User:AmYisroelChai/sandbox

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Records[edit]

John Adams has held these records for the longest period and is the only one to hold all of them at the same time:

  • Longest-lived president for 198 years, 51 days between August 22, 1803 and October 12, 2001[1]
  • Longest-lived vice president for 125 years, 273 days between April 21, 1789 and January 19, 1915[2]
  • Longest-married presidential couple for 193 years, 99 days between October 3, 1805 and January 10, 1999[3]
  • Longest-married vice presidential couple for 153 years, 282 days between April 21, 1789 and January 28, 1943

Retirement[edit]

He has also held the record for president with the longest retirement for 154 years, 202 days from when he surpassed George Washington's length of retirement on December 15, 1803 until Herbert Hoover surpassed his length of retirement on July 5, 1958 and he also held the record for vice president with the longest retirement for 38 years, 123 days from the end of his term until Aaron Burr surpassed his length of retirement on July 5, 1834.

Died after successor(s)[edit]

2nd President John Adams (died 6:00 PM on July 4, 1826)

Five hours and fifteen minutes after 3rd President Thomas Jefferson (died 12:45 PM on July 4, 1826)

4th President James Madison (died June 28, 1836)

4 years, 360 days after 5th President James Monroe (died July 4, 1831)

6th President John Quincy Adams (died February 23, 1848)

2 years, 260 days after 7th President Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)
6 years, 325 days after 9th President William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)

7th President Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)

4 years, 65 days after 9th President William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)

8th President Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)

21 years, 111 days after 9th President William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)
187 days after 10th President John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)
13 years, 39 days after 11th President James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)
12 years, 15 days after 12th President Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)

10th President John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)

12 years, 217 days after 11th President James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)
11 years, 193 days after 12th President Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)

13th President Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874)

4 years, 151 days after 14th President Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)
5 years, 280 days after 15th President James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)
8 years, 327 days after 16th President Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)

14th President Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)

1 year, 129 days after 15th President James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)
4 years, 176 days after 16th President Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)

15th President James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)

3 years, 47 days after 16th President Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)

18th President Ulysses S. Grant (died July 23, 1885)

3 years, 307 days after 20th President James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881)

19th President Rutherford B. Hayes (died January 17, 1893)

11 years, 120 days after 20th President James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881)

19th President Rutherford B. Hayes (died January 17, 1893)

6 years, 59 days after 21st President Chester A. Arthur (died November 19, 1886)

22nd & 24th President Grover Cleveland (died June 24, 1908)

6 years, 284 days after 25th President William McKinley (died September 14, 1901)

27th President William Howard Taft (died March 8, 1930)

6 years, 33 days after 28th President Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)
6 years, 218 days after 29th President Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923)

28th President Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)

185 days after 29th President Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923)

31st President Herbert Hoover (died October 20, 1964)

19 years, 191 days after 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt (died April 12, 1945)
333 days after 35th President John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)

33rd President Harry S. Truman (died December 26, 1972)

3 years, 273 days after 34th President Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)
9 years, 34 days after 35th President John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)

34th President Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)

5 years, 126 days after 35th President John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)

38th President Gerald Ford (died December 26, 2006)

2 years, 204 days after 40th President Ronald Reagan (died June 5, 2004)

39th President Jimmy Carter

19 years, 335 days[a] after 40th President Ronald Reagan (died June 5, 2004)
5 years, 157 days[a] after 41st President George H. W. Bush (died November 30, 2018)
  1. ^ a b Ongoing.

Vice Presidents by state and district of birth[edit]

State Vice Presidents per state Vice President Year inaugurated Birthplace
 New York 8 George Clinton 1805 Little Britain, Province of New York
Daniel D. Tompkins 1817 Scarsdale, Province of New York
Martin Van Buren 1833 Kinderhook, Columbia County
Millard Fillmore 1849 Summerhill, Cayuga County
Schuyler Colfax 1869 New York City, New York
William A. Wheeler 1877 Malone, New York
Theodore Roosevelt 1901 28 E. 20th St., Manhattan, New York County
James S. Sherman 1909 Utica, New York
 Kentucky 4 Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 Beargrass, Kentucky
John C. Breckinridge 1857 Lexington, Kentucky
Adlai Stevenson 1893 Christian County, Kentucky
Alben W. Barkley 1949 Graves County, Kentucky
 Indiana 3 Thomas R. Marshall 1913 North Manchester, Indiana
Dan Quayle 1989 Indianapolis, Indiana
Mike Pence 2017 Columbus, Indiana
 Massachusetts[4] 3 John Adams 1789 John Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts[5]
Elbridge Gerry 1813 Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay
George H. W. Bush 1981 173 Adams Street, Milton, Massachusetts
 Ohio 3 Thomas A. Hendricks 1885 Fultonham, Ohio
Charles W. Fairbanks 1905 Unionville Center, Ohio
Charles G. Dawes 1925 Marietta, Ohio
 Vermont 3 Chester A. Arthur 1881 Fairfield, Vermont
Levi P. Morton 1889 Shoreham, Vermont
Calvin Coolidge 1921 Plymouth, Vermont
 Maine 2 Hannibal Hamlin 1861 Paris, Maine
Nelson Rockefeller 1974 Bar Harbor, Maine
 Nebraska 2 Gerald Ford 1973 3202 Woolworth Ave., Omaha, Nebraska
Dick Cheney 2001 Lincoln, Nebraska
 New Jersey 2 Aaron Burr 1801 Newark, Province of New Jersey
Garret Hobart 1897 Long Branch, New Jersey
 North Carolina 2 William R. King 1853 Sampson County, North Carolina
Andrew Johnson 1865 Raleigh, North Carolina.
 Pennsylvania 2 George M. Dallas 1845 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Joe Biden 2009 Scranton, Pennsylvania
 Texas 2 John Nance Garner 1933 Detroit, Red River County, Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson 1961 Near the Pedernales River in Stonewall, Gillespie County
 Virginia 2 Thomas Jefferson 1797 Shadwell, Albemarle County
John Tyler 1841 Charles City County
 California 1 Richard Nixon 1953 A house in Yorba Linda, California
 Iowa 1 Henry A. Wallace 1941 Orient, Iowa
 Kansas 1 Charles Curtis 1929 Topeka, Kansas
 Maryland 1 Spiro Agnew 1969 Baltimore, Maryland
 Minnesota 1 Walter Mondale 1977 Ceylon, Minnesota
 Missouri 1 Harry S Truman 1945 Lamar, Missouri
 New Hampshire 1 Henry Wilson 1873 Farmington, New Hampshire
 South Carolina 1 John C. Calhoun 1825 Abbeville, South Carolina
 South Dakota 1 Hubert Humphrey 1965 Wallace, South Dakota
 Washington, D.C. 1 Al Gore 1993 Washington, D.C.

This is a list of Vice Presidents of the United States by date and place of birth. Forty-eight persons have served as Vice President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789.

Birth dates and birth places of U.S. Vice Presidents[edit]

Dates of birth sort by month and day    † = Colony, pre–1776, rather than state.
Birth
Order		 Vice President Date of birth Birthplace State† of birth In office
1 John Adams 10-30October 30, 1735 Braintree Massachusetts† (1st) April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
2 George Clinton 07-26 July 26, 1739 Little Britain New York† (4th) March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812
3 Thomas Jefferson 04-13 April 13, 1743 Shadwell Virginia† (2nd) March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
4 Elbridge Gerry 07-17 July 17, 1744 Marblehead Massachusetts† (5th) March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
5 Aaron Burr 02-06 February 6, 1756 Newark New Jersey† (3rd) March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
6 Daniel D. Tompkins 06-21 June 21, 1774 Scarsdale New York† (6th) March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
7 Richard M. Johnson 10-17 October 17, 1780 Beargrass Virginia (9th) March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
8 John C. Calhoun 03-18 March 18, 1782 Abbeville South Carolina (7th) March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832
9 Martin Van Buren 12-05 December 5, 1782 Kinderhook New York (8th) March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
10 William R. King 04-07 April 7, 1786 Sampson County North Carolina (13th) March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
11 John Tyler 03-29 March 29, 1790 Charles City County Virginia (10th) March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
12 George M. Dallas 07-10 July 10, 1792 Philadelphia Pennsylvania (11th) March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
13 Millard Fillmore 01-07 January 7, 1800 Summerhill New York (12th) March 4, 1849 - July 9, 1850
14 Andrew Johnson 12-29 December 29, 1808 Raleigh North Carolina (16th) March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
15 Hannibal Hamlin 08-07 August 27, 1809 Paris Maine (15th) March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
16 Henry Wilson 02-16 February 16, 1812 Farmington New Hampshire (18th) March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
17 William A. Wheeler 06-30 June 30, 1819 Malone New York (19th) March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
18 Thomas A. Hendricks 09-07 September 7, 1819 Fultonham Ohio (21st) March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
19 John C. Breckinridge 01-16 January 16, 1821 Lexington Kentucky (14th) March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
20 Schuyler Colfax 03-23 March 23, 1823 New York City New York (17th) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
21 Levi P. Morton 05-16 May 16, 1824 Vermont Vermont (22nd) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893
22 Chester A. Arthur 10-05 October 5, 1829 Fairfield Vermont (20th) March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
23 Adlai E. Stevenson 10-23 October 23, 1835 Christian County Kentucky (23rd) March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897
24 Garret Hobart 06-03 June 3, 1844 Long Branch New Jersey (24th) March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
25 Charles W. Fairbanks 05-11 May 11, 1852 Unionville Center Ohio (26th) March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
26 Thomas R. Marshall 03-14 March 14, 1854 North Manchester Indiana (28th) March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
27 James S. Sherman 10-24 October 24, 1855 New York City New York (27th) March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
28 Theodore Roosevelt 10-27 October 27, 1858 Utica New York (25th) March 4, 1909 - September 14, 1901
29 Charles Curtis 01-25 January 25, 1860 Topeka Kansas (31st) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
30 Charles G. Dawes 08-27 August 27, 1865 Marietta Ohio (30th) March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31 John N. Garner 11-22 November 22, 1868 Detroit Texas (32nd) March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
32 Calvin Coolidge 07-04 July 4, 1872 Plymouth Vermont (29th) March 4, 1921 - August 2, 1923
33 Alben W. Barkley 11-14 November 24, 1877 Lowes Kentucky (35th) January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34 Harry S. Truman 05-08 May 8, 1884 Lamar Missouri (34th) January 20, 1945 - April 12, 1945
35 Henry A. Wallace 10-07 October 7, 1888 Orient Iowa (33rd) January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
36 Nelson Rockefeller 07-08 July 8, 1908 Bar Harbor Maine (41st) December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
37 Lyndon B. Johnson 08-27 August 27, 1908 Stonewall Texas (37th) January 20, 1961 - November 22, 1963
38 Hubert Humphrey 05-27 May 27, 1911 Wallace South Dakota (38th) January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
39 Richard Nixon 01-09 January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda California (36th) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
40 Gerald Ford 07-14 July 14, 1913 Omaha Nebraska (40th) December 6, 1673 - August 9, 1974
41 Spiro Agnew 11-09 November 9, 1918 Baltimore Maryland (39th) January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
42 George H. W. Bush 06-12 June 12, 1924 Milton Massachusetts (43rd) January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
43 Walter Mondale 01-05 January 5, 1928 Ceylon Minnesota (42nd) January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
44 Dick Cheney 01-30 January 30, 1941 Lincoln Nebraska (46th) January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
45 Joe Biden 11-20 November 20, 1942 Scranton Pennsylvania (47th) January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
46 Dan Quayle 02-04 February 4, 1947 Indianapolis Indiana (44th) January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
47 Al Gore 03-31 March 31, 1948 Hope Arkansas (45th) January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
48 Mike Pence 06-07 June 7, 1959 Columbus Indiana (48th) January 20, 2017 – Incumbent

Of note in this table:

Dow 1000 point milestones by number of trading days[8][edit]

Milestone Date of Record Tradings Days
1,000 November 14, 1972 21,652
2,000 January 8, 1987 3,573
3,000 April 17, 1991 1,080
4,000 February 23, 1995 975
5,000 November 21, 1995 189
6,000 October 14, 1996 226
7,000 February 13, 1997 85
8,000 July 16, 1997 105
9,000 April 16, 1998 182
10,000 March 29, 1999 246
11,000 May 3, 1999 24
12,000 October 16, 2006 1,879
13,000 April 15, 2007 127
14,000 July 19, 2007 59
15,000 May 7, 2013 1,460
16,000 November 21, 2013 139
17,000 July 3, 2014 153
18,000 December 23, 2014 120
19,000 November 22, 2016 483
20,000 January 25, 2017 42
21,000 March 1, 2017 24
22,000 August 2, 2017 107
23,000 October 18, 2017 54
24,000 November 30, 2017 30
25,000 January 4, 2018 23
26,000 January 17, 2018 8


References[edit]

  1. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/us/12ford.html
  2. ^ Strock, Ian Randal. (2016). "chapter 1". Ranking the Vice Presidents: True Tales and Trivia, from John Adams to Joe Biden. New York, New York: Carrel Books. ISBN 978-1-63144-059-5.
  3. ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/bushes-70th-anniversary-114009
  4. ^ All Massachusetts-born Presidents have been born in Norfolk County, but counties in Massachusetts are largely ceremonial and hold little meaning in that state.
  5. ^ John Adams Birthplace was then part of Braintree.
  6. ^ http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/30200/30203/calhoun_30203.htm
  7. ^ Strock, Ian Randal. (2016). "chapter 41". Ranking the Vice Presidents: True Tales and Trivia, from John Adams to Joe Biden. New York, New York: Carrel Books. ISBN 978-1-63144-059-5.
  8. ^ https://www.marketwatch.com/story/all-of-the-important-dow-milestones-in-one-chart-2016-12-28


World population by arable land density[edit]

==Ranking==
Rank Country Population
(July 2017 est.)[1]		 Land Area
(km²)[2]		 % of arable land
(2005 est.)[3][4]		 Arable Land
(km²)		 Population Density
(pop per km²)		 Real Population Density
(pop per km² of arable land)
-  World 7,405,107,650 148,940,000 13.31% 19,823,914 43 325
001  Singapore 5,888,926 682.7 1.47% 10 6,483 440,998
002  Hong Kong S.A.R. (PRC) 7,191,503 1,042 5.05% 53 6,621 131,101
003  Djibouti 865,267 22,980 0.04% 9 21 51,861
004  Bahrain 1,410,942 665 2.82% 19 1,035 36,706
005  Kuwait 2,845,422 17,820 0.84% 150 131 15,603
006  Puerto Rico (US) 3,351,827 8,870 3.69% 327 441 11,952
007  Oman 3,424,386 212,460 0.12% 255 14 11,780
008  U.S. Virgin Islands (US) 107,268 346 5.71% 20 314 11,141
009  French Polynesia (France) 287,881 3,660 0.75% 27 74 9,863
010  Maldives 392,709 300 13.33% 40 1,164 8,730
011  Guam (US) 167,358 541.3 3.64% 20 311 8,555
012  Seychelles 93,920 455 2.17% 10 178 8,223
013  Andorra 85,702 468 2.13% 10 151 7,077
014  Western Sahara 603,253 266,000 0.02% 53 1 6,780
016  United Arab Emirates 6,072,475 82,880 0.77% 638 49 6,404
017  Bermuda (UK) 70,864 53.3 20.00% 11 1,226 6,132
018  The Bahamas 329,988 10,070 0.58% 58 30 5,167
19  Aruba (Netherlands) 115,120 193 10.53% 20 502 4,772
020  Kiribati 108,145 811 2.74% 22 127 4,643
021  Qatar 2,314,307 11,437 1.64% 188 75 4,601
022  Martinique (France) 432,900? 1,060 9.09% 96 408 4,493
023  Grenada 111,729 344 5.88% 20 260 4,426
024  Cayman Islands (UK) 58,441 262 3.85% 10 169 4,396
025  Saint Lucia 164,994 606 6.45% 39 274 4,255
026  Iceland 339,747 100,250 0.07% 70 3 4,229
027  Malta 416,338 316 31.25% 99 1,261 4,036
028  New Caledonia (France) 279,070 18,575 0.32% 59 12 3,645
029  Brunei 443,593 5,270 2.08% 110 69 3,294
030  Solomon Islands 647,581 27,540 0.62% 171 20 3,152
031  South Korea 51,181,299 98,190 16.58% 16,280 495 2,988
032  Marshall Islands 74,539 181.3 11.11% 20 326 2,934
033  Taiwan 23,508,428 32,260 24.00% 7,742 704 2,932
034  Japan 126,451,398 374,744 11.64% 43,620 340 2,924
035  American Samoa (US) 51,504 199 10.00% 20 291 2,909
036  San Marino 33,537 61.2 16.67% 10 472 2,831
037  Federated States of Micronesia 104,196 702 5.71% 40 154 2,696
038  Egypt 97,041,072 995,450 2.92% 29,067 78 2,668
039  Papua New Guinea 6,909,701 452,860 0.49% 2,219 12 2,503
041  Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) 220,095? 960 10% 96 229 2,293
042  Lebanon 6,229,794 10,452 16.35% 1,673 374 2,290
043  Sri Lanka 22,409,381 64,740 13.96% 9,038 317 2,269
044  Sao Tome and Principe 201,025 1,001 8.33% 83 187 2,250
045  Guadeloupe (France) 448,713? 1,706 11.70% 200 263 2,248
046  Réunion (France) 776,948? 2,507 13.94% 349 310 2,223
047  Netherlands 17,084,719 33,883 21.96% 7,441 484 2,205
048  Israel 8,299,706 20,330 15.45% 3,141 332 2,147
049  Colombia 47,698,524 1,038,700 2.01% 20,878 41 2,064
050  Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) 52,570 430 2.33% 10 48 2,053
051  Bangladesh 157,826,578 133,910 55.39% 74,173 1,078 1,946
052   Switzerland 8,236,303 39,770 9.91 3,941 188 1,900
053  Jordan 5,759,732 91,971 3.32% 3,053 63 1,886
054  Costa Rica 4,018,756 50,660 4.40% 2,229 79 1,803
055  Barbados 278,870 431 37.21% 160 647 1,739
056  French Guiana (France) 195,506 89,150 0.13% 116 2 1,687
057  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 117,534 389 17.95% 70 302 1,683
058  Faroe Islands (Denmark) 48,307 1,399 2.14% 30 35 1,614
059  Jamaica 2,736,513 10,831 15.83% 1,715 253 1,596
060  Philippines 85,599,000[5] 300,000 19% 57,000 285 1,502
061  Mauritania 3,086,859 1,030,400 0.20% 2,061 3 1,498
062  Isle of Man (UK) 75,049 572 9% 51 131 1,458
063  Dominica 72,125 754 6.67% 50 96 1,434
064  Trinidad and Tobago 1,075,066 5,128 14.62% 750 210 1,434
065  Yemen 20,745,098 527,970 2.91% 15,364 39 1,350
066  Malaysia 23,966,096 328,550 5.46% 17,939 73 1,336
067  Northern Mariana Islands (US) 80,362 477 13.04% 62 168 1,292
068  Vietnam 83,535,576 325,360 20.14% 65,528 257 1,275
069    Nepal 27,676,547 143,350 16.07% 21,984 202 1,259
070  Mauritius 1,242,821 2,030 49.02% 995 612 1,249
071  Belgium 10,364,388 30,278 27.42% 8,302 342 1,248
072  Slovenia 2,011,070 20,151 8.53% 1,719 100 1,170
073  Indonesia 228,895,746 1,826,440 11.03% 201,456 125 1,136
074  United Kingdom 60,441,457 241,590 23.23% 56,121 250 1,077
075  Haiti 8,298,163 27,560 28.11% 7,747 301 1,071
076  El Salvador 6,711,676 20,720 31.37% 6,500 324 1,033
077  Sierra Leone 5,874,481 71,620 7.95% 5,694 82 1,032
078  Vanuatu 206,090 12,200 1.64% 200 17 1,030
079  Tanzania 37,770,570 886,037 4.23% 37,479 43 1,008
080  Venezuela 25,269,177 882,050 2.85% 25,138 29 1,005
081  China 1,306,313,812 9,326,410 14.86% 1,385,905 140 943
082  Democratic Republic of the Congo 60,473,510 2,267,600 2.86% 64,853 27 932
083  Cape Verde 418,837 4,033 11.41% 460 104 910
084  Liberia 2,902,179 96,320 3.43% 3,304 30 878
085  Comoros 671,638 2,170 35.87% 778 310 863
086  Guinea 9,452,670 245,857 4.47% 10,990 38 860
087  Burundi 7,795,426 25,650 35.57% 9,124 304 854
088  Antigua and Barbuda 68,722 442.6 18.18% 80 155 854
089  Somalia 8,752,449 627,337 1.64% 10,288 14 851
090  Guatemala 12,182,548 108,430 13.22% 14,334 112 850
091  North Korea 22,912,177 120,410 22.40% 26,972 190 849
092  East Timor 1,041,806 15,007 8.20% 1,231 69 847
093  Ecuador 13,363,593 276,840 5.71% 15,808 17 845
094  Liechtenstein 33,717 160 25% 40 211 843
095  Dominican Republic 9,088,094 48,380 22.49% 10,881 188 835
096  Pakistan 158,781,792 778,720 24.44% 190,319 204 834
097  Rwanda 9,378,226 24,948 45.56% 11,366 376 825
098  Wallis and Futuna (France) 16,025 274 7.14% 20 58 819
099  Chile 15,995,043 748,800 2.62% 19,619 21 815
100  Saudi Arabia 26,417,599 1,960,582 1.67% 32,742 13 807
101  Eritrea 4,669,638 121,320 4.78% 5,799 38 787
102  Suriname 460,495 161,470 0.36% 581 3 792
103  Tonga 112,445 718 20% 144 157 783
104  Cyprus 780,133 9,240 10.81% 999 84 781
105  Saint Kitts and Nevis 38,958 261 19.44% 51 149 768
106  Kenya 34,911,779 569,250 8.01% 45,597 61 766
107  Peru 28,051,105 1,280,000 2.88% 36,864 22 761
108  Luxembourg 468,571 2,586 23.94% 619 181 757
109  India 1,093,563,426 2,973,190 48.83% 1,451,809 368 753
110  Italy 58,103,033 294,020 26.41% 77,651 198 748
111  British Virgin Islands (UK) 22,643 153 20.00% 31 148 740
112  Tajikistan 6,814,791 142,700 6.52% 9,304 48 732
113  Republic of the Congo 3,602,269 341,500 1.45% 4,952 11 727
114  Germany 82,431,390 349,223 33.13% 115,698 236 712
115  Honduras 7,167,902 111,890 9.53% 10,663 64 672
116  Laos 6,217,141 230,800 4.01% 9,255 27 672
117  Malawi 12,974,924 94,080 20.68% 19,456 138 667
118  Portugal 10,566,212 91,951 17.29% 15,898 115 665
119  Uganda 28,199,390 199,710 21.57% 43,077 141 655
120  Ethiopia 73,053,286 1,119,683 10.01% 112,080 65 652
121  Albania 3,563,112 27,398 20.10% 5,507 130 647
122  Swaziland 1,138,227 17,203 10.25% 1,763 66 646
123  Lesotho 2,118,091 30,355 10.87% 3,300 70 642
124  Madagascar 18,312,163 581,540 5.03% 29,251 31 626
125  Armenia 2,982,904 28,400 16.78% 4,766 105 626
126  Guinea-Bissau 1,414,159 28,000 8.31% 2,327 51 608
127  Bhutan 654,897 47,000 2.30% 1,081 14 606
128  Uzbekistan 26,851,195 425,400 10.51% 44,710 63 601
129  Austria 8,184,691 82,444 16.59% 13,677 99 598
130  Georgia 4,677,401 69,700 11.51% 8,022 67 583
131  The Gambia 1,595,086 10,000 27.88% 2,788 160 572
132  Panama 3,140,232 75,990 7.26% 5,517 41 569
133  Norway 4,593,041 307,860 2.70% 8,312 15 553
134  Ghana 22,025,680 230,940 17.54% 40,507 95 544
135  Cook Islands [6] 21,388 240 16.67% 40 89 535
136  Côte d'Ivoire 17,298,040 318,000 10.23% 32,531 54 532
137  Palau 20,303 458 8.70% 40 44 510
138  Senegal 11,860,429 192,000 12.51% 24,019 62 494
139  Myanmar 46,595,675 657,740 14.92% 98,135 71 475
140  Mozambique 20,154,010 784,090 5.43% 42,576 26 473
141  Botswana 1,759,832 585,370 0.65% 3,805 3 463
142  Iraq 26,074,906 432,162 13.12% 56,700 60 460
143  Montserrat (UK) 9,341 102 20% 20 92 458
144  Thailand 64,185,502 511,770 27.54% 140,941 125 455
145  Azerbaijan 8,015,567 86,100 20.62% 17,754 93 451
146  Gabon 1,395,690 257,667 1.21% 3,118 5 448
147  Fiji 893,586 18,270 10.95% 2,001 49 447
148  Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,430,494 51,129 19.61% 10,026 87 442
149  Equatorial Guinea 567,232 28,051 4.63% 1,299 20 437
150  Mexico 106,202,903 1,923,040 12.66% 243,457 55 436
151  Algeria 32,560,735 2,381,740 3.17% 75,501 14 431
152  Nigeria 128,765,768 910,768 33.02% 300,736 141 428
153  Kyrgyzstan 5,146,281 191,300 6.55% 12,530 27 411
154  Iran 64,737,226 1,636,000 9.78% 160,001 40 405
155  Belize 281,289 22,806 3.05% 696 12 404
156  Syria 18,448,752 184,050 24.80% 45,644 100 404
157  Greece 10,668,354 130,800 20.45% 26,749 82 399
158  Morocco 32,793,012 446,300 19% 84,797 73 387
159  Zimbabwe 12,160,782 386,670 8.24% 31,862 31 382
160  Afghanistan 29,928,987 647,500 12.13% 78,542 46 381
161  Slovakia 5,431,363 48,800 29.23% 14,264 111 381
162  Tunisia 10,079,380 155,360 17.05% 26,489 65 381
163  Cambodia 13,526,825 176,520 20.44% 36,081 77 375
164  Macedonia 2,045,262 24,856 22.01% 5,471 82 374
165  Cuba 11,326,153 110,860 27.63% 30,631 102 370
166  Sweden 9,001,774 410,934 5.93% 24,368 22 369
167  Angola 11,706,954 1,246,700 2.65% 33,038 9 354
168  Ireland 4,015,676 68,890 16.82% 11,587 58 347
169  Czech Republic 10,241,138 77,276 38.82% 29,999 133 341
170  Samoa 208,937 2,934 21.13% 620 71 337
171  France (Metropolitan) 60,656,178 545,630 33.46% 182,568 111 332
172  Serbia and Montenegro 10,828,899 102,136 33.18% 33,889 106 320
173  Libya 5,765,563 1,759,540 1.03% 18,123 3 318
174  Brazil 186,112,794 8,456,510 6.93% 586,036 22 318
175  Poland 38,557,984 304,465 40.25% 122,547 127 315
176  Croatia 4,495,904 56,414 25.82% 14,566 80 309
177  Nicaragua 5,469,181 120,254 14.81% 17,810 45 307
178  Turkey 69,660,559 770,760 29.81% 229,764 90 303
179  South Africa 44,344,136 1,219,912 12.10% 147,609 36 300
180  Spain 40,341,462 499,542 27.18% 135,776 81 297
181  Benin 7,649,360 110,620 23.53% 26,029 69 294
182  Bolivia 8,857,870 1,084,390 2.78% 30,146 8 294
183  Cameroon 17,261,467 469,440 12.54% 58,868 37 293
184  Burkina Faso 13,903,886 273,800 17.66% 48,353 51 288
185  New Zealand 4,035,461 268,021 5.54% 14,848 15 272
186  Chad 9,400,658 1,259,200 2.80% 35,258 7 267
187  Finland 5,223,442 304,473 6.54% 19,913 17 262
188  Estonia 1,332,893 45,339 12.05% 5,207 31 256
189  Uruguay 3,424,889 173,620 7.77% 13,490 20 254
190  Namibia 2,028,356 825,418 0.99% 8,172 2 248
191  Mali 11,379,386 1,220,000 3.76% 45,872 9 248
192  Romania 22,329,977 230,340 39.49% 90,961 97 245
193  Denmark 5,432,335 42,394 52.59% 22,295 128 244
194  Mongolia 2,865,994 1,564,116 0.76% 11,887 2 241
195  Moldova 4,340,177 33,371 54.52% 18,194 130 239
196  Sudan 37,762,842 2,376,000 6.78% 161,093 16 234
197  Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) 7,012 242 12.50% 30 29 232
198  Bulgaria 7,450,349 110,550 29.94% 33,099 67 225
199  Togo 5,399,991 54,385 44.20% 24,038 99 225
200  Turkmenistan 4,932,743 488,100 4.51% 22,013 10 224
201  Central African Republic 4,237,703 622,984 3.10% 19,313 7 219
202  Hungary 10,006,835 92,340 49.58% 45,782 108 219
203  Zambia 11,115,381 740,724 6.99% 51,777 15 215
204  Paraguay 6,351,059 397,300 7.47% 29,678 16 214
205  United States 295,734,134 9,161,923 18.01% 1,650,062 32 179
206  Belarus 9,809,130 207,600 26.77% 55,575 47 177
207  Guyana 765,283 196,850 2.23% 4,390 4 174
208  Ukraine 46,959,420 603,700 53.80% 324,791 78 145
209  Argentina 39,537,943 2,736,690 10.03% 274,490 14 144
210  Saint Helena (UK) 7,479 413 12.90% 53 18 140
211  Latvia 2,290,237 64,589 28.19% 17,926 36 128
212  Lithuania 2,956,617 65,300 44.81% 29,216 45 101
213  Russia 142,775,578 16,995,800 7.17% 1,218,599 8 117
214  Niger 12,162,856 1,266,700 11.43% 144,784 10 84
215  Canada 32,386,378 9,093,507 4.57% 415,573 4 78
216  Niue [6] 2,166 260 11.54% 30 8 72
217  Kazakhstan 15,185,844 2,669,800 8.28% 221,059 6 69
218  Australia 20,090,437 7,617,930 6.15% 468,503 3 43
219  Monaco 32,409 1.95 0% 0 16,620 -
220  Macau S.A.R. (PRC) 449,198 28.2 0% 0 15,929 -
221  Gibraltar (UK) 27,884 6.5 0% 0 4,290 -
222  Vatican City 921 0.44 0% 0 2,093 -
223  Jersey (UK) 90,812 116 0% 0 783 -
224  Nauru 13,048 21 0% 0 621 -
225  Tuvalu 11,634 26 0% 0 447 -
226  Tokelau (New Zealand) 1,405 10 0% 0 141 -
227  Anguilla (UK) 13,116 102 0% 0 129 -
228  Norfolk Island (Australia) 1,828 34.6 0% 0 3 -
229  Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) 628 14 0% 0 3 -
230  Christmas Island (Australia) 361 135 0% 0 3 -
231  Falkland Islands (UK) 2,967 12,173 0% 0 0.2 -
232  Svalbard (Norway) 2,701 62,049 0% 0 0.04 -
233  Greenland (Denmark) 56,375 2,166,086 0% 0 0.03 -

Template[edit]

44 years, 225 days 44 years, 226 days

Jewish Cabinet Members[edit]

The United States Cabinet has had 36 female officers. No woman held a Cabinet position before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which prohibits states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex.[7]

Frances Perkins was the first woman to serve in the Cabinet; she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[8][9] Oveta Culp Hobby became the second woman to serve in the Cabinet,[10] when she was named head of the then newly formed Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1953.[11] This department was subdivided into the departments of Education and Health and Human Services in 1979.[11] Patricia Roberts Harris, who was Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare before the department split and had earlier served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977, became the first female Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979. Harris was also the first African-American woman to serve in the Cabinet.[12]

Former North Carolina Senator Elizabeth Dole is the first woman to have served in two different Cabinet positions in two different administrations. She was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as Secretary of Transportation in 1983, and was the Secretary of Labor during the tenure of George H. W. Bush—Reagan's successor.[13] Czechoslovakia-born Madeleine Albright became the first foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of State in 1997.[a][14] Her appointment also made her the highest-ranking female Cabinet member at that time.[b][14] Condoleezza Rice was appointed Secretary of State in 2005, and thus became the highest-ranking woman in the United States presidential line of succession in history.[15] In 2006, Nancy Pelosi replaced Rice as the highest-ranking woman in line when she was elected Speaker of the House.[16][17]

In 2009, President Barack Obama named four women to the Cabinet—Arizona governor Janet Napolitano as Secretary of Homeland Security, former First Lady and New York Senator Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, California Representative Hilda Solis as Secretary of Labor, and Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services.[18][19][20][21] Clinton became the only First Lady to serve in the Cabinet and the third female Secretary of State.[19] Napolitano became the first female Secretary of Homeland Security.[18] Barack Obama has appointed eight women to Cabinet positions, the most of any Presidency, surpassing George W. Bush's record of six.

The Department of Labor has had the most female Secretaries with seven.[22] The Department of Health and Human Services has had five, the departments of State, Transportation, Commerce, and Education have had three, and the departments of Housing and Urban Development, and Justice have each had two.[23][22] The defunct Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has also had two female Secretaries.[22] The three departments of Defense, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs are the only existing Cabinet departments that have not had women Secretaries.[24][25][26]

Female Secretaries[edit]

Current departments[edit]

Woman with greying dark hair wearing a white turtleneck
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Patricia Roberts Harris was the first African-American woman to serve in the Cabinet.
Woman with light-brown hair wearing a red top
Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole is the first woman to serve in two different Cabinet positions in two different administrations.
Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao was the first Asian-American woman to serve in the Cabinet.
Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the Cabinet.
Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the Cabinet.

Numerical order represents the seniority of the Secretaries in the United States presidential line of succession.

 *  denotes the first female secretary of that particular department
# Secretary Position Year
appointed 		Party Administration Ref.
1 Henry Kissinger*# Secretary of State 1973 Republican Richard Nixon [27][28]
1 Condoleezza Rice Secretary of State 2005 Republican George W. Bush [15]
1 Hillary Clinton Secretary of State 2009 Democratic Barack Obama [19]
2 Michael Blumenthal# Secretary of the Treasury 1977 Democratic Jimmy Carter [29][30]
3  —[d] Secretary of Defense  —[d]  —[d]  —[d]  —
4 Janet Reno* Attorney General 1993 Democratic Bill Clinton [31]
4 Loretta Lynch Attorney General 2015 Democratic Barack Obama [32]
5 Gale Norton* Secretary of the Interior 2001 Republican George W. Bush [33]
5 Sally Jewell Secretary of the Interior 2013 Democratic Barack Obama [34][35]
6 Ann Veneman* Secretary of Agriculture 2001 Republican George W. Bush [36]
7 Juanita M. Kreps* Secretary of Commerce 1977 Democratic Jimmy Carter [37]
7 Barbara Franklin Secretary of Commerce 1992 Republican George H. W. Bush [38][39]
7 Penny Pritzker# Secretary of Commerce 2013 Democratic Barack Obama [40]
8 Frances Perkins* Secretary of Labor 1933 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt [8][9]
8 Ann Dore McLaughlin Secretary of Labor 1987 Republican Ronald Reagan [41]
8 Elizabeth Dole Secretary of Labor 1989 Republican George H. W. Bush [13]
8 Lynn Morley Martin Secretary of Labor 1991 Republican George H. W. Bush [42]
8 Alexis Herman Secretary of Labor 1997 Democratic Bill Clinton [43]
8 Elaine Chao[a] Secretary of Labor 2001 Republican George W. Bush [44]
8 Hilda Solis Secretary of Labor 2009 Democratic Barack Obama [20]
9 Patricia Roberts Harris* Secretary of Health and Human Services 1979 Democratic Jimmy Carter [12]
9 Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services 1983 Republican Ronald Reagan [45]
9 Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services 1993 Democratic Bill Clinton [46]
9 Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Health and Human Services 2009 Democratic Barack Obama [21]
9 Sylvia Mathews Burwell Secretary of Health and Human Services 2014 Democratic Barack Obama [47]
10 Carla Anderson Hills* Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1975 Republican Gerald Ford [48]
10 Patricia Roberts Harris Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1977 Democratic Jimmy Carter [12]
11 Elizabeth Dole* Secretary of Transportation 1983 Republican Ronald Reagan [13]
11 Mary Peters Secretary of Transportation 2006 Republican George W. Bush [49]
11 Elaine Chao Secretary of Transportation 2017 Republican Donald Trump [50]
12 Hazel R. O'Leary* Secretary of Energy 1993 Democratic Bill Clinton [51]
13 Shirley Hufstedler* Secretary of Education 1979 Democratic Jimmy Carter [52]
13 Margaret Spellings Secretary of Education 2005 Republican George W. Bush [53]
13 Betsy DeVos Secretary of Education 2017 Republican Donald Trump [54]
14  —[e] Secretary of Veterans Affairs  —[e]  —[e]  —[e]  —
15 Janet Napolitano* Secretary of Homeland Security 2009 Democratic Barack Obama [18]
15 Kirstjen Nielsen Secretary of Homeland Security 2017 Republican Donald Trump

Defunct departments[edit]

The departments are listed in order of their establishment (earliest first).

 *  denotes the first female secretary of that particular department
# Secretary Position Year
appointed 		Party Administration Ref.
1  —[f] Postmaster General  —[f]  —[f]  —[f]  —
2  —[g] Secretary of the Navy  —[g]  —[g]  —[g]  —
3  —[h] Secretary of War  —[h]  —[h]  —[h]  —
4 Oscar Straus* Secretary of Commerce and Labor[l] 1906 Republican Theodore Roosevelt [55]
5 Oveta Culp Hobby* Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 1953 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower [10]
5 Patricia Roberts Harris Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 1979 Democratic Jimmy Carter [12]

See also[edit]

Succession Box[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
  2. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
  3. ^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS
  4. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html
  5. ^ http://www.populstat.info/
  6. ^ a b Self-governing state in free association with New Zealand
  7. ^ "The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11–27". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  8. ^ a b "Frances Perkins, The First Woman In Cabinet, Is Dead". The New York Times. May 15, 1965. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  9. ^ a b Villard, Oswald G. (December 8, 2008). "Roosevelt to Appoint First-Ever Female Cabinet Member". The Nation. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  10. ^ a b Barron, James (August 17, 1995). "Oveta Culp Hobby, Founder of the WACs And First Secretary of Health, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  11. ^ a b "Historical Highlights". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  12. ^ a b c d "Patricia Roberts Harris". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  13. ^ a b c "Dole, Elizabeth Hanford, (1936–)". United States Congress. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Albright: Lift 'Foreign' Presidents Bar". BBC News. September 19, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  15. ^ a b "Condoleezza Rice". White House. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  16. ^ "Pelosi, Nancy, (1940–)". United States Congress. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference succession was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b c Hulse, Carl (January 20, 2009). "Obama Is Sworn In as the 44th President". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  19. ^ a b c Stout, David (January 21, 2009). "Clinton Is Approved, But Vote on Holder Is Delayed". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  20. ^ a b "Senate Confirms Solis as Labor Secretary". The New York Times. February 25, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  21. ^ a b Pear, Robert (April 28, 2009). "Senate Confirms Sebelius as Health Secretary". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
  22. ^ a b c "Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets" (PDF). Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. June 6, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  23. ^ Bernstein, Lenny; Bernstein, Lenny (December 25, 2013). "Sally Jewell at a different kind of summit: Head of the Department of the Interior". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference treasury was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference defense was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference va was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ "Henry Kissinger". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
  28. ^ "Secretary of State Henry Alfred Kissinger". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
  29. ^ "Michael Blumenthal". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
  30. ^ "W. Michael Blumenthal". Jewish Museum Berlin. Retrieved November 10, 2008. [dead link]
  31. ^ Berke, Richard L. (February 12, 1993). "Clinton Picks Miami Woman, Veteran State Prosecutor, to Be His Attorney General". The New York Times]]. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  32. ^ Tucker, Eric (April 28, 2015). "Loretta Lynch Sworn in as New US Attorney General". The Washington Post. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  33. ^ Alvarez, Lizette (January 31, 2001). "Senate Confirms Nominees For E.P.A. and Interior Posts". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  34. ^ Broder, John M. (March 21, 2013). "Senate Panel Approves Obama's Choice for Interior Dept". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  35. ^ Broder, John M. (April 29, 2013). "New Interior Chief Savors a Steep Learning Curve". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  36. ^ "Press Release: Secretary-General Appoints Ann M. Veneman, United States Secretary of Agriculture, as Executive Director of United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)". United Nations. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  37. ^ Charlton, Linda (December 21, 1976). "Juanita Morris Kreps". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  38. ^ Bradsher, Keith (December 27, 1991). "Bush Picks Nominee For Commerce Post". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
  39. ^ "The Honorable Barbara Hackman Franklin" (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
  40. ^ "Senate Easily Confirms Penny Pritzker as Commerce Secretary". The Washington Post. June 25, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  41. ^ "Panel Backs McLaughlin". The New York Times. December 10, 1987. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  42. ^ Lewis, Neil (December 15, 1990). "Woman in the News: Judith Lynn Morley Martin; For Labor, a Bush Loyalist". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  43. ^ Gray, Jerry (May 1, 1997). "After Impasse, Senate Confirms Clinton's Choice for Labor Post". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  44. ^ "Hall of Secretaries – Elaine L. Chao". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  45. ^ "Margaret Heckler Takes Oath as U.S. Secretary of Health". The New York Times. March 10, 1983. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  46. ^ Toner, Robin (January 16, 2001). "Before Leaving Health Agency, Shalala Offers a Little Advice on a Big Job". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  47. ^ Goldstein, Amy (June 5, 2014). "Senate Confirms Sylvia Mathews Burwell as New Secretary of HHS". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  48. ^ Madden, Richard L. (March 11, 1975). "Ford Praises Mrs. Hills as Oath is Administered". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  49. ^ Hauser, Christine (September 5, 2006). "Bush Nominates New Transportation Secretary". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  50. ^ Jansen, Bart (January 31, 2017). "Elaine Chao Takes Oath to Become Transportation Secretary". USA Today. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  51. ^ Ifill, Gwen (December 21, 1992). "Clinton to Select Woman as Energy Secretary, His Aides Say". The New York Times]]. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  52. ^ "Secretary of Education Is Confirmed by 81 to 2". The New York Times. December 1, 1979. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  53. ^ Schemo, Diana Jean (November 18, 2004). "Bush Nominates a Close Adviser for Top Education Post". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  54. ^ Huetteman, Emmarie; Alcindor, Yamiche (February 7, 2017). "Betsy DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary; Pence Breaks Tie". New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  55. ^ "Oscar S. Straus in Roosevelt's Cabinet; Will Be the First Jew to Hold Such a Post in This Country. Meyer Postmaster General Metcalf Secretary of the Navy -Cortelyou to Head the Treasury Department". The New York Times. October 24, 1906. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
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