User:Emavila123
Nominal Morphology[edit]
Plural[edit]
In the plural nominal morphology a noun doesn't need to take plural form and if it does there needs to be a human to which a phrase is referring to. The plural suffix is -tëjk in Ayutla Mixe.
In Rodrigo Romero - Mendez dissertation paper, A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe (Tukyo’m Ayuujk), he lists the following plural noun examples :
Examples:
[1]a) mëjä’ätyëjk ‘old people’
mëj+jä’äy-tëjk
old.person-PL
mëj+jä’äy = singular
[1]b) anä’äktëjk ‘young people’
anä’äjk-tëjk
young.person-PL
anä’äjk = singular
[1]c) muku’uktëjk ‘fellows’
muku’uk-tëjk
fellow-PL
muku’uk = singular
In Rodrigo Romero - Mendez dissertation paper, A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe (Tukyo’m Ayuujk), he lists the following plural markers with non-nouns:
Examples:
[1]a) to’pktëjk ‘sellers’ (Efa1-1737)
took-p-tëjk
sell-NMLZ-PL
took-p = singular
[1]b) o’kptëjk ‘dead people’ (Efa2H-1345)
ook-p-tëjk
die-NMLZ-PL
ook-p = singular
[1]c) ëxpiktyëjk ‘students’ (Efa1-671, 841)
ëxpëk-y-tëjk
sell-NMLZ-PL
ëxpëk-y =singular
[1]d) ayoojptëjk ‘poor people’ (IrsH-1567)
ayoo-p-tëjk
be.poor-NMLZ-PL
ayoo-p = singular
In Rodrigo Romero - Mendez dissertation paper, A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe (Tukyo’m Ayuujk), he lists the following pluralized Spanish loans words:
Examples:
[1]a) ajent-tëjk ‘officers’ (Efa1-2154)
officer-PL (< agente)
ajent = singular
[1]b) mus-tëjk ‘musicians’ (Efa2-844)
Music-pl (< música)
mus = singular
[1]c) amik-tëjk ‘friends’ (Efa2H-1270)
friend-PL (< amigo)
amik = singular
(Mendez 255)
In Rodrigo Romero - Mendez dissertation paper, A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe (Tukyo’m Ayuujk), he lists the following nouns that don’t accept plurals:
Examples:
[1] a) *mixtyëjk Intended: ‘boys’
[1]b) *kiixtyëjk Intended: ‘girls’
[1]c) *maxu’unktëjk Intended: ‘babies’
Romero - Mendez lists other examples that show plurality by adding -anä’äk to the end:
[1]5. a) mixy-anä’äk ‘boys’
[1]b) kiixy-anä’äk ‘girls’
[1]c) maxu’unk-anä’äk ‘babies’
[1]d) to'oxy-anä'äk ‘women’
[1]a) u'unk-anä'äk ‘children’
[1]b) itsy-anä’äk ‘younger siblings’
[1]c) poj-anä'äk ‘goblins’
Some speakers use the marker -anä’äk for animated nouns and inanimate objects.
[1]6. a) tsäkäj-anä’äk ‘bulls’
[1]b) tutk-anä’äk ‘chickens’
Inanimate objects:
[1]c) pelot-anä'äk ‘balls’ (Efa2-322)
[1]d) sill-anä’äk ‘chairs’
Possessive morphology[edit]
In Ayutla Mixe it expresses possessive morphology by adding the following prefix n - first person singular, m - second person singular, y- third person singular.
Romero - Mendez lists the following examples:
[1]10. a) n-uk ‘my dog’
[1]b) m-uk ‘your dog’
[1]c) y-uk ‘his dog’
There are no articles in Ayutla language to define definiteness.
Adjectives[edit]
Adjectives are modifiers that can help modify a noun. The adjective can be found after the noun, non-verbal predication, secondary prediction, and it rarely found inside the noun phrase.
Romero - Mendez lists the adjective between the noun and demonstrative below:
[1] 39. a) Tu'uk mëjnaxy kipy kyäjpn.
tu’uk mëj-näx+y kipy y-käp-n
one big+INTENS stick 3S-be.stick-PERF;DEP
‘There was a big stick.’ (FrogA-566)
[1]b) Ëxtam yë’ poop tëjkë'n.
ëx+tam yë’ë poop tëjk=ë’n
like DEM.D white house=ADJ
‘Like the white house.’ (Efa1H-1379)
Romero - Mendez lists the adjective after the noun below:
[1]c) Të ëjts n’ixy tu’uk uk mëj. tëë ëjts n-ex-y tu’uk uk mëj
BEFORE.NOW 1SG 1A-see-DEP one dog big
‘I saw a big dog.’
(mendez 273)
Number and numerals in the noun phrase[edit]
In Rodrigo Romero - Mendez dissertation paper, A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe (Tukyo’m Ayuujk) , states, "The NP jä’äy ‘person’ in (42) can be interpreted as having a singular or plural referent." (274).[1]
[1]42. Japëk jä'äy tsyäkäixy.
jajp=ëk jä’äy y-tsäkäj-ex-y
DEIC.D=HEARSAY person 3S-bull-see-DEP
‘A person/people was/were looking after cattle’. (Sfa1L-211)
The examples listed below by the author, Rodrigo Romero- Mendez, are cardinal numerals or ordinal numerals.[1]
[1] a) Nëtëkëëk y'ejty.
në-tëkëëk y-et-y
ANIM-three 3S-exist-DEP
‘There were three (girls).’ (Aur2-1005)
[1] Te’n yä’ät mëtu’uk... yak’ixy.
te’n yä’ät më-tu’uk y-ak-ex-y
V.DEM DEM.P ORD-one 3S-CAUS-see-DEP
‘And that is how we see the first one.’ (FrogG-76)
(Mendez 275)
Possession in NPs[edit]
In order to show possession in a noun phrase, a possessive prefix needs to be placed on the noun its possessing and whoever is doing the possession needs to be before the head noun.[1]
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of a possession in a noun phrase below:
Prefix that shows possession: yë’ë
[1] Yë’ jä’äy tyistyëjk.
yë’ë jä’äy y-tixytyëjk
DEM. M person 3POSS-woman
‘That person’s wife.’ (IreL-64)
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of a head noun only possession below:
[1] a) Jëts, jajp ijty mteexy mtäsu'nk xmëtätta?
Jëts jajp ijty m-teexy m-täs-u'nk xmëët-ät-t=a
and DEIC.D IMPF 2POSS-dish 2POSS-cup-DIM 2A-ASSOC-VRBLZ-PL;DEP=Q
Verbal Morphology[edit]
When the inflectional morphology is removed, one is left with the verb stem. The verbal template = verb stem - then person prefix - then aspect-mood suffix.
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of a stem with the verb root only:
[1] a) mtump
M-tun-p
2S-work-INDEP
‘you work’
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of a derivational morphology:
[1]b) yakkëëpy
y-ak-kë’ë-yp
3S-CAUS-cook-INDEP;TR
‘he cooks it’
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of one or more root:
[1]c) tyemminy
y-tem-men-y 3S-roll-come-DEP
‘it [a ball comes] rolling’ (MoV-G-FG03)
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of incorporating a noun:
[1]d) Yë letsy xojtpëjkp.
yë’ë letsy x-jojt-pëk-p
DEM.M milk 1O[INV]-stomach-hurt-INDEP
‘The milk gave me a stomach ache.’
The author, Romero - Mendez, gives an example of an incorporation of an non-nominal element such as an adjective:
[1]e) kaeymëtyä'kp
Ka-ey-mëtyä’äk-p
NEG-good-tell-INDEP
‘I do not sing well’ (Aur2-Aur2-388)
This is only a schematization and there is no verb that can have all of them.[1]
The author, Romero- Mendez, presents the table below to show all the possible verbal slots in Ayutla Mixe:
| Markers Person | Non-nominal
“Incorporation” |
Motion cum purpose | Directional and locative Reflexive | Reflexive | Causative | Applicative | Benefactive | Incorporation slot | Part | Verbal Root (manner) | MainVerbal Root ( Semantic head) | Roots | Desiderative | INV-PERFPL-AM |
[1] Table 1. Verbal slots in Ayutla Mixe.
The author, Romero- Mendez, shows in the example below the possibility of a maximum of three verbal roots with lexical meaning:[1]
[1] -wejtsëmpejt’ey
wejts-jëmpet-ey
move.general-return-be.good
‘to arrange something by turning it upside down’
The author, Romero- Mendez, shows in the examples below phasal roots encode fine grain aspectual information:
a) Të Carlos tkatyëk uupy
tëë Carlos t-kay-tëk uupy
BEFORE.NOW Carlos 3A-eat-enter[INCH.DEP] amarillito
‘Carlos began eating amarillito (type of meal).’[1]
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