User:Cats' photos/sandbox

Canthoplasty
ICD-9-CM	08

Canthoplasty is a oculoplastic procedure for changing the position or configuration of the canthus in order to correct deformities or to provide additional support to the lower eyelid. It is distinguished from canthopexy, a surgical procedure used to tighten lower eyelids, but during which tendons and muscles are not cut or detached.

History

The plastic surgery is a branch of medicine which started to grow rapidly since the beginning of the 20th century and, even if it was also performed many centuries ago, it became succesful only after the world wars, which increased the need for plastic surgery.

The first descriptions of this surgery, known with different names during time, date back to 1911, when Lexer and Eden described a procedure to suspend the lower eyelid, then it was thanks to surgeons like Tenzel, Whitaker, Anderson and Gordy that it became a relatively easy and unpainful surgery used for different needs. The operation has evolved to become adapted to the anatomy of the individual.

Uses

The surgery can be performed for cosmetic or medical reasons, with lower eyelid malposition (laxity, ectropion, entropion or retraction) and lateral canthal dystopia being among the most common reasons for canthoplasty. Ectropion is a condition in which the lower eyelid droops and forms a gap that can become irritated. Drooping eyelids can be due to the ageing process, which decreases the tonicity of the lower eyelid, especially of the lateral canthal tendon. Canthoplasty can be combined with blepharoplasty with the aim of facial rejuvenation, but some people in their 20s or 30s are also interested in this operation for the possibility to alter the shape of their eyes ( to achieve a "cat eye" shape).

Asian canthoplasty is a common procedure in the Asian community used to make the Asian eyes bigger in patients with narrow lids or a close lateral canthus.

Surgical procedures

Among the various surgical alternatives, the traditional method is the lateral tarsal strip, which can be summarized in the following steps: division of either canthus of the eye (canthotomy); division of inferior canthus (inferior cantholysis); removal of eventual excessive skin; splitting of part of the lateral lid; removal of the meibomian orifices; scraping of lateral conjunctiva; securing of the lateral strip of tarsus to the periosteum with two sutures; sutures to close the obicularis layer and skin.

References

According to The World Factbook, the main natural phenomena posing a threat in Italy at a regional level are landslides, mudflows, avalanches,earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and, in Venice, subsidence.

Landslides and mudflows

As released by the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 2,2% of Italian population lives in areas at high or very high risk from landslides, and 3,8% of buildings and 5,8% of cultural heritage sites are located in those places.

Earthquakes

Being placed in the convergence between the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, Italy (with relative the exception of Sardinia) suffers from seismicity, wich is particularly high along the Appennini range, in Calabria, in Sicily and in some places of Northern Italy, such as Friuli, part of Veneto, and western Liguria. According to the Italian Civil Protection, the Italian seismic hazard is medium-high, while the vulnerability is very high also due to the fragility of the Italian building stock and the exposition is extremely high, as a consequence of the population density and the cultural heritage.

Floodings

As released by the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 10,4% of Italian population lives in areas at high or very high risk from floods, and 9,3% of buildings and 15,3% of cultural heritage sites are located in those places.

Tsunamis

In occasion of an Italian study published in 2008, the positions of the 50 soft-tissue landmarks of the faces of 324 white Northern Italian adolescent boys and girls were recorded, in order to compare the features of a group of 93 "beautiful" individuals selected by a commercial casting agency with those of a reference group with normal dentofacial dimensions and proportions. The research found that, in comparison with the reference group, the attractive adolescents tended to have the following characteristcs:

• the ratio between the area of the forehead and that of the total face was larger;
• the nasal volume was smaller;
• the distance between outer canthi was larger;
• total facial height and depth were reduced.

However, there were some tendencies that differed by age and sex:

• the facial volume was smaller in older attractive boys than in their peers, but bigger in attractive girls;
• the faces of older attractive adolescents was less rounded (bigger ratio between facial area and volume), but the reverse was true for girls of any age;
• attractive older boys had smaller angles of facial convexity with more acute profiles, while in girls the reverse pattern was found;
• the nasolabial angle was reduced in girls, but in older boys the effect was reversed;
• older attractive boys tended to have more prominent chins.

Basically attractive adolescents had more neotenous and juvenile features, but older attractive boys showed also tendencies towards sexual dimorphism.

History

Main articles: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Abruzzi e Molise

The Roman site Amiternum

The church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio in L'Aquila, after the reconstruction in 2020

Prehistory

Paleolithic

Even if an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings related to archaic humans date from up to around 700,000 years ago (Acheulean Culture). Thousands of flint tools and weapons were collected on fluvial terraces (e.g. Madonna del Freddo at Chieti) and near former lakes (e.g. Valle Giumentina at Caramanico Terme and Valle Peligna at Popoli), which testify to different cultures from Homo erectus to neanderthalensis and sapiens. As in other sites, the one located at Popoli (Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which was in that case of hippopotamus. The most important evidence of Neanderthals was brought to light in caves at Calascio and dates back to the Middle Paleolithic.

Large evidence of Upper Paleolithic human populations was found in different places, like Fucino depression and Montebello di Bertona, which gave name to its peculiar stoneworking technique - Bertonian.

Neolithic

After the Mesolithic transition characterized by climate change and lack of food resources, agriculture was introduced by Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.

In Abruzzo and Marche, villages of the typical Ripoli culture, which originated in the 5-6th millennium BC, consisted of huts, and were generally located on fluvial terraces or hills overlooking rivers, in some cases defended by a moat, whereas caves were often used for rituals. They practiced agriculture, husbandry, hunting, fishing, and production of pottery, which was painted or decorated. Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic and Catignano.

The Bronze and Iron Ages

The Bronze Age saw the spread of Apennine culture and Subapnenine culture in central-southern Italy, including in Abruzzo. The former has been associated with pastoralism, whereas the latter also with agriculture. During the Late Bronze Age, Proto-Villanovan culture emerged also in Abruzzo. There are sites of Iron Age necropoli at Fiorano (Loreto Aprutino's frazione), Campovalano (Campli), Alfedena and Capestrano.

Italic peoples and Roman history

Warrior of Capestrano is the most famous example of Abruzzi Italic funerary sculpture at Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Chieti.

Emerged from the Iron Age and Orientalizing period, Abruzzo was inhabited by different peoples, among those defined by Ancient Roman tradition as Sabelli: Oscan-speaking Pentri, Carricini and Frentani, and, more generically, Osco-Umbrian Aequi, Praetutii, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi and Peligni.

Considered extremely strong by Ancient writers, they fought against Roman ambitions in the Samnite Wars (from 343 to 290 BC), but some accepted the alliance with the Romans, whereas others surrended after Samnite Wars. Following the progressive Romanization, they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. They fought again with Rome during the Social War (91–87 BC) to gain political rights and created the ephimeral state called Italia with Corfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtained Roman citizenship and in the Imperial period were favored by many economic activities, such as trade and pastoralism. On the basis of a division by Augustus, the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio V Picenum" and especially "Regio IV Sabina et Samnium". Much later, the region corresponded to Valeria province according to Diocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival of Christianity.

With their archeological sites, many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and became the capital of "Italia" against the Romans during the Social War. Today's Chieti was inhabited since the Chalcolithic and became an important center of Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum). Atri was known as Hatria and Teramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne. Pinna (today Penne), Anxanum (Lanciano), Hortona (Ortona), Histonium (Vasto), Sulmona and Marruvium (San Benedetto dei Marsi) are among the settlements that are still inhabited, whereas others are no longer so, such as Cluviae near Casoli.

Middle Ages

The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.

Lombards and Franks

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Germanic Lombards, there were furious devastations and lootings of monasteries and towns in the region. Around 572, the Lombards divided Abruzzo into the Duchy of Benevento and of Spoleto, with Faroald I of Spoleto becoming the first Duke of Spoleto. His successor, Ariulf of Spoleto, annexed other territories: the former territories controlled by Aequi, Marsi, Peligni and Vestini. In the 8th century, Transamund II of Spoleto rebelled against Liutprand, King of the Lombards, but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province.

After the beginning of domination by the Franks, in 801, Teate (today's Chieti) also passed from the Lombardic Duchy of Benevento to the Frankish Duchy of Spoleto. In 843, some territories were separated from the duchy (all the region together with the district of Rieti and except that of Teramo according to Liber provincialis), with Celano as capital. So counts of Marsi from different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871, Louis II of Italy founded, as the Carolingian Emperor, a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo (Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria). With the rule of Hugh of Italy from 926, the territories were divided: Penne and Teate to Atto I, and today's province of L'Aquila to Berardo.

Kingdom of Sicily

After two attempted conquests from two Norman princes of Capua in Abruzzo, two other Normans, Robert Guiscard and Robert I of Loritello, conquered Teate, Valva and Penne. Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered by Norman Roger II of Sicily, and in 1156 his son William I of Sicily had these victories officially recognized by Pope Adrian IV (Norman conquest of southern Italy).

As part of the Kingdom of Sicily, Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death of William II of Sicily in 1189, and the territories sided with Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. They were also involved in the conflicts between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (widower of Queen Costance and member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty) and Pope Gregory IX, including the War of the Keys. The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into justiciarates, with Abruzzo forming one of them.

The newly founded L'Aquila was destroyed by Manfred, King of Sicily (son of Frederick II) in 1259 and supported in the Battle of Tagliacozzo the defeat of his nephew Conradin against Charles I of Anjou, the new king of Sicily. Since the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region. Abruzzo was divided into Abruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s.

Kingdom of Naples

Castello Caldoresco, Vasto

After the rebellion called Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent war, in 1302 the Peace of Caltabellotta divided the former Kingdom of Sicily as follows: Sicily to the Crown of Aragon and the Southern Italian Peninsula still to the Capetian House of Anjou with the name of Kingdom of Naples (including Abruzzo).

The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria, the husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples. Different towns (L'Aquila, Penne, Chieti, Lanciano, Ortona) sided at first with the brother of the victim, Louis I of Hungary. In 1443, Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Sicily, conquered the Kingdom of Naples and Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with the War of L'Aquila. Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti. This period was characterized by economic decline and the spread of brigandage, but coastal centers were favored by trade with the Republic of Venice's overseas territories.

Shortly after the Italian War of 1494–1495 carried out by Charles VIII of France, the Kingdom of Naples returned to Ferdinand II of Aragon. In this and in the following conflict between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain over the Kingdom of Naples, Abruzzo sided with France, but Spain won in 1503 and started to dominate the Kingdom of Naples with its viceroys. In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was a rebellion in the Kingdom of Naples led by a fisherman named Masaniello in 1647.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastated L'Aquila (1703 Apennine earthquakes) and Sulmona (1706 Abruzzo earthquake), and the War of the Spanish Succession, with the Austrian siege at Pescara in 1707. In 1734, Charles III of the House of Bourbon, King of Spain, ended the short Hasburg Austrian domination, which contributed to large land concentrations in Abruzzo.

From French Revolutionary wars to World War II

Ferdinando Galiani, an 18th century monetary economist from Abruzzo.

In accordance with a general diffidence against the Enlightment ideas, the Abruzzo population of different social classes rebelled in an improvised way against French invasion in 1798 and 1799, before the proclamation of the ephemeral Parthenopean Republic, to which they continued to be hostile (Sanfedismo). In 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two (in the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)), as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at the Gran Sasso d'Italia); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria. After the rule of Napoleon, who created a client kingdom, and the return of the Bourbons granted by the Congress of Vienna, Abruzzo was plagued by decline and brigandage. The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento).

Risorgimento

Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and 1848 (Revolutions of 1848), but the ideas of insurgents were different (liberal, Jacobin and reactionary). During the unification of Italy, in 1860, Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. Supporters of the Bourbons fought against volunteers of Garibaldi, whereas others later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage, which was eradicated years later, but many accepted the new order without enthusiasm or opposition. Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed to Italian diaspora.

Fascism and World War II

During the Italian fascism period, Pescara became an important center for its homonymous port, tourism and trade. During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoners of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War I; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.

Italian Republic

Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by the Second World War, there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favored Fucino and Adriatic coastal areas.

In the 1948 Italian Constitution, these were unified with Molise into the Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti. The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.