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Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
The table below shows the 18 consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive |
voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate |
voiceless | t͡ʃ | ||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Lateral approximant | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Vowels[edit]
There are 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Vowel allophones[edit]
Below are the allophones of Papuan Malay vowels.[2]
| Phoneme | Allophone |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [ɪ], [e] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʊ], [o] |
| /ɛ/ | [ɛ], [ɛ̞], [ə] |
| /ɔ/ | [ɔ], [ɔ̞] |
| /a/ | [a], [ɐ] |
Vowels in closed syllables are centralized:
| Orthographic | Phonetic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| tinggi | [tɪŋ.gi] | 'be high'[3] |
In the closed syllable [tɪŋ], the phoneme /i/ is realized as [ɪ]. In the open syllable [gi], the phoneme is realized as [i].
References[edit]
Kluge, Angela (2017). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBN 978-3-944675-86-2.
- ^ Kluge 2017, p. 66.
- ^ a b Kluge 2017, p. 71.
- ^ Kluge 2017, p. 77.