User:Garygo golob/Lower Sava Valley dialect/sandbox

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See also: Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect, Laško subdialect, and Sevnica-Krško subdialect
Lower Sava Valley dialect
puˈsaːu̯sk naˈreːi̯čje
Pronunciationpuˈsaːu̯sk naˈɾɛːi̯t͡ʃjɛ
Native toSlovenia
RegionLower Sava Valley, Central Sava Valley, along the lower stream of Savinja river
EthnicitySlovenes
Early forms
Southeastern Slovene dialect
  • Southern Slovene dialect
    • Lower Carniolan dialect base
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
                Lower Sava Valley dialect.
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

This article uses Logar transcription.

The Lower Sava Valley dialect (Slovene: posavsko narečje [pɔˈsáːwskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ],[1] posavščina[2]) is a Slovene dialect spoken in Central and Lower Sava Valley. It is a transitional dialect between Lower Carniolan and Styrian dialects. It borders Lower Carniolan dialect to the west, Upper Carniolan dialect to the northwest, Central Savinja dialect to the north, Central Styrian dialect to the northeast, Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect to the east, Lower Sutlan Kajkavian dialect to the south, as well as Chakavian and Eastern Herzegovian to the southeast.[3][4][5] It is further divided into three subdialects: the northwestern Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect, northeastern Laško subdialect, and southern Sevnica-Krško subdialect. The dialect belongs to Styrian dialect group and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect base.[3][6]

The subdialects differ mostly by the amount of non-Lower Carniolan features. The Sevnica-Krško subdialect is closest to the Lower Carniolan dialect, while Laško subdialect is the closest to Styrian dialects. Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect is influenced by both Styrian and Upper Carniolan features, and is generally closer to the Standard Slovene because of the immigration to this area.[7]

The dialect is one of the most poorly studied dialects.[8]

Geographical distribution[edit]

Dialect extends over Central and most of Lower Sava Valleys, from Zgornji Log along the Sava river till the national border around Obrežje. It also extends along the lower course of Savinja river from Debro till when it reaches the Sava river and along the Krka river from Kostanjevica na Krki eastwards. The dialect is not spoken in the (north)eastern part of Lower Sava Valley in area arund Brežice, Dobova and Koprivnica, where Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect is spoken. The border with Serbo-Croatian dialects follows the border, except for villages of Črešnjevec, Črneča Vas, Oštrc, Vrbje and Vrtača, where Chakavian is traditionally spoken. The Sevnica-Krško subdialect extends north up to Sopota, Čimerno, Radeče, Žirovnica, Podgorica, and Podgorje ob Sevnični. Laško subdialect extends westwards up to Obrežje pri Zidanem Mostu, Senožete, Rimske Toplice, Trnovo and Zgornja Rečica, while in Klenovo, Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect is already spoken. Notable settlements include Sava, Litija, Polšnik, Zagorje ob Savi, Trbovlje, Hrastnik and Zidani Most in Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect, Rimske Toplice and Laško in Laško subdialect, and Radeče, Loka pri Zidanem Mostu, Dolenji Boštanj, Sevnica, Blanca, Brestanica, Senovo, Krško, Studenec, Leskovec pri Krškem, Raka, Cerklje ob Krki, Podbočje and Kostanjevica ob Krki in Sevnica-Krško subdialect.[3][5]

Accentual changes[edit]

The dialect differs quite a bit regarding the accentual changes, however the thing they have in common (and is also one of the defining things separating it from Lower Carniolan dialect) is that pitch accent has been lost, as in all other Styrian dialects. The dialect is in late stages of losing length distinctions as all short vowels tend to lengthen. In Kostanjevica ob Krki, short vowels are still more often represented by a short vowel, in Stržišče only schwa (ə) can be short and all are long in Laško.

It has undergone the *ženȁ → *žèna shift, which is true for both Styrian and Lower Carniolan dialects. It has also undergone the *məglȁ → *mə̀gla accent shift and as opposed to Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect, it is consistent.[9] Most of the dialect also underwent *visȍk > *vìsok shift, but only western parts of the Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect have undergone it in most words and Sevnica-Krško subdialect does not apply it consistently. In Kostanjevica ob Krki, those examples are rare (e.g. ˈdəkle).[10] There is also partial or full morphologization of accent (see section morphology).

Phonology[edit]

The dialect has older Lower Carniolan features combined with younger Styrian features.[11] It can be differentiated from other Styrian dialects primarily by having the same reflexes for Alpine Slovene long and non-final short vowels due to the early lengthening in Lower Carniolan base (except for ō/ò-, which also have different reflexes in other Lower Carniolan dialects) and a reflex for Alpine Slavic long *ə̄ (other Syrian dialects have e reflex, except for southern Central Savinja and Kozje-Bizeljsko dialects).[12]

Alpine Slavic *ě̄ evolved into eːi̯ or has further simplified into ẹː or ḙː, particularly in Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect. Vowels *ę̄ and *ē merged and have iːe reflex. Nasal *ǭ and non-final short *ò- have merged and have uːọ reflex, in Laško the reflex can be also uːo or oː. Long *ō merged with *ū and is usually pronounced as uː. In some areas, however, it is pronounced as u̧ or even as uːu̯ in some microdialects. Similar evolution also happened to *ī. Secondarily stressed *e and *o turned into i̯eː and u̯oː, respectively, in Trbovlje microdialect the first turned into i̯ȧ. Syllabic *ł̥̄ turned into oːu and *r̥̄ turned into ə(ː)r, rarely into a(ː)r. Secondarily stresses *ə can also have the same reflexes as secondarily stressed *e.[13][14][15]

Short stressed vowels tend to lengthen and sometimes also diphthongize. Short stressed *ȉ and *ȕ lengthened into iː (or sometimes eː) and uː in the east, but turned into *ə in the west. There is limited akanye (*o/ǫ → *a), more common is ukanye (change to u), which is really prominent in Laško subdialect. Many unstressed vowels got reduced to ə, particularly in the west. Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect also has syllabic sonorants l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥, which formed after the neighbouring unstressed vowels dissapeared.[16][17][18]

Palatal *ĺ merged with *l, while palatal *ń has different reflexes (n, j) varying between microdialects and different positions, but j is more common. Final non-sonorants got devoiced and cluster šč simplified into š, except at the beginning of a word in Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect. The *l turned everywhere, except before *i and *u into dark interdental [l̪͆] in Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect. Clusters črě-, žrě- retain the r in some words and in some not.[19][20][21][22]

Morphology[edit]

There is strong masculinization of neuter present and feminization in plural (but the latter is rare in Laško subdialect). Long infinitive without final -i is used, except in parts of Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect, where short infinitive is used. Verbs do not follow the -a-ti -je-m paradigm common for Styrian dialects (e.g. umivati → umivljem 'wash') often. In Laško subdialect, mobile accent on nouns is retained and mixed is still present, although sometimes lost. In other two subdialects, the mixed and ending accent was completely lost because of morphologization of accent. Dialect has at least in Trbovlje-Zagorje subdialect Styrian ending -ma instead of -va for verbs in first person dual.[23][24]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Smole, Vera (1998). "Slovenska narečja". Enciklopedija Slovenije. Vol. 12. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. pp. 1–5.
  2. ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1994. "Fran Ramovš kot narečjeslovec." Slavistična revija 42: 159–170, p. 168.
  3. ^ a b c "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  4. ^ Kapović, Mate (2015). Vukušić, Luka (ed.). Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika [History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska. pp. 40–46. ISBN 978-953-150-971-8.
  5. ^ a b Eterović, Ivana (2019). "Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja čakavskih govora na području Ćićarije u Republici Sloveniji". In Šekli, Matej; Rezoničnik, Lidija (eds.). Slovenski jezik in njegovi sosedje (PDF) (in Croatian). Novo Mesto: Zveza društev Slavistično društvo Slovenije. p. 195. ISBN 978-961-6715-29-4.
  6. ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
  7. ^ Ramovš (1935:133–134)
  8. ^ Zemljak Jontes (2001:349)
  9. ^ Šekli (2018:311–314)
  10. ^ From examples in Škofic (2016:300, 304), T278, T297–T308. The visȍk → vìsok accent shift is not mentioned in Smole (1999:69), so it is probably rare.
  11. ^ Zorko, Zinka (1999). "Štajerska narečja". Enciklopedija Slovenije. Vol. 13. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. p. 132.
  12. ^ Šekli (2018:340–345)
  13. ^ Medved & Smole (2005:73–76)
  14. ^ Smole (1999:67)
  15. ^ Zemljak Jontes (2001:354–356)
  16. ^ Medved & Smole (2005:75–77)
  17. ^ Smole (1999:67–69)
  18. ^ Zemljak Jontes (2001:356–357)
  19. ^ Medved & Smole (2005:77–78)
  20. ^ Ramovš (1935:133–134)
  21. ^ Smole (1999:69)
  22. ^ Zemljak Jontes (2001:357–358)
  23. ^ Medved & Smole (2005:78)
  24. ^ Smole (1999:70)

References[edit]

  • Korošec, Tomo (2007). Maček, Jože (ed.). Govor mesta Laško (in Slovenian). Laško: Knjižnica Laško. pp. 143–156. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  • Medved, Aleksandra; Smole, Vera (2005). Čeh, Jožica; Jesenšek, Marko; Rajh, Bernard (eds.). Trboveljski govor in rudarska kuharska leksika. Zora 32 (in Slovenian). Maribor: Slavistično društvo Maribor. pp. 69–88. ISBN 961-6320-26-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Ramovš, Fran (1935). Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika [Historical grammar of the Slovene language]. VII. Dialekti (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani.
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