User:David Fuchs/draft

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Othniel Charles Marsh
Born(1831-10-29)October 29, 1831
Lockport, New York, United States
DiedMarch 18, 1899(1899-03-18) (aged 67)
New Haven, Connecticut, US
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materYale College
AwardsBigsby Medal (1877)
Scientific career
FieldsPaleontology
InstitutionsYale University
Signature
Marsh's house, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of Paleontology in Yale College and President of the National Academy of Sciences. He was one of the preeminent scientists in the field of paleontology. Among his legacies are the discovery or description of dozens of new species and theories on the origins of birds.

Born into a modest family, Marsh was able to afford higher education thanks to the generosity of his wealthy uncle George Peabody. After graduating from Yale College in 1860 he travelled the world, studying anatomy, mineralogy and geology. He obtained a teaching position at Yale upon his return. From the 1870s to 1890s, he competed with rival paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in a period of frenzied Western American expeditions known as the Bone Wars. Marsh's greatest legacy is the collection of Mesozoic reptiles, Cretaceous birds, and Mesozoic and Tertiary mammals that now constitute the backbone of the collections of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Institution. Marsh has been called "both a superb paleontologist and the greatest proponent of Darwinism in nineteenth-century America."[1]

Biography[edit]

Early life and family[edit]

Othniel Charles Marsh[a] was born on October 29, 1831, near Lockport, New York. He was the third of four children born to Mary Gaines Peabody (1807–1834) and Caleb Marsh (1800–1865). The Marsh (nee Marshe) family and Peabody families immigrated to America from England in the 1630s. Mary died shortly after the birth of her fourth child in 1834.[4] Caleb remarried in 1836 and Othniel moved with the family to Bradford, Massachusetts.[5] Soon after, Caleb's business fortunes soured, and Othniel's early years were marked by financial struggles.[2]

Caleb purchased a farm in Lockport when Marsh was twelve.[6] As the eldest son, Othniel was expected to assist his father on the farm, and the two had a contentious relationship. Othniel much preferred excursions in the woods to his chores.[7] Among his childhood influences was Ezekiel Jewett, a former military officer and amateur scientist who influenced Othniel's interest in the sciences. Jewett had been drawn to the area by the fossils unearthed by the enlargement of the Erie Canal, and the two would hunt and prospect for specimens together.[8][9][7]

By 1847, Othniel was attending school at the Wilson Collegiate Institute, and later attended the Lockport Union School.[10] Othniel was undecided as to what he would do for a living, but the course of his future was dramatically changed due to the intervention of his uncle George Peabody, who was a successful banker.[11] With Peabody's financial assistance (spurred by Marsh's aunt, Judith), Marsh enrolled in Phillips Academy in 1851.[8][12] Older than most of the other students, he was nicknamed "Daddy" by his peers.[8] He was initially an unremarkable student, devoting much of his time to leisure and games, but the next year decided to focus on his studies. "I changed my mind," he later told a biographer, "during an afternoon spent on Dracut Heights [Lowell]. I resolved that I would return to Andover, take hold, and really study."[b][13]

Marsh applied himself to his studies and graduated valedictorian of his class in 1856.[14] In the summers off of school, he prospected for minerals in New York, Massachusetts, and Nova Scotia.[15] Upon gradation, Marsh decided to attend Yale, rather than Harvard, where many of his relatives had attended. He ran his letter to George Peabody asking for the funds by Aunt Judith first, who disapprovingly noted it contained two spelling errors.[16] Peabody agreed to cover Marsh's expenses and give him an allowance for spending money, and Marsh moved to New Haven in September.[17] Marsh was a good student, but not a thrifty one; Aunt Judith, who was in charge of monitoring Marsh while Peabody was in Europe, regularly upbraided her nephew for his lax accounting habits and large expenses.[18][19] Marsh graduated eighth in his class, using a scholarship he won for the best examination in Greek to finance a masters degree from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School, as he developed an interest in becoming a professor of science. While in graduate school, Marsh published his first scientific papers on minerals and vertebrate fossils from his Nova Scotia trips, which possibly inspired Marsh's interest in vertebrate paleontology. He obtained his masters degree in 1862.[18][20]

European travels[edit]

Following school, Marsh declined a professorship at Yale[21][c] and instead took a tour of Europe; it is possible the trip was to avoid being drafted into the American Civil War, although he might have also been disqualified on account of his eyesight.[3] Marsh traveled through England, France, Germany, and Switzerland, studying with or making the acquaintance of prominent scientists such as Heinrich Ernst Beyrich, Wilhelm Peters, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and Henry Woodward. In discussions with his uncle, Marsh convinced the businessman to fund a natural history museum at Yale.[23][24][25] While studying at the University of Berlin in late 1863, the 32-year-old Marsh first met 25-year-old Edward Drinker Cope, who was also on a scientific tour of Europe. Cope had much less formal schooling than Marsh, but had already published thirty-seven papers. The two Americans spent a few days together and would become friends.[26][27]

After a salmon fishing excursion with Peabody in Ireland, Marsh returned to America in July or August 1865.[25][28] Marsh had expected Peabody's gift would have resulted in a position at Yale, but [29] Marsh's interests shifted entirely to paleontology, and after 1869 his other scientific contributions mostly ceased.[21]


Personality and views[edit]

Scientific legacy[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Marsh would not go by his given name outside of childhood, with Othniel omitted from his passport entirely,[2] and preferred "O.C."[3]
  2. ^ Author Mark Jaffe suggests Marsh's sudden change in mindset was sparked by the death of his sister Mary, who died at age 23, almost the same age as his mother.[8]
  3. ^ Biographers Charles Schuchertand Clara Mae LeVene say that the story of the professorship is "probably true" as Marsh included it in an outline of his life, but that there was no confirming record of such an offer.[22]

References[edit]

  1. ^ McCarren 1993, p. 1.
  2. ^ a b Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 15–16.
  3. ^ a b Wilford 1985, p. 112.
  4. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 6–13.
  5. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 13–15.
  6. ^ Grinnell 1910, p. 284.
  7. ^ a b Grinnell 1910, pp. 284–285.
  8. ^ a b c d Jaffe 2000, p. 22.
  9. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 16–18.
  10. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 18.
  11. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 13.
  12. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 20–21.
  13. ^ Grinnell 1910, pp. 285–286.
  14. ^ Grinnell 1910, p. 287.
  15. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 22, 25–27.
  16. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, p. 29.
  17. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, p. 30.
  18. ^ a b Jaffe 2000, p. 23.
  19. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 39–40.
  20. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 41–45.
  21. ^ a b Grinnell 1910, p. 290.
  22. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, p. 47.
  23. ^ Jaffe 2000, pp. 23–24.
  24. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 49, 56–57.
  25. ^ a b Grinnell 1910, p. 291.
  26. ^ Davidson 1997, p. 29.
  27. ^ Jaffe 2000, pp. 11–13.
  28. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, p. 63.
  29. ^ Schuchert & LeVene 1978, pp. 59–60.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Brinkman, Paul (2010). The Second Jurassic Dinosaur Rush: Museums and Paleontology in America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07473-3.
  • Davidson, Jane (1997). The Bone Sharp: The Life of Edward Drinker Cope. Academy of Natural Sciences. ISBN 978-0-910006-53-8.
  • Grinnell, George (1910). "Othniel Charles Marsh". In Jordan, David (ed.). Leading American Men of Science. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-598-75112-6.
  • Jaffe, Mark (2000). The Gilded Dinosaur: The Fossil War Between E. D. Cope and O. C. Marsh and the Rise of American Science. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-517-70760-8.
  • McCarren, Mark J (1993). The Scientific Contributions of Othniel Charles Marsh: Birds, Bones, and Brontotheres. Peabody Museum of Natural History. ISBN 978-0-912532-32-5.
  • Schuchert, Charles; LeVene, Clara Mae (1978). O.C. Marsh: Pioneer in Paleontology. Arno Press. ISBN 978-0-405-10733-7.
  • Wallace, David (1999). The Bonehunters' Revenge: Dinosaurs, Greed, and the Greatest Scientific Feud of the Gilded Age. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-08240-7.
  • Wilford, John Noble (1985). The Riddle of the Dinosaur. New York: Knopf Publishing. ISBN 0-394-74392-X.

External links[edit]

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