User:Amayra20/Carbaminohemoglobin

Structure

File:Carbaminohemoglobin.jpeg

Carbaminohemoglobin is a compound formed by the combination of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin. Hb-NH2 + CO2 ⇌ Hb-NH-COOH

Carbaminohemoglobin is a compound that bind to hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in red blood cells and it Is crucial for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs. Hemoglobin also plays an important role in transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.

The structure of carbaminohemoglobin can be described as the binding of carbon dioxide to the amino groups of the global chains of hemoglobin. The process of carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin is generally known as carbamino formation. This is the source from where the protein gets its name, as it is a combination of carbamino and hemoglobin.

Function

One of the primary functions of carbaminohemoglobin is to enable the transport of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. When carbon dioxide is produced as a waster product of cellular metabolism in tissues, the compound is diffused into the bloodstream and it works to react with hemoglobin.

When the binding of molecules occurs to form carbaminohemoglobin, it allows for the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. One it is in the lungs, carbon dioxide is released from carbaminohemoglobin and can be let out from the body during the exhalation process. This complete process is very important for maintaining the balance of gases in the blood and to ensure that gas exchange is being transported between tissues and organs.

Interaction

Carbaminohemoglobin interacts with carbon dioxide in a process known as respiratory gas exchange. The interaction involves the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide binds to the protein chains of hemoglobin. The ability of hemoglobin to bind to both oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules is what makes it an important protein to the respiratory system in respiratory gas exchange.

The interactions between carbon dioxide and hemoglobin helps in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for eliminations. When carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues, it is produced as a waste product of a set of reactions known as cellular metabolism. Most importantly, the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin plays a part in the buffering of blood pH by preventing the drop of pH due to the production of carbonic acid.

Although, the carbaminohemoglobin protein interacts with another protein (like hemoglobin) found in red blood cells, this interaction only takes place in the bloodstream and its products can be expelled. Carbaminohemoglobin does not interact with DNA since DNA is a molecule that is found in cell nucleus and its function is to carry genetic information.

Regulation

The formation and dissociation of the protein carbaminohemoglobin are regulated by various factors to guarantee the transport of carbon dioxide to the blood stream. A list of regulatory factors are listed below:

1. Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PCO2): The measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood.  The amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is influenced by the partial pressure of the molecule carbon dioxide. In tissues where cellular metabolism produces carbon dioxide, the partial pressure is higher and it leads to the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin. On the other hand, in the lungs, there is a lower amount of partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which promotes the separation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin.
2. pH: The Bohr effect outlines how the binding and release of oxygen and carbon dioxide by hemoglobin are influenced by fluctuations of pH in the blood. When tissues metabolize, they produce carbon dioxide and acidic products, which eventually lead to a decrease in pH levels in the blood. When the pH is low, this promotes the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin and facilities the transport to the lungs. On the contrary, when the pH is higher in the lungs, carbon dioxide is released from hemoglobin.
3. Temperature: A factor such as temperature can affect the binding and release of gases by hemoglobin. The effect of temperature on the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin is less noticeable compared to other gases, but this factor can still have an influence on the overall regulation of gas exchange.
4. Concentration of Bicarbonate (HCO3-): A high percentage of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is transferred in the form of bicarbonate ions. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid. This molecule breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This break down process occurs in red blood cells. Ultimately, the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the bloodstream affects the formation of the protein carbaminohemoglobin in the body.

Disease Association

Dysfunctional or altered levels of carbaminohemoglobin do not generally cause disease or disorders. Carbaminohemoglobin is a part of the carbon dioxide transport process in the body. The levels of this protein can decreases and increase based on factors that regulate the protein in the body.

A way that carbaminohemoglobin can be associated with disease is when there is a change in its levels that could be the cause of a pre-existing condition or imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems of the human body.

Some of these existing medical conditions can be the following:

1. Respiratory Acidosis: This condition is characterized by a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood, which leads to a drop in the blood's pH. This occurs when there is an impairment in the gas exchange process, such as respiratory failure.
2. Hypoventilation: This type of condition can result in higher levels of carbaminohemoglobin. This condition can be caused by many factors, such as central nervous system disorders, and even some medications.

Biological Importance

The protein carbaminohemoglobin plays an important role in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood, and its biologically important in many functions:

1. Transport of Carbon Dioxide: This process allows for the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It is essential for maintaining the balance of gases in the bloodstream and to guarantee the removal of waste carbon dioxide from the body.
2. Buffering Blood pH: The binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin plays a part in the buffering of blood pH. When tissues produce carbon dioxide, the increase in acidity is reduced by the formation of bicarbonate ions. This buffering process helps prevent a decrease in pH and helps maintain a stable environment.
3. Facilitation of Gas Exchange: Hemoglobin facilitates the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues. In the lungs, oxygen binds to hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is released. In the tissues, carbon dioxide binds to form carbaminohemoglobin and oxygen is released. This exchange process is important because tissues need oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide is also necessary.

File:Carbon Dioxide Transport.jpeg

Transport of CO2 in blood (from peripheral tissues to RBC to lungs). Forms of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood.