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Curly top is the name of a number of viral plant diseases, many of which affect food crops. They are often caused by curtoviruses (genus Curtovirus), members of the virus family Geminiviridae.
Curly top is characterized by stunting of the plant and deformation of leaves and fruit. The petioles and blades of the leaves curl, twist, and become discolored.[1]
- Beet curly top virus causes curly top disease in beets and is carried by the beet leafhopper. The term curly top virus often refers to this specific virus.[1] It can also cause curly top in tomatoes, beans, cucurbits, and other crops.[2]
- Curly top disease in spinach can be caused by the beet curly top virus, the pepper curly top virus,[3] or the recently described spinach curly top virus.[4]
- Other curly top curtoviruses include beet severe curly top virus, beet mild curly top virus, and horseradish curly top virus.[4] The newly discovered turnip curly top virus may also be a species of curtovirus.[5]
Common carriers[edit]
The most common plants to carry the curly virus are beets, tomatoes, spinach, peppers, beans, potatoes, cucurbits, many ornamentals, and weeds such as Russian thistle (tumbleweed) and mustard. [6] These are not the only plants to carry this, in fact, a total of 44 plant families and 300 species[7] are susceptible to it. [8] Sugar beets are the most common carriers of the disease, for which the alternative name of the disease, beet curly top virus (BCTV), is derived from. [9]
Transmission[edit]
Curly top virus is transmitted by the sugar beet leafhopper (Curculifer tennelus)[10] throughout arid and semi-arid locations. [11]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Goldberg, N. P. Curly Top Virus. Guide H-106. College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. New Mexico State University.
- ^ Curly Top Disease of Tomato. Entomology and Plant Pathology. Oklahoma State University.
- ^ Diseases of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Arizona. Arizona Extension Plant Pathology.
- ^ a b Baliji, S., et al. (2004). Spinach curly top virus: A newly described curtovirus species from southwest Texas with incongruent gene phylogenies. Phytopathology 94(7) 772-79.
- ^ Briddon, R. W., et al. (2010). Turnip curly top virus, a highly divergent geminivirus infecting turnip in Iran. Virus Research 152(1–2) 169–75.
- ^ http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H106/
- ^ http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H106/
- ^ https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/treating-curly-top-virus.htm
- ^ http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H106/
- ^ http://plantdiseasehandbook.tamu.edu/problems-treatments/problems-affecting-multiple-crops/curly-top-virus/
- ^ http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H106/
Category:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
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The Education Justice Project is a project of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to "build a model college-in-prison program that demonstrates the positive impacts of higher education upon incarcerated people, their families, the communities from which they come, the host institution, and society as a whole."[1]
Scholarships[edit]
Every year, the education justice program offers scholarships that are up to $500 for family members who have someone involved in the project.
Support systems[edit]
The education justice project has created a program that can support and motivate family members that are involved in the program. On the third Monday of every month, the education justice project invites members with loved ones in prison, to come together for what they hope is a supportive gathering. This is a time where people who have experienced jail first hand can provide those who have not, with knowledge that can help them. Question may be asked during this meeting, and can lead to a better understanding of what their loved ones are going through. Many people know this gathering as The Ripple Effect. [2]
Application process and requirements[edit]
The education justice program accepts work applications in the fall, as well as in spring. Workshop facilitators, writing tutors, and much more are encouraged to get involved. While your contribution goes unpaid, the program greatly appreciates your help. In order to volunteer, each participant must have a Bachelors degree, however, undergraduates may have an opportunity to become an intern. The education justice program believes that maturity and an understanding of the social context are important when helping in the program. While anyone is welcomed, those who have strong social skills and are capable of working with diverse crowds are highly recommended. An extensive prison clearance must be completed, however, if you have a criminal record or have recently visited someone in an Illinois state prison, you will be declined to volunteer.
Donating[edit]
The education justice program greatly relies on donations, and encourages people to help if they can. The three sources of funds for them is the University of Illinois, grants, and private donations. Approximately 25% of the donations they receive are from private donations. The estimated value of donated time on the part of faculty, graduate students, staff, and community members amounted to more than $200,000.[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Education Justice Project". Education Justice Project. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
- ^ http://www.educationjustice.net/home/
- ^ http://www.educationjustice.net/home/get-involved/donate-to-ejp/
Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Category:Education in Illinois Category:Adult education Category:Prisons in Illinois
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GEO Foundation is a blueprint for the support and funding of American charter schools.
Currently, there are four such schools in the United States. Fall Creek Academy and Fountain Square Academy, are located in Indianapolis, Indiana. 21st Century Charter School of Gary is located in Gary, Indiana, and Pikes Peak Prep located in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Two more schools are proposed to open soon. Those schools are Gary Middle College, and South Bend Career Academy.
The curriculum at all four schools is centered on self-directed learning and is facilitated by a computer program called the A+ Learning System. This program is a completely computer-based learning system in which students take various exams to determine their introductory level of knowledge. A curriculum supervisor then adds lessons to each student's personalized account. Students then complete these lessons at their own pace. Each lesson ends with an exam which serves to certify a student for the next lesson.[citation needed]
Mission[edit]
The GEO Foundation strives to break the cycle of poverty by providing students and families with access to quality educational options in impoverished neighborhoods. The foundation reaches this goal by starting, supporting, and managing high-quality charter schools in different areas of the country.
History The GEO Foundation, a non-profit 501(c) 3 research and educational institution, was founded under the leadership of President Kevin Teasley in June 1998.[citation needed] The GEO foundation recognizes that reaching the national level takes time, and believes that starting at the local level is best.
Publicity[edit]
The GEO foundation has been featured on numerous magazines. In the year of 2007, the GEO foundation had a full page in Forbes magazine. News coverage and working with fellow foundations has been a factor for GEO. GEO has been the subject of two front-page stories in the New York Times, and there have been numerous news accounts in the Indianapolis Star, Denver Post, and Colorado Springs Gazette.[1] Stanford University has published reports showing GEO Academies to be in the top 25% of the country in terms of academic growth. [2]
Board of directors[edit]
Vicki Perry - Chair Founder/CEO Advantage Health Care Network
Tom Zupancic - Treasurer Senior Vice President Indianapolis Colts
John Gottsman President & CEO The Clarity Group
Jeff Ready CEO Scale
Kevin Teasley President/CEO GEO Foundation
External links[edit]
Category:Charter schools in the United States
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