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Kokel Culture

According to one theory, the Xiongnu's migration west can be shown via the similarities of the post-Xiongnu Kokel culture (2nd to 4th century CE) in Tuva and that of a population known from the Tien Shan Mountains in modern Kirghizstan have sometimes been identified as an archaeological link between the various Hunnic groups. The graves in Kirghizstan the culture contain burial masks that cover the eyes and mouth in a similar style to those found in Xiongnu graves. However, Sadykov et al. 2021 found that the Kokel culture had to be understood as a largely local development lacking signs of a strict social hierarchy; its material culture differs substantially from that of the Xiongnu. Brosseder, moreover, argues that both the Kokel and the Tien Shan material culture are entirely unlike that found for the European Huns; only single burials in the Tien Shan contain objects resembling those of the European Huns.

Sources

• Benkő, Mihály (1993). "BURIAL MASKS OF EURASIAN MOUNTED NOMAD PEOPLES IN THE MIGRATION PERIOD (1ST MILLENIUM A.D.)". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 46 (2/3): 113–131. JSTOR 23658443.
• Kazanski, Michel (2013). "Barbarian Military Equipment and its Evolution in the Late Roman and Great Migration Periods (3rd–5th C. A.D.)". War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. 8 (1): 493–522. doi:10.1163/9789004252585_016. ISBN 9789004252585.
• Kiss, Attila P. (2014). "Huns, Germans, Byzantines? The Origins of the Narrow Bladed Long Seaxes". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica. 49: 131–164.
• Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). Knight, Max (ed.). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520310773. ISBN 978-0-520-01596-8.
• Rodzińska-Nowak, Judyta (2020). "Early Migration Period Nomadic Finds". In Bursche, Aleksander; Hines, John; Zapolska, Anna (eds.). The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula. Brill. pp. 370–410. doi:10.1163/9789004422421_011.
• Sadykov, Timur; et al. (2021). "The Kokel of Southern Siberia: New data on a post-Xiongnu material culture". PlosOne. 16 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254545.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Symonenko, Olseksandr (2017). "Warfare and Arms of the Early Iron Age Steppe Nomads". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.237.
• Tumen, Dashtseveg (2008). "Anthropology of Archaeological populations from Inner Asia". Mongolian Journal of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology. 4 (1).