User:Grasshoppurr/sandbox

Grasshoppurr/sandbox
In Morro Bay, California, USA
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Rallidae
Genus:	Rallus
Species:	R. limicola
Binomial name
Rallus limicola Vieillot, 1819

The Virginia rail (Rallus limicola) is a small waterbird, of the family Rallidae. These birds remain fairly common despite continuing loss of habitat, but are secretive by nature and more often heard than seen.

Description

Adults are mainly brown, darker on the back and crown, with orange-brown legs. To walk through dense vegetation, they have evolved a laterally compressed body and strong forehead feathers adapted to withstand wear from pushing through vegetation. Virginia rails have the highest ratio of leg-muscle to flight-muscle of all birds (25% - 15% of body weight respectively). They have long toes used to walk on floating vegetation. Their tail is short and they have a long slim reddish bill. Their cheeks are grey, with a light stripe over the eye and a whitish throat. Chicks are black. Juveniles are blackish brown on upperparts with rufous on the edge of feathers and brownish bill and legs. Their underparts are dark brown to black, while the face is grayish brown. Both sexes are very similar, with females being slightly smaller. Adults measure 20-27 cm, with a wingspan of 32-38 cm, and usually weigh 65-95 g.

Taxonomy

The Virginia rail is in the genus Rallus, a genus of other long-billed rails. It is thought to be closely related to R. semiplumbeus and R. antarcticus. There currently four recognized species of Rallus limicola:

• R. l. limicola Vieillot, 1819
• R. l. friedmanni Dickerman, 1966
• R. l. aequatorialis Sharpe, 1894
• R. l. meyerdeschauenseei Fjeldså, 1990

The southern subspecies R. l. aequatorialis is sometimes considered its own species, the Ecuadorian rail (Rallus aequatorialis).

Habitat and Distribution

The Virginia rail lives in freshwater and brackish marshes, sometimes salt marshes in winter. Northern populations migrate to the southern United States and Central America. On the Pacific coast, some are permanent residents. Its breeding habitat is marshes from Nova Scotia to California and North Carolina, also in Central America andSouth America.

Behavior

The Virginia rail can swim and dive using its wings to propel themselves. This behavior is thought to be only to escape potential predators.

Vocalizations

This bird has a number of calls, including a harsh kuk kuk kuk, usually heard at night.

Diet

The Virginia rail probe with its bill in mud or shallow water, also picking up food by sight. It mainly eat insects and other aquatic invertebrates, like beetles, flies, dragonflies, crayfish, snails and earthworms. They can also eat aquatic animals like frogs, fish and some small snakes, as well as seeds.

Reproduction

Courtship starts around may. The male will raise his wings and run back and forth next to the female. Both sexes bow, and the male feeds the female. Virginia rails are monogamous. Both parents build the nest and care for the young. They make nest baskets out of woven vegetation, using plants like cattails, reeds and grasses. They also build dummy nests around the marsh. They nest near the base of emergent vegetation in areas with vegetation creating a canopy above the nest. The female lays 4 to 13 eggs, then the parents feed the young for 2-3 weeks, when the chicks become independent. The young can fly in less than a month.