User:Brunette2k16/sandbox

A topic of interest for one if my topics would be the Human impact in the Arctic Sea Ice Decline article. I see that the article itself has a lot of subcategories dealing with the tipping point, polar vortex disruption, etc. but when scrolling down I noticed the human impact section doesn't have much information. The content itself seems pretty neutral and also very relevant to the topic. There are a lot of references, however only some a credited as concrete sources.

COMMENT: This could be a good section. Most of these impacts stem from changing weather patterns, so you'll have to find sources that make that link. I suspect there are some especially in Europe and among indigenous groups in the northern latitudes. Julianfulton (talk) 18:17, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Another topic of interest, I was looking into the atmospheric pollution category in the Environmental Impact of Shipping article. Mostly narrowing it down to oil pollution from the ships, it does not really have much information on this topic. While scrolling down, I noticed there are a lot of references, but only a couple are reliable. I feel like a lot of this effects the marine ecosystem due to the amount of pollution ships alone can create; after all, they are the cars of the water, so it would be very interesting to see how much it could do.

COMMENT: Do you mean the "Oil Spill" section of that article? Seems like it could use a lot more information and I think you could find good sources on this. Julianfulton (talk) 18:17, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Another topic that interested me was the Sea Ice Thickness. Overall, it has a limited amount of information. The article itself looks undone and lonely. Also, there seem to be a minimal amount of references with no real reliable sources to base off any information. This topic seems to be important in proving that climate change is happening and global warming is real. I think a broader scope of how human impact effects the sea ice thickness is a subtopic that can fit into this topic because it is relevant.

COMMENT: I think this article is light because the issue of thickness is really a subsection of Measurement of sea ice, which is really what makes the link you mention to climate change. Yes there are human impacts but you may have a hard time finding sources linking thickness specifically to human activities, except for groups that live or travel atop sea ice. Julianfulton (talk) 18:17, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

In the Chronology of the Bible, I noticed that the sources that were cited were not really concrete evidence to support the claims given. I noticed on the talk page, someone suggest rearranging sentences in different orders as well. The person was very kind in stating his opinion because he mentioned not making the edit without the author's permission. I also noticed the article is not very biased and the pictures gave more insight onto the topic itself.

Outline:

Abstract:

Sea ice is the fastest changing rate due to climate change. It has changed by twice the global rate. In 2010 the first major change was recorded making 2007 the second major record.

"Sea ice harbors an array of microorganisms, provides critical habitat for vertebrates, and influences terrestrial productivity and diversity in the Arctic, where 80% of low-lying tundra lies within 100 km of seasonally ice-covered ocean"

Thinner sea ice is affected more strongly by air–ice– ocean interaction allowing easier ice breakup, enhanced ice circulation, drift speed, and export rates

There are two ways humans contribute to the growth of the global temperature increase:

1. Human activity including: greenhouse gas emissions (particularly CO2)
   • construction
   • plantations
   • fossil fuel combustion (largest sources of causing CO2)
   • transportation
     • The Arctic is in transition to a seasonally ice‐free state, increasing economic opportunities to a niche commercial shipping market, with the opening of new and faster trans‐Arctic routes, and an extended shipping season. We are benefiting ourselves but ruining our environment. Causing shipping to be faster due to the lack of ice there used to be, we keep continuing to harm our environment.
2. Human activity including: non-greenhouse gases
   • methane (CH4)- Agriculture and fossil fuel exploitation together account for about 2/3 of all human-derived CH4 emissions; smaller emissions arise from waste treatment (landfills, manure and sewage) and biomass burning.
   • nitrous oxide (N2O)- Humans have augmented nitrogen cycling through the use of inorganic fertilizer, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops, and deposition of NOx from combustion of fossil fuels . These processes increase the availability of mineralized nitrogen (for example NH4 1 and NO3 2) and lead to N2O emissions through microbially mediated nitrification or denitrification in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
   • ozone depleting substances (ODSs)-
   • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
   • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
   • perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
3. ...

Greenhouse gases are linked to society’s fundamental needs for food and energy, they will continue to increase and further warm the climate unless substantial efforts are undertaken to reduce them worldwide. (reword this so it's not plagiarized)

Health impacts on animals from the arctic sea ice decline

• on animals in water
  • death tolls/ injury tolls
• on animals on the shore- birds, etc.

Specific Examples

• old vs recent

Figure showing the animals that are impacted by arctic sea ice decline

• 1Ecological interactions influenced by sea ice. The sea-ice biome influences the abundance, distribution, seasonality, and interactions of marine and terrestrial species by its presence (A). It is unique for its complete seasonal disappearance in portions of its distribution. Lengthening of this annual period of absence and an overall decline in ice extent, thickness, and stability will have considerable consequences for these species and interactions (B).

Humans have been known to contribute a lot to our society, upgrading it in ways not many could have achieved without advancements. These contributions come with many benefits; however, these same contributions also is the cause to degrading our environment. With our daily human activities ranging from various actions, we, to this day, are causing harm to our environment. Proof of that comes from how our climate is affected. One example of this would be through the measurements of sea ice thickness. Arctic sea regulates our climate by acting as a barrier between the cold polar atmosphere and the warm ocean(insert footnote https://www-annualreviews-org.proxy.lib.csus.edu/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-122012-094357).

Sea ice levels have been rated as containing the fastest changing rate due to climate change. It has changed by twice the global rate. In 2010 the first major change was recorded, making 2007 the second major record. Just as well, from 1901 to 2012, the global annual mean air temperatures have increased 0.89°C due to a 95% positive tie with human activities (insert footnote http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Frontmatter_FINAL.pdf).

"Sea ice harbors an array of microorganisms, provides critical habitat for vertebrates, and influences terrestrial productivity and diversity in the Arctic, where 80% of low-lying tundra lies within 100 km of seasonally ice-covered ocean"^[4]

It creates an ecosystem in which numerous species of animals have adapted to depend on, and it is not just animals. Native communities in the Arctic have long relied on sea ice as a platform for hunting, fishing, and transportation just as well. (insert foot note https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013RG000431 ) Commercial activities such as: shipping, fishing, tourism, and natural resource extraction all are affected by the sea ice declination.

Thinner sea ice is affected more strongly by air, ice, and ocean interaction. This causes easier ice breakup, enhances ice circulation, drift speed, and export rates^[5]

There are two ways humans contribute to the growth of the global temperature increase: through the emission of greenhouse gasses and through the emissions of non-greenhouse gases. With the greenhouse gas emissions, humans mostly emit carbon dioxide (CO2). This is done through construction, plantations, fossil fuel combustion (largest sources of causing CO2), and transportation. The Arctic is in transition to a seasonally ice‐free state, increasing economic opportunities to a niche commercial shipping market, with the opening of new and faster trans‐Arctic routes, and an extended shipping season.^[6] Merely stating, humans justify their result of melting our existing ice by pointing out the benefit of faster travel times. Although we might be “benefiting” ourselves by the means of faster shipping due to the lack of ice, we are continuing to destroy our environment. Greenhouse gases, thus, correlate to our society’s fundamental needs for food and energy. As the need for such things continues to fluctuate, they will further warm the climate. Furthermore, human activity including non-greenhouse gases^[7] exists as well. Methane gas, also known as CH4, plays a role through agriculture and fossil fuel exploitation. Together, they account for about two-thirds of all human-derived CH4 emissions. Smaller emissions arise from waste treatment such as: landfills, manure, sewage, and biomass burning. Nitrous oxide, referred to as N2O, also affects our sea ice. Humans have augmented nitrogen cycling through the use of inorganic fertilizer, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops, and deposition of NOx from combustion of fossil fuels. These processes increase the availability of mineralized nitrogen (for example NH4 1 and NO3 2) and lead to N2O emissions through microbially mediated nitrification or denitrification in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

• • ozone depleting substances (ODSs)-
  • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
  • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
  • perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• ...

With the warmer climate stripping away the ice, health impacts on animals in the arctic ecosystem have declined as well. As primary producers feel the first consequence of the declination, consumers continue it. Animals are suffering in the water just as the animals outside of it. Polar bears are dying from starvation,

Specific Examples

• old vs recent

Figure showing the animals that are impacted by arctic sea ice decline

• 1Ecological interactions influenced by sea ice. The sea-ice biome influences the abundance, distribution, seasonality, and interactions of marine and terrestrial species by its presence (A). It is unique for its complete seasonal disappearance in portions of its distribution. Lengthening of this annual period of absence and an overall decline in ice extent, thickness, and stability will have considerable consequences for these species and interactions (B).^[8]

Background

Humans have been known to contribute a lot to our society, improving it through modernizations in our buildings, our transportation, and over in our technological advancements. As these changes came with numerous benefits, they also brought degradations to our environment. With our daily human activities ranging in various ways, we, to this day, are causing harm to our environment. Proof of that comes from how our climate is affected. One example of this would be through the measurements of sea ice thickness. Arctic sea regulates our climate by acting as a barrier between the cold polar atmosphere and the warm ocean.

Arctic sea ice thickness shrink as the ice melts away from where it once was.

Sea ice levels have been rated as containing the fastest changing rate due to climate change. It has changed by twice the global rate. In 2010 the first major change was recorded, making 2007 the second major record. Just as well, from 1901 to 2012, the global annual mean air temperatures have increased 0.89°C due to a 95% positive tie with human activities (insert footnote http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Frontmatter_FINAL.pdf).

"Sea ice, overall, contribute a lot in the ecosystem. It harbors an array of microorganisms, provides critical habitat for vertebrates, and influences terrestrial productivity and diversity in the Arctic, where 80% of low-lying tundra lies within 100 km of seasonally ice-covered ocean."^[4]

It creates an ecosystem in which numerous species of animals have adapted to depend on, and it is not just animals. Native communities in the Arctic have long relied on sea ice as a platform for hunting, fishing, and transportation just as well. Commercial activities such as: shipping, fishing, tourism, and natural resource extraction all are affected by the sea ice declination.

Thinner sea ice is affected more strongly by air, ice, and ocean interaction. This causes easier ice breakup, enhances ice circulation, drift speed, and export rates.^[5]

Human Contribution

There are two ways humans contribute to the growth of the global temperature increase: through the emission of greenhouse gasses and through the emissions of non-greenhouse gases.

All the different ways the human impacts the sea ice.

Through Greenhouse Emissions:

With the greenhouse gas emissions, humans mostly emit carbon dioxide (CO2). This is done through construction, plantations, fossil fuel combustion (largest sources of causing CO2), and transportation. The Arctic is in transition to a seasonally ice‐free state, increasing economic opportunities to a niche commercial shipping market, with the opening of new and faster trans‐Arctic routes, and an extended shipping season.^[6] Merely stating, humans justify their result of melting our existing ice by pointing out the benefit of faster travel times. Although we might be “benefiting” ourselves by the means of faster shipping due to the lack of ice, we are continuing to destroy our environment. Greenhouse gases, thus, correlate to our society’s fundamental needs for food and energy. As the need for such things continues to fluctuate, they will further warm the climate. Just as well, human deforestation, soil tillage, and land degradation release carbon from the land and into the environment, causing an increase in our thermal energy levels.

Through Non-Greenhouse Emissions:

Furthermore, human activity, including non-greenhouse gases^[7], exists as well. Methane gas, also known as CH4, plays a huge role through agriculture and fossil fuel exploitation. Together, they account for about two-thirds of all human-derived CH4 emissions. Methane gas is said to be 130 times more harmful than a greenhouse gas To fully understand how toxic methane gas emission can be, one would have to picture carbon dioxide emissions over a ten year period. With methane gas being so harmful to the climate change, many scientists have begun releasing the gas under sea ice in order to trap it from being emitted to quickly into the environment. So the question lies in whether we think our environment is more important or the sea ice? Moving away from the more apparent emissions, smaller emissions arise from waste treatment such as: landfills, manure, sewage, and biomass burning. Nitrous oxide, referred to as N2O, also affects our sea ice. Humans have augmented nitrogen cycling through the use of inorganic fertilizer, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops, and deposition of NOx from combustion of fossil fuels. These processes increase the availability of mineralized nitrogen (for example NH4 1 and NO3 2) and lead to N2O emissions through microbially mediated nitrification or denitrification in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including ozone depleting substances (ODSs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

Overall Effects on the Ecosystem

With the warmer climate stripping away the ice, health impacts on animals in the arctic ecosystem have declined as well. The ecosystem is full of biotic as well as abiotic factors that are influenced equally with the decline of the sea ice. Polar bears are dying from starvation, fish are swimming away towards cooler waters, and penguins are left in starvation. This is just a mere glimpse of the effects it has on the environment. As the ice continues to melt, parasites are beginning to swarm into the ecosystem as well. It has been reported that the melting of the Arctic sea ice is allowing parasites such as Sarcocystis, now identified in gray seals, to overtake our arctic animals. Not only is the barrier against parasite being broken, but also the barrier against viruses is crippled as well. Old viruses are being reborn, as to speak, as they gain new life from the melting ice that locked them away in the first place. Furthermore, as stated previously, people are dependent on this world just as we are dependent on ours. Sea ice also plays a role in social activities, in cultural identity, and in human and animal health. Most of our indigenous people have grown up and built a life on the ice. They are always forgotten by the modern society once it comes to preserving their cultural beliefs and practices. Not only do we destroy the homes of the wild, but also those who are our fellow neighbors, our mere brothers and sisters.

The biotic factors in the ecosystem are affected just as much as the abiotic ones.