User:Harjot Bhandol/sandbox
 | This is a user sandbox of Harjot Bhandol. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
EOSC475 (LINK TO AUREOUMBRA ARTICLE: User:Nexick82/sandbox[edit]
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Assignment 5(MICB301)
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents[edit]
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are inorganic or organic substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. These chemotactic ligands create chemical concentration gradients that organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, move toward or away from, respectively.[1]
Effects of chemoattractants are elicited via chemoreceptors such as methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP).[2] MCPs in E.coli include Tar, Tsr, Trg and Tap.[3] Chemoattracttants to Trg include ribose and galactose with phenol as a chemorepellent. Tap and Tsr recognize dipeptides and serine as chemoattractants, respectively.[3]
Chemoattractants or chemorepellents bind MCPs at its extracellular domain; an intracellular signaling domain relays the changes in concentration of these chemotactic ligands to downstream proteins like that of CheA which then relays this signal to flagellar motors via phosphorylated CheY (CheY-P).[2] CheY-P can then control flagellar rotation influencing the direction of cell motility.[2]
For E.coli, S. meliloti, and R. spheroids, the binding of chemoattractants to MCPs inhibit CheA and therefore CheY-P activity, resulting in smooth runs, but for B. substilis, CheA activity increases.[2] Methylation events in E.coli cause MCPs to have lower affinity to chemoattractants which causes increased activity of CheA and CheY-P resulting in tumbles.[2] In this way cells are able to adapt to the immediate chemoattractant concentration and detect further changes to modulate cell motility.[2]
Chemoattractants in eukaryotes are well characterized for immune cells. Formyl peptides, such as N-formylmethioninyl, attract leukocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages, causing movement toward infection sites.[4]. Non-acylated methioninyl peptides do not act as chemoattractants to neutrophils and macrophages.[4] Leukocytes also move toward chemoattractants C5a, a complement component, and pathogen-specific ligands on bacteria.[4]
Mechanisms concerning chemorepellents are less known than chemoattractants. Although chemorepellents work to confer an avoidance response in organisms, Tetrahymena thermophila adapt to a chemorepellent, Netrin-1 peptide, within 10 minutes of exposure; however, exposure to chemorepellents such as GTP, PACAP-38, and nociceptin show no such adaptations.[5] . GTP and ATP are chemorepellents in micro-molar concentrations to both Tetrahymena and Paramecium. These organisms avoid these molecules by producing avoiding reactions to re-orient themselves away from the gradient.[6]. Harjot Bhandol (talk) 23:35, 19 November 2017 (UTC)
ASSIGNMENT 3
Original - Chemotaxis
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents[edit]
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are inorganic or organic substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. Effects of chemoattractants are elicited via described or hypothetic chemotaxis receptors, the chemoattractant moiety of a ligand is target cell specific and concentration dependent. Most frequently investigated chemoattractants are formyl peptides and chemokines. Responses to chemorepellents result in axial swimming and they are considered a basic motile phenomena in bacteria. The most frequently investigated chemorepellents are inorganic salts, amino acids, and some chemokines
Edit - Chemotaxis
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents[edit]
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are inorganic or organic substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. Chemoattractants and chemorepellents create chemical concentration gradients that organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, move toward or away from, respectively.[7] Effects of chemoattractants are elicited via described or hypothetic chemotaxis receptors, the chemoattractant moiety of a ligand is target cell specific and concentration dependent.[7] Chemoattractants include formyl peptides, such as N-formylmethioninyl peptides which attract leukocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages, and chemokines such as CXCL8 which is secreted by macrophages and acts to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection.[8] [9]. Non-acylated methioninyl peptides do not act as chemoattractants to neutrophils and macrophages.[9] Leukocytes also move toward chemoattractants C5a, a complement component, and ligands on bacteria.[9] For Escherichia coli, chemoattractants include amino acids such as serine and aspartic acid, and carbohydrates such as ribose and galactose.[9] Responses to chemotactic ligands in E.coli may result in axial swimming or tumbling.[7]
Although chemorepellents work to confer an avoidance response in organisms, Tetrahymena thermophila adapt to a chemorepellent, Netrin-1 peptide, within 10 minutes of exposure; however, exposure to chemorepellents such as GTP, a triphosphate nucleoside, PACAP-38, a peptide, and nociceptin, a neuropeptide, show no such adaptations.[10] . GTP and ATP are chemorepellents in micro-molar concentrations to both Tetrahymena and Paramecium. These organisms avoid these molecules by producing avoiding reactions to re-orient themselves away from the gradient.[11]. Harjot Bhandol (talk) 17:55, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
References[edit]
- ^ Xu, Feifei; Bierman, Robert; Healy, Frank; Nguyen, Hoa. "A multi-scale model of Escherichia coli chemotaxis from intracellular signaling pathway to motility and nutrient uptake in nutrient gradient and isotropic fluid environments". Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 71: 2466–2478 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ a b c d e f Szurmant, Hendrik; Ordal, George W. (1 June 2004). "Diversity in Chemotaxis Mechanisms among the Bacteria and Archaea". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 68 (2): 301–319. doi:10.1128/MMBR.68.2.301-319.2004. ISSN 1092-2172.
- ^ a b Yamamoto, K.; Macnab, R. M.; Imae, Y. (1990). "Repellent response functions of the Trg and Tap chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (1): 383–388. ISSN 0021-9193.
- ^ a b c Shiffmann, Elliot; Corcoran, Barbara; Wahl, Sharon (March 1975). "N-Formylmethionyl Peptides as Chemoattractants for Leucocytes" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (3): 1059 -1062.
- ^ Kuruvilla, Heather; Schmidt, Bradley; Song, Stephanie; Bhajjan, Marian; Merical, Matthew; Alley, Caleb; Griffin, Christopher; Yoder, David; Hein, Josephine; Kohl, Daniel; Puffenberger, Cambria; Petroff, David; Newcomer, Elise; Good, Kortney; Heston, Graham; Hurtubise, Anna (2016). "Netrin-1 Peptide Is a Chemorepellent inTetrahymena thermophila". International Journal of Peptides. 2016: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2016/7142868. ISSN 1687-9767.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hennessey, ToddM. (17 March 2005). "Responses of the ciliates Tetrahymena and Paramecium to external ATP and GTP". Purinergic Signalling. 1 (2): 101–110. doi:10.1007/s11302-005-6213-1.
- ^ a b c Xu, Feifei; Bierman, Robert; Healy, Frank; Nguyen, Hoa. "A multi-scale model of Escherichia coli chemotaxis from intracellular signaling pathway to motility and nutrient uptake in nutrient gradient and isotropic fluid environments". Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 71: 2466–2478 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ de Oliveira, Sofia; Reyes-Aldasoro, Constantino C.; Candel, Sergio; Renshaw, Stephen A.; Mulero, Victoriano; Calado, Angelo (15 April 2013). "Cxcl8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the zebrafish inflammatory response". Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 190 (8): 4349–4359. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1203266. ISSN 1550-6606.
- ^ a b c d Shiffmann, Elliot; Corcoran, Barbara; Wahl, Sharon (March 1975). "N-Formylmethionyl Peptides as Chemoattractants for Leucocytes" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (3): 1059 -1062.
- ^ Kuruvilla, Heather; Schmidt, Bradley; Song, Stephanie; Bhajjan, Marian; Merical, Matthew; Alley, Caleb; Griffin, Christopher; Yoder, David; Hein, Josephine; Kohl, Daniel; Puffenberger, Cambria; Petroff, David; Newcomer, Elise; Good, Kortney; Heston, Graham; Hurtubise, Anna (2016). "Netrin-1 Peptide Is a Chemorepellent inTetrahymena thermophila". International Journal of Peptides. 2016: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2016/7142868. ISSN 1687-9767.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hennessey, ToddM. (17 March 2005). "Responses of the ciliates Tetrahymena and Paramecium to external ATP and GTP". Purinergic Signalling. 1 (2): 101–110. doi:10.1007/s11302-005-6213-1.