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Page move (Separate user mainspace page --> AfC)[edit]
Hi Katiegeha. I just wanted to send you a quick message to let you know that your article, Joseph Geha, has been moved to AfC for review, and can be found at Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Joseph Geha. Feel free to continue making any edits in order to get your article approved. Also, the page User:Katiegeha/Joseph Geha has been marked for speedy deletion as a result of the page move, so do not worry if the page has been deleted (it only holds a redirect). If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page. Cheers, Freebirds Howdy! 17:44, 20 February 2013 (UTC)
Page move (User --> AfC)[edit]
Hi USERNAME. I just wanted to send you a quick message to let you know that your article, NAME, has been moved to AfC for review, and can be found at Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/NAME. Feel free to continue making any edits in order to get your article approved. Also, the page User:NAME has been blacked as a result of the page move, so do not worry if the page has been deleted (it only holds a redirect). If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page. Cheers, SIGN
http://voices.yahoo.com/al-capones-armored-1928-cadillac-was-used-president-365026.html http://forgottenhistoryblog.com/president-roosevelt-used-to-ride-around-in-al-capones-limousine/
Pearl Harbor and declarations of war[edit]
Japan had annexed both Manchuria and Korea by 1937. When Japan occupied northern French Indochina in late 1940, FDR authorized increased aid to the Republic of China, a policy that won widespread popular support. In July 1941, after Japan occupied the remainder of Indo-China, he cut off the sale of oil to Japan which thus lost more than 95 percent of its oil supply. Roosevelt continued negotiations with the Japanese government, primarily through Secretary Hull. Japan Premier Konoye desired a Pacific conference with FDR which U.S. Ambassador Joseph Grew favored, but which Hull opposed. When Kenoye failed to produce diplomatic results, Emperor Hirohito replaced him with Minister of War Tojo.[1] Meanwhile, Roosevelt started sending long-range B-17 bombers to the Pacific.
FDR felt that an attack by the Japanese was probable – most likely in the Dutch East Indies or Thailand.[2] On December 4, 1941, The Chicago Tribune published the complete text of "Rainbow Five", a top-secret war plan drawn up by the War Department. It dealt chiefly with mobilization issues, calling for a 10-million-man army.
The great majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had done a very good job in keeping their secrets. All senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but none expected an attack on Pearl Harbor.[3]
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, destroying or damaging 16 warships, including most of the fleet's battleships, and killing almost 3000 American military personnel and civilians. Later that day, FDR called Churchill to confirm the news, saying "We are all in the same boat now."[4] The President summoned his cabinet to assess events and to review a draft of his speech the next day to Congress. He rejected a suggestion for requesting a declaration of war against Germany in addition to Japan.[5] Roosevelt, seeking a declaration of war against Japan, then delivered to Congress his famous "Infamy Speech" in which he said, "Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." Within an hour of the speech, Congress had passed a declaration of war, as Britain had just hours earlier.[6]
In 1942 Roosevelt set up a new military command structure with Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations in complete control of the Navy and Marines; General George C. Marshall in charge of the Army and in nominal control of the Air Force, which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold. Roosevelt formed a new body, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which made the final decisions on American military strategy.[7] The Joint Chiefs was a White House agency and was chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy, but as the war progressed, Marshall increasingly dominated its deliberations. When dealing with Europe, the Joint Chiefs met with their British counterparts and formed the Combined Chiefs of Staff.[8] Unlike the political leaders of the other major powers, Roosevelt rarely overrode his military advisors.[9] His civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment, but no civilians – not even the secretaries of War or Navy, had a voice in strategy.[10] Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high level diplomacy through his aides, especially Harry Hopkins. Since Hopkins also controlled $50 billion in Lend Lease funds given to the Allies, they paid attention to him.[11]
- ^ Burns (1970), p.134-146.
- ^ Burns (1970), p.159.
- ^ Smith, pp. 523–39.
- ^ Burns (1970), p.163.
- ^ Burns (1970), p.164.
- ^ Burns (1970), p.172.
- ^ John Whiteclay Chambers and Fred Anderson, The Oxford companion to American military history (2000) p 351
- ^ Maurice Matloff et al. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941-42 (1951)
- ^ Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War (1987)
- ^ Though Secretary of War Henry Stimson, controlled decisions about building and the eventual use of the atomic bomb.
- ^ Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (1949)
22nd Texas State Senate[edit]
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