User:Jähmefyysikko/sandbox

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Problems[edit]

General structure of Uralic mythologies

Sources[edit]

Other sandboxes[edit]

Ugrians[edit]

Uralic languages at early 20th century
Areas of Uralic protolanguages. "Ugric" denotes the Ugric Sprachbund. The map includes the contemporary state borders.

The Ugrians or Ugors[2] were the pre-historic linguistic ancestors of the present-day Hungarians and the Khanty and Mansi peoples.[3][4][5] The name is sometimes also used in a modern context as a cover term for these three peoples.[6][7]

The Khanty and the Mansi are collectively known as the Ob-Ugrians. They are ethnographically close to each other and live in geographic proximity with each other in the Ob River basin in Western Siberia (mostly in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs).[7]

Most Hungarians on the other hand live in Hungary in the Central Europe. They are ethnographically and culturally distant from the Ob-Ugrians, and are only related to them by a weak linguistic connection.[7]

History[edit]

Khanty, Mansi and Hungarian languages are all Uralic languages. They are not particularly close, but still share a number of phonological and morphological features, as well as a vocabulary of about 150 words, some of which are related to horsemanship. Khanty and Mansi share a much larger vocabulary, about 400 words. According to the traditional view in Uralic linguistics, the three languages form the Ugric branch of the Uralic family. Khanty and Mansi together form the Ob-Ugric subbranch of the Ugric languages. (See Uralic languages § Classification.). [ugric general]

However, the attempts to reconstruct either the Proto-Ugric or Proto-Ob-Ugric language have not been successful, and the status of the Ugric and Ob-Ugric is now contested. To explain the common features, many Uralists consider that although the three Ugric languages do not necessarily share a common ancestor, they formed a common Sprachbund, influencing each other via areal contact. The original home of the Proto-Ugric languages (either in the traditional or Sprachbund sense) is usually located in Southwestern Siberia, at the margin of the Eurasian steppe.

The divergence of the Ugric languages from each other is considered to have happened around 1000 BC due to steppe migrations and climate changes. Due to these factors, the speakers of Ob-Ugric languages began to move northwards, eventually arriving to their present-day location in the Ob river basin. They merged with the hunter-gatherer people of the taiga. In historical times, they have been in contact with Samoyedic, Turkic, and Komi.

The Ob-Ugric peoples are mentioned in written sources from XXth century onwards. The East Slavic Laurentius chronicle...

The traditional Khanty-speaking areas are located in the ... while the Mansi is traditionally spoken ... The Ob-Ugric languages show a number of contacts with other languages. After the colonization of Siberia, Russian influence has been significant, and today most of the Khanty and Mansi are bilingual in Russian. [ugric general]

After the Ugric divergence, the speakers of Proto-Hungarian began to move westwards, adopting a half-nomadic steppe culture. Not much is known about them or their movements until they arrive in the Pannonian Basin in the 9th century. There is evidence of a lexical contact with Iranian and Turkic, and possibly Permic languages. The number of West Old Turkic loanwords in Hungarian is high, and they seem to have been in a close and prolonged contact with Turkic peoples during this period. (See Hungarian prehistory) [ugric general]

Yugria problem[edit]

The present-day term Ugrian is based on two sources: the term Yugria which historically applied to Ob-Ugrians, and the old Russian ethnonym Ugry for the Hungarians. The relation between these terms has been debated.

The name Yugra appears in Arab-Persian geographical texts in the 11-13th centuries. These writings mention a northern people called Yura or Yugra, with whom the Volga Bulgars carry a silent trade for furs. During the 11th century, the name Yugra also appears in Russian sources, designating a people and their territory. These people are mentioned to share a border with the Samoyeds, and they can be identified with the Khanty and Mansi peoples. The exact location of Yugra varies in the Russian sources, and is apparently associated with the various locations in which the Russians encountered the Khanty and Mansi. In the early sources, it is located on the western foothills of the Ural mountains, but when the Russians reach the Ob river in the 14th century, the location shifts east. The usage of the term Yugra ceases in the 16th century, and the separate ethnonyms Ostyaks and Vogul are adopted for the Khanty and Mansi. It survives in geographical names.[8]

By the middle of the 15th century, Muscovy manages the subjugate the Yugra after multiple campaigns, and Ivan III, the Grand Prince of Moscow, adds "Grand Prince of Yugra" to his title. During this time, the Western World and the Papacy are also becoming increasingly interested in the Muscovy affairs, establishing diplomatic missions and embassies.

The scholarly term "Ugric," encompassing the Magyar, Vogul, and Ostyak peoples, is used even though "we have no evidence whatsoever that the peoples designated by it knew each other or were applied to by their neighbors during their former coexistence". And he adds that this term is "saturated with historical air and a sense of blurred connections."[9]

Miklós Zsirai [hu] discussed the etymology and suggested that both words originate from Onogur.

István Vásáry [hu] disagrees with Zsirai...[8]

András Róna-Tas offers his own take on the matter.

Gábor Gyóni [hu] does not consider the matter closed.

The term Ob-Ugric was introduced by the linguist August Ahlqvist who studied the Khanty and Mansi peoples in the 1880s.[10] A predecessor of this category can be found in 1823 article by Julius Klaproth, who classifies the Ugric languages into two groups: Hungarian (German: Uguren, Onoguren, Ungern) and 'Yugrian' (German: Jugrien, Jugorien), comprising the Khanty and Mansi languages.

László Honti [hu] summarizes much of this very concisely and provides translations of Zsirai. He quotes Zsirai: "The technical term Ugric — bracketing Hungarian, Vogul and Ostyak together — is also used on the assumption that the old names Ugra, Jugria meaning Vogul and Ostyak have a common origin with ungri, Hungaria etc." (Zsirai 1937, 142–143)

The term Ugric peoples (Swedish: Ugriska folken) as a collective designation for the three peoples was used in 1850s by Matthias Castrén.[11][12][13] Earlier, Julius Klaproth had used the term Ugrian Finns in his magnum opus Asia Polyglotta (1828). The term Finno-Ugric was popularized starting from Otto Donner's work in 1870s [hajdu] The term Ugric became commonplace designation for the three ethnic groups and their languages in the early 20th century, following the works of Heikki Paasonen (1902), József Pápay [hu] (1922) and Eemil Nestor Setälä (1926).[9]


[14]

In beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (latinized form of the name) and Ugry, an Old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians, was noted. Yugra has since then been often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and Ugry is disputed. The establishment of the name Ugric for the language family which includesKhanty and Mansi and Hungarian, was based on the assumption that the two words share the same origin.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Vanderbilt, David (2018-10-31). Berry Phases in Electronic Structure Theory: Electric Polarization, Orbital Magnetization and Topological Insulators. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316662205. ISBN 978-1-316-66220-5.
  2. ^ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
  3. ^ Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. p. 97,319. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
  4. ^ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
  5. ^ Skribnik, Elena; Laakso, Johanna (2022). "Ugric: General introduction". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 523–524. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
  6. ^ Hajdú, Péter (1975). Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples. London: Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96552-9.
  7. ^ a b c Wixman, Ronald (1984). The peoples of the USSR : an ethnographic handbook. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-585-23536-3. Cite error: The named reference "USSR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Vásáry, István (1982). "The 'Yugria' Problem". In Róna-Tas, András (ed.). Chuvash studies. Bibliotheca orientalis hungarica. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-963-05-2851-1.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference hajdu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Ahlqvist, August (1882). Tutkimus sivistyssanoista obilais-ugrilaisten kansojen kielissä (in Finnish). Frenckell. The German translation Über die Kulturwörter der obisch-ugrischen Sprachen was published posthumously in 1890.
  11. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Ugrische Völker«. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Band 19. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  12. ^ "Finno-Ugrian", 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. Volume 10, retrieved 2024-02-10 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Castren, Matthias Alexander (1857). Nordiska resor och forskningar: Ethnologiska föreläsningar öfver altaiska folken (in Swedish). Finska Litteratur-Sällskapets Tryckeri.
  14. ^ Praline 1969, p. 16.

References[edit]

Groups of Finno-Ugric nations identified by language (west to east):
Pinks: Sami
Blues: Baltic Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Perm Finns

Finnic peoples[edit]

The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who [...], and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River.

The scope of the terms "Finn" and "Finnic" varies by context. They can refer to the Baltic Finns of Finland, Scandinavia, Estonia and Northwest Russia. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes four groups:[1] the Baltic Finns, the Sami of northern Fennoscandia, and the Volga Finns and Perm Finns of Russia.[2] The last two include the Finnic peoples of the Komi-Permyak Okrug and the four Russian republics of Komi, Mari El, Mordovia and Udmurtia.[3] The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sami (100,000).[4]

The Finnic peoples are sometimes called Finno-Ugric, uniting them with the Ugrians, or Uralic, uniting them also with the Samoyeds. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.[5]

Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.[citation needed]

Ugri[edit]

First sources that mention the possible connection between the Hungarians and the Ob-Ugrians date from the 15th and 16th centuries. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (later Pope Pius II) mentions in his Cosmographia that there exists an idol-worshipping people in Scythia, who speak "the same language" as the Hungarians. However, it is unclear whether this refers to the Yugra (the name for Ob-Ugrians in East Slavic chronicles). Clearer statements were made by Julius Pomponius Laetus and Maciej Miechowita, who


The name Uralic derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (Urheimat) hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains. It was first proposed as an ethnonym Uralier (in German) by Julius Klaproth in Asia Polyglotta (1823). The original conception did not include the Samoyed peoples.[6][7]

Sources[edit]

Basic examples[edit]
  • Potential step (evanescent wave only)
  • Step barrier and wave packet
  • Double quantum well
  • Hydrogen atom

Advanced[edit]

Sources[edit]

  • (Wolf, p.2) for continuity of the wave function despite the discontinuity of the potential
  • (Taylor [7]) Resonant tunneling - conduction in crystalline solids
  • (Taylor [8], Ch. 7.10, p.234) General concept of tunneling
  • (Girvin & Yang, Appendix) Tunneling between two quantum wells in second quantized language, hopping as tunneling p.117
  • Advanced bibliography: Kleinert 1995, pp. 794-6

Band theory[edit]

Refs[edit]

  1. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1994) [1990]. "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  2. ^ Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  3. ^ Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  4. ^ "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  6. ^ Klaproth, Julius (1823). Asia Polyglotta (in German). Paris: A. Schubart. p. 182.
  7. ^ Stipa, Günter Johannes (1990). Finnisch-ugrische Sprachforschung von der Renaissance bis zum Neupositivismus (PDF). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in German). Vol. 206. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 294.
  8. ^ Taylor, John R. (John Robert) (2004). Modern physics for scientists and engineers. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-805715-2.

HH[edit]

MIV[edit]

  • Magnus II Eriksson [8]
  • Magnus IV Eriksson [9]
  • Magnus Eriksson (no numeral given anywhere) - [10][11][12]
  • Magnus III - Ulf Sundberg in Medeltidens svenska krig

MII[edit]

List of Kings: [17]


When Magnus died in 1290, he was buried in the Greyfriars Monastery in Stockholm, in the Riddarholmen Church. Where Hedwig was buried was not recorded. Riddarholmen Church was expanded and a [hautamuistomerkki] was erected on the tomb in the 16th century by King John III. When the tomb of Magnus Ladulås was opened in 1914–1920, it was found that it contains multiple skeletons, 5 men, 2 female, and a child. The skeletons were studied by the antropologist Carl Magnus Fürst who identified the female skeletons as Queen Hedwig and her daughter Richeza. Their skulls were found to be artificially deformed. Queen Hedwig had undergone bandaging and deformation as a girl in her native Holstein, where the custom was practised at the time. She also performed it on her daughter, but the custom did not continue after that in Sweden or Denmark.[1] These conclusions ... in 2011 when the tomb was opened again and the skeletons were radiocarbon dated.[2]

  1. ^ Folke Henschen (1966). The Human Skull: A Cultural History. ‎ Thames & Hudson. p. 82-83.
  2. ^ "Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens årsbok". www.vitterhetsakademien.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
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