User:AnkurPl/sandbox
The three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690,[1] the area was developed by the Company into Fort William. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied the fort in 1756 but was defeated at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, after his general Mir Jafar mutinied in support of the company, and was later made the Nawab for a brief time.[2] Under company and later crown rule, Calcutta served as the de facto capital of India until 1911. Calcutta was the second largest city in the British Empire, after London,[3] and was the centre of bureaucracy, politics, law, education, science and the arts in India. The city was associated with many of the figures and movements of the Bengali Renaissance. It was the hotbed of the Indian nationalist movement.[4] The University of Calcutta, first modern university in south Asia and its affiliated colleges produced many leading figures of South Asia.
The partition of Bengal in 1947 affected the fortunes of the city. In the late 20th century, the city hosted the government-in-exile of Bangladesh during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971;[5]
Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of political violence and economic stagnation before it rebounded.[6] The city was overtaken by Mumbai (formerly Bombay) as India's largest city. It was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.[7][8] A demographically diverse city, the culture of Kolkata features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods (paras) and freestyle conversations (adda). Kolkata's architecture includes many imperial landmarks, including the Victoria Memorial, Howrah Bridge and the Grand Hotel. The city's heritage includes India's only Chinatown and remnants of Jewish, Armenian, Greek and Anglo-Indian communities. The city is closely linked with Bhadralok culture and the Zamindars of Bengal, including Bengali Hindu, Bengali Muslim and tribal aristocrats. The city is often regarded as India's cultural capital.
Kolkata is home to venerable institutions of national importance, including the Academy of Fine Arts, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum and the National Library of India. It is the centre of the Indian Bengali film industry, which is known as Tollywood. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Horticultural Society, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. The Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city.[9] Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football. Kolkata is known for its grand celebrations of the Hindu festival of Durga Puja, which is recognized by UNESCO for its importance to world heritage.[10] Hence, Kolkata is also known as the 'City of Joy'.[11]
- ^ Dutta, K.; Desai, A. (April 2008). Calcutta: a cultural history. Northampton, Massachusetts, US: Interlink Books. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3.
- ^ "Victory for the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey was the start of nearly two centuries of British rule in India."; Link: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Plassey Archived 21 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (2 August 2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521002547. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ "Kolkata and World War II: Tracing the sites of air raids that scarred the City of Joy". Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ "Explained: How Kolkata's 8 Theatre Road hosted the first Bangladesh government". 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ianjackwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–117, ISBN 978-0-521-67256-6, archived from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 15 April 2023
- ^ Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2002) [2000], The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, Taylor & Francis, pp. 172–175, ISBN 978-0-203-45060-4
- ^ —"A Nobel habit: How Kolkata keeps producing winners". the hindu business line. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
—"The Nobel Prize Winners from Kolkata". pressenza. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
—"checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata". the business insider. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
—"Economist Abhijit Banerjee is the sixth Nobel winner with a Kolkata connection". the print. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
—"Abhijit Banerjee is not the first Nobel laureate with a Kolkata connection – here are the others". timesnow. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016. - ^ "Kolkata's Durga Puja gets world heritage tag". The Times of India. 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ "Kolkata city of joy". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.