. Baltic News Service. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  30. ^ Wiktor, Szary; Sobczak, Pawel; Emmott, Robin; Sytas, Andrius; Muller, Robert; Dagenborg, Joachim (20 June 2016). Boulton, Ralph (ed.). "In push for equal NATO status, Poland asks for flashpoint troops". Reuters. Brussels, Prague, Vilnius, Trondheim: Thomson Corporation. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
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