User:Jgcab/sandbox/sandbox

This is a list of people associated with the University of Calgary.

• 3.1Nobel Prize graduates and faculty members
• 3.2Academy Award graduates
• 3.3Pulitzer Prize graduates
• 3.4Academics and scholars
• 3.5Business and media
• 3.6Politics and government
  • 3.6.1Canadian politicians and civil servants
    • 3.6.1.1Governor-General of Canada
    • 3.6.1.2Prime Ministers
    • 3.6.1.3Supreme Court Justices
    • 3.6.1.4Senators
    • 3.6.1.5Auditors General
    • 3.6.1.6Others
  • 3.6.2Foreign politicians and civil servants
    • 3.6.2.1Heads of State
    • 3.6.2.2Others
• 3.7Art, music, and film
• 3.8Inventors
• 3.9Sports
• 3.10Fictional characters
• 3.11Others

List of University of Calgary people

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of notable persons affiliated with the University of Calgary, including alumni, chancellors, presidents, and current and former faculty members.

Presidents

This is a list of persons who have held the position of President since the establishment of the University of Calgary in 1966. This list also includes persons who served their tenure prior to autonomy, as President of the University of Alberta in Calgary. Persons who have attended the University of Calgary have their names emboldened.

Order	Name	Years in office
1	Herbert Stoker Armstrong †	1963-1968
2	Alfred William Rooke Carrothers †	1969-1974
3	William A. Cochrane	1974-1978
4	Norman Wagner †	1978-1988
5	Murray Fraser †	1988-1996
6	Terry White	1996-2001
7	Harvey Weingarten	2001-2009
8	M. Elizabeth Cannon	2010-present

^† denotes deceased

Chancellors

This is a list of persons who have held the position of Chancellor since the establishment of the University of Calgary in 1966. Persons who have attended the University of Calgary have their names emboldened.

Order	Name	Years in office
1	C. Campbell McLaurin †	1966-1970
2	William A. Friley †	1970-1974
3	Muriel Kovitz	1974-1978
4	Louis Lebel †	1978-1982
5	Brian Norford	1982-1986
6	James S. Palmer †	1986-1990
7	David B. Smith †	1990-1994
8	M. Ann McCaig	1994-1998
9	J. Jack Perraton †	1998-2002
10	William J. Warren	2002-2006
11	Joanne Cuthbertson	2006-2010
12	Jim Dinning	2010-2014
13	Robert B. Thirsk	2014-present

^† denotes deceased

Alumni

Persons on this list are shown according to their notability. Each person is ordered by the year o their first degree from the university. To avoid redundancy, alumni who hold or have held faculty positions in the University of Calgary are sorted under Faculty with their names emboldened.

Applied and Natural Sciences

• 
  Robert Thirsk, currently the Chancellor of the University of Calgary.
• 
  James Gosling, the father of JAVA script

Astronomy and Physics

• Robert Thirsk, B.Sc. 1985: astronaut.

Biological Science

• David A Wardle, Ph.D. : ecologist, Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand
• Samuel Weiss, Ph.D.: pioneer in neurobiology
• Mingjie Zhang, Ph.D. : recipient of China's State Natural Science Award, Member of Chinese Academy of Science

• Umesh Varshney, Ph.D. : molecular biologist at Indian Institute of Science, member of Indian National Science Academy
• Alice Vrielink, B.Sc., M.S.c. : Vice President of Society of Crystallographers (Australia & New Zealand), member of American Crystallographic Association, Ph.D. from the University of London
• Bogdan Knezevic, B.Sc. : neuroscientist, Rhodes Scholar
• Kenneth B. Storey, B.Sc : molecular biologist, appointed to Royal Society of Canada, member of American Association for the Advancement of Science
• Cyrille Barette, Ph.D. : biologist, recipient of Prix Sceptique from Sceptiques du Québec
• Graeme I. Bell, B.SC., M.Sc. : Human Geneticist, Professor of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Chicago

Computer Science, Mathematics, and Engineering

• James Gosling OC, B.Sc. 1977: inventor of the Java programming language
• Gerald Fuller, B.Sc.: professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University
• Klaus-Jurgen Bathe, M.Sc.: pioneer of finite element analysis, professor of mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Dwight Duffus, Ph.D. : Goodrich C White Professor of Mathematics at Emory University
• Douglas Wiens, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. : recipient of Lester R. Ford Award from Mathematical Association of America, Fellow of American Statistical Association
• Ian H. Witten, M.Sc. : B.A. at Cambridge University, inventor of WEKA, Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand
• Theo de Raadt, (B.Sc. in Computer Science, 1992) – Founding members of OpenBSD, OpenSSH, and NetBSD

Earth Science

• Grant Mossop, B.Sc., M.Sc. Director of the Geological Survey of Canada
• Ashton F. Embry, Ph.D. : Geological Survey of Canada scientist, fossil named in his honour

Medicine

• Douglas R. Hamilton (Ph.D. '91): NASA flight surgeon and biomedical engineer

• Douglas Wiebe, B.A. : associate professor of epidemiology at Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, senior fellow at Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
• Joseph Sung, (Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences, 1991), Vice-Chancellor / President of the Chinese University of Hong Kong(CUHK) and Mok Hing Yiu Professor of Medicine, CUHK
• Sue Pedersen, M.D.: endocrinologist and world expert on obesity.
• Sanjeev Dutta, M.D.: associate professor at Stanford University.
• William Gnam, M.D. : psychiatrist, Harvard trained health economist, Rhodes Scholar
• D. George Wyse, M.D.: pharmacologist, internationally recognized expert in Cardiac Arrhythmia

Arts and Media

Fine Arts

• Helen McLean, M.A. : painter
• Derek Michael Besant, B.F.A. : internationally acclaimed artist, member of Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
• Laurel Johannesson, M.F.A. : internationally exhibited artist, studied at the Royal College of Art, Visiting Artist at the American Academy in Rome
• Joane Cardinal-Schubert, (B.F.A., 1977; L.L.D. (Hon.), 2003) – Acclaimed artist from Kainaiwa Nation, member of Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1986), assistant curator at the University of Calgary Art Gallery (1978) and the Nickle Arts Museum (1979-1985), co-author of Leon the Frog (1974)
• Rita McKeough, (B.F.A., 1975) – Acclaimed interdisciplinary artist, associate professor at Alberta College of Art and Design (2007-present), co-author of Leon the Frog (1974)

Film and Television

• Jonathan Scott, (B.Comm. in Business Management, 1997) – Actor and co-host of reality show Property Brothers
• Drew Scott (B.Sc. in Kinesiology, 1997) – Actor and co-host of reality show Property Brothers

Journalism

• Ezra I. Levant, (B.Comm., 1993) – Founder of The Rebel Media, controversial right-wing journalist and political activist, former debate parter of Naheed Nenshi
• Rosa Marchitelli, B.A. (English) : CBC journalist in Vancouver
• Susanne Craig, B.A.: journalist for Wall Street Journal and New York Times.
• Zsuzsi Gartner, B.A.: journalist at Globe & Mail
• Mercedes Stephenson, B.A. : journalist and military analyst

Athletics and Sport

• Allison Beveridge, Olympic Bronze Medalist, (cycling)
• Arne Dankers. Olympic Silver Medalist
• Kristina Groves, Olympic Silver Medalist in speed skating
• Jan Hudec, Olympic Bronze Medalist (2014 Sochi, Alpine Skiing)
• Chris le Bihan. Olympic Bronze Medalist
• Kirsti Lay, Olympic Bronze Medalist, cycling
• Christine Nesbitt, (B.A. in Geography; originally studied Engineering) – Vancouver 2010 Olympic gold medalist in women's 1000m speed skating, accomplished speed skater
• Mark Tewksbury, Olympic Gold Medalist (swimming)
• Erica Wiebe, Olympic Gold Medalist

• Sukh Chungh, Canadian football player
• J. P. Izquierdo, Canadian football player
• Steve Rodehutskors, Canadian football player
• Greg Vavra, former Canadian Football League quarterback
• Kate O'Brien (cyclist), Canadian track cyclist and bobsledder
• Jodi Evans, B.Comm.: Olympic Basketball player and Rhodes Scholar

Business

• Garrett Camp, (B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, 2001; M.Sc. in Software Engineering, 2006) Co-founder of StumbleUpon and Uber Technologies Inc.
• Charlie W. Fischer, (B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering, 1971; M.B.A. in Finance, 1982) – Vice-Chair of Canada West Foundation, retired President and CEO of Nexen Inc.
• Russ Girling, (B. Comm., 1985; M.B.A. in Finance, 1991) – President and CEO of TransCanada Corporation
• Gary Kovacs, (B.Comm. 1990; M.B.A. in 1999) – CEO of AVG Technologies, former CEO of Mozilla Corporation
• Harold N. Kvisle, (M.B.A., 1982) – CEO of Talsiman Energy Inc.
• Terra Nicolay: LL.M. : Senior Counsel at Chevron
• D. J. "Chip" Wilson, (B.A. in Economics, 1980) – Founder and former CEO of Lululemon Athletica Inc.
• W. Brett Wilson CM SOM, (M.B.A. in Entrepreneurship, 1985) – Businessperson and philanthropist, former panelist on CBC's Dragon's Den (Season 3-5)
• Hatim Zaghloul, (M.Sc. in Physics, 1985; Ph.D. in Physics, 1994) – Inventor and co-founder of intellectual property licensing company Wi-LAN Inc.
• Riaz Mamdani (LL.B., 1996) – Founder and former CEO of Strategic Group, real estate company

Government and Politics

• 
  Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper was the 36th Prime Minister of Canada (2006-2015).

Head of Government or Head of State

• Stephen J. Harper PC, (B.A. in Economics, 1985; M.A. in Economics, 1991) – 22nd Prime Minister of Canada (2006-2015), Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (2004-2015), Leader of the Canadian Alliance (2002-2003)
• George Brizan, CGM CBE : Prime Minister of Grenada
• Sir Carlyle Glean, B.Ed, MA: Governor-General of Grenada

Cabinet Ministers and Representatives

• M. Danielle Smith, (B.A. in English, 1993; B.A. in Economics, 1997) – Leader of the Opposition in the Alberta Legislature (2012-2014), MLA for Highwood (2012-2015), Leader of the Wildrose Party (2009-2014)
• Pierre M. J. Poilievre PC, (B.A. in International Relations, 2008) – Federal Minister of Employment and Social Development (2015), Federal Minister of State for Democratic Reform (2013-2015)
• Kent Hehr PC, (B.A. in Canadian Studies, 1997; LL.B., 2001) – Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015-present), Associate Minister of National Defence (2015-present)
• Diane Ablonczy PC (B.Ed., 1973; LL.B, 1980) – MP for Calgary Nose-Hill (1997-2015), previously Calgary North (1993-1997)
• John Zaozirny, (B.Comm., 1969) – Alberta Minister of Energy and Natural Resources (1979-1986), MLA for Calgary-Forest Lawn (1979-1986)
• Rob W. Renner, (B.Comm., 1976) – Alberta Minister of Environment (2006-2011), Alberta Minister of Municipal Affairs (2004-2006), MLA for Medicine Hat (1993-2012)
• Erin M. K Weir, (M.A. in History, 2007) – MP for Regina—Lewvan
• Anita Vandenbeld, (B.A. in History and Political Science, 1994) – MP for Ottawa West-Nepean (2015-present), senior advisor with the UNDP
• Neil Brown, QC (B.Sc. in Biological Science, 1971; LL.B., 1982) – MLA for Calgary-Nose Hill (2004-2015), lawyer, former assistant professor at Trent University
• Kathleen T. Ganley, (J.D., 2012) – Alberta Minister of Justice and Solicitor General (2015-present), Alberta Minister of Aboriginal Affairs (2015-2016), MLA for Calgary Buffalo (2015-present)
• Robert J. Anders, (B.A. in Political Science, 1994) – MP for Calgary West (1997-2015), affectionately known as 'Canada's worst MP'
• Sharon Carstairs PC CM (Degree unknown, 1968) – Canadian Senator for Manitoba (1994-2011)
• Jim Hawkes, M.Sc. (Psychology): chief aid to PM Joe Clark, leader of Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, Government Whip in House of Commons of Canada
• Lee Richardson (B.A. Communications) – MP for Calgary Centre (2004-2012), previously Calgary Southeast (1988-1993)
• Murray D. Smith, (B.A. in Economics and Political Science, 1971) – Alberta Minister of Energy (2001-2004), MLA for Calgary-Varsity (1993-2004)
• Lorne Taylor, B.A. : Minister of Environment for Alberta
• Ray Novak, Ph.D.: Chief of Staff to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper
• Kyle N. Fawcett, (B.A. in Economics and Political Science, 2002)
• Pat Kelly, (B.A. in Political Science, 1994) – MP for Calgary Rocky Ridge (2015-present)
• Terry Duguid, (M.E.Des. in Environmental Science, 1985) – MP for Winnipeg South, Winnipeg City Councillor (1989-1995)
• Stephanie McLean, (J.D., 2012) – Alberta Cabinet Minister
• Irfan Sabir: J.D. : Minister of Human Services of Alberta

Mayors and Municipal Councillors

• Naheed Nenshi (B.Comm., 1993) – 36th Mayor of Calgary (2010-present), 48th President of the Students' Union (1993-1994)
• Alfred H. Duerr, M.B.A.: Mayor of Calgary

Ambassadors and Foreign Politicians

• Devant Maharaj, B.Comm., : former Senator and Minister of Food Production, Trinidad and Tobago.
• Gwyneth Kutz, B.A. : Ambassador of Canada to Peru
• Paul Gibbard, B.A. : Canadian Ambassador to Venezuela

Humanities and Social Sciences

Archaeology, Anthropology, and History

• Peter Mathews, B.A. : Mayanist, MacArthur Fellow at Yale University
• Michael J. Neufeld, B.A. : historian and author, Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University, curator of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum
• Robert Janes, Ph.D. : Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, Lieutenant Governor's Award, Fellow of Canadian Museums Association

Classical, Cultural, and Religious Studies

• Robert McKim, M.A. : professor of Religion, Ph.D. from Yale University
• Michael Lapidge, B.A. : Medieval Scholar, Fellow Emeritus of Clare College, Cambridge University; Fellow of the British Academy, recipient of the Sir Israel Gollancz Prize

Economics, Philosophy, and Political Science

• Christopher Manfredi, B.A., M.A. : writer and constitutional scholar, Ph.D. Claremont Graduate School, Dean of Arts at McGill University
• Jan Zwicky, B.A.: philosopher, poet

Literature and Languages

• Ronald Wright: award-winning Cambridge University-educated author and historian
• Zhang Ling, M.A. : novelist, recipient of The People's Literature Award in China

Psychology and Sociology

• Reginald Bibby O.C., M.A.: celebrated sociologist, member of the Order of Canada
• Imants Barušs, M.Sc. (Psychology) : author, member of New York Academy of Sciences
• Keith Hampton, B.A. (Sociology) : recipient of International Communication Association award, taught at MIT and University of Pennsylvania
• Eliana Coldham, B.Sc. (Psychology): recipient of Rhodes Scholarship

Other

• Joan Brockman : LL.B. : lawyer honoured by the CBA, author, social theorist, professor of criminology

Law

• Barbara M Young : LL.B. : Justice at the Supreme Court of British Columbia

• Shawn Graham: LL.B.: Senior Counsel at Royal Bank of Canada, named Lexpert's Leading Lawyers Under 40
• Lisa Silver : LL.M. : criminal defense lawyer with Brian Greenspan, Planning Committee for the Calgary Beth Tzedec Congregation
• Christine E. Silverberg : J.D. : first female Chief of Calgary Police Services, Woman of Valour Award from B'nai B'rith
• Deborah Straw LL.B. : General Counsel for Olympic WinSport Canada, Senior Counsel for Saipem
• Linda Taylor (lawyer): B.A., LL.B.: LL.M. at Cambridge University, Executive Director at the United Nations Office of Administration of Justice (OAJ)
• Nickie Vlavianos: LL.M. : legal scholar, LL.M thesis received Governor General's Gold Medal for best graduate thesis of any faculty in Canada
• Paul M. Williams : LL.B. : Cambridge University alumnus, Energy & Finance lawyer at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, Los Angeles CA office
• Blair Nixon, Q.C. : LL.B. : partner at Felesky Flynn LLP, CFO at Walton Global Investments, Justice at Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta
• Janice Odegaard : LL.B. : Senior VP and General Counsel for Suncor Energy, named among Top 100 Most Powerful Women in 2014
• Richard O'Gorman : LL.B. : Judge at Alberta Queen's Bench, Assistant Chief Judge of Calgary Family Court
• Hugh O'Reilly: LL.B. : partner at Torys LLP, partner at Cavalluzzo Shilton McIntyre Cornish LLP, President & CEO of OPTrust
• Valerie R. Prather, Q.C. : LL.B. : Partner at Bennett Jones LLP, focus in professional negligence, published scholar on medical law and bioethics, lecturer in the Faculty of Medicine
• Megan Ross : J.D. : tax lawyer, consultant to UNICEF, lecturer at University of Toronto
• Patricia Rowbotham LL.B. : LL.M. from Cambridge University, Judge at Alberta Court of Appeal
• Joanne Archibald : B.A., LL.B. : Appeal Board Chair for Public Service Commission of Canada
• Sara L. Bagg : LL.B. : Ph.D. (philosophy), Research Lawyer at Miller Thomson
• Gary Botting: J.D.: lawyer, author, scholar, leading authority on Canadian extradition law
• Joan Brockman : LL.B. : lawyer honoured by the CBA, author, social theorist, professor of criminology
• Keith Byblow: J.D. : Partner at Blake, Cassels & Graydon
• Scott Cochlan: LL.B. : Partner at Torys LLP
• James M. Dickson, Q.C., P.Eng. : LL.B. : Partner at Stewart McKelvey, Director at Empire Company Limited
• Eric Greif, LL.B. : noted entertainment lawyer and music producer
• Paul Groarke : LL.B. : criminal lawyer, member of Canadian Human Rights Commission, professor of philosophy
• Kerri Howard: J.D. : Partner at DLA Piper
• Paul Jeffrey : LL.B. : Justice at Alberta Court of Queen's Bench
• Alan Jochelson: LL.B. : Partner at Gowlings, former partner at Ernst & Young
• Linda M. Kamerman: LL.B. : Mining & Lands Commissioner of Ontario at Office of the Mining & Lands Commissioner
• Janet Keeping : LL.B. : architect from MIT and Leader of the Green Party of Alberta
• Maureen Killoran Q.C., J.D. : Managing Partner at Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt
• Warren Kinsella: LL.B. : Toronto-based lawyer and political consultant, key strategist for the Liberal Party of Canada
• Anne L. Kirker, Q.C. : LL.B. : Partner at Norton Rose, President of Law Society of Alberta
• Kirk Lamb: LL.B. : Princeton University alumnus, Chairman of Canadian Junior Hockey League, sports lawyer at Burnet, Duckworth & Palmer LLP
• Patrick Lindsay: B.A., LL.B.: partner at Borden Ladner Gervais, Lexpert's Leading Lawyers Under 40
• Harvey Locke : B.A., LL.B. : internationally recognized conservationist lawyer, named as Canada's 21st century Leader by Time Magazine
• Cecilia Low: LL.M. : Commissioner at Alberta Energy Regulator
• Riaz Mamdani : J.D. : Pharmacist, corporate lawyer, CEO of property developer Strategic Group
• William D. McFetridge, Q.C. : LL.B. : Arbitrator at Lancaster House, named in Best Lawyers of Canada, alternate Tribunal Chair of Alberta Human Rights Commission
• Magdalena Muir: LL.M. : named a Canada Fulbright Scholar

Alumni

Computer Science

• Radford M. Neal, B.Sc., M.Sc. : Research Chair in Statistics and Machine Learning
• Xiaolin Wu, Ph.D. : Fellow of IEEE, inventor of Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm

Economics

• John Anderson, B.A. : Rhodes Scholar

English/Literature/Humanities/Fine Arts

• Bernadette Andrea, B.A., M.A. : C. Jacobs Endowed Professor in Literature at University of Texas, Ph.D. at Cornell University
• John Campbell, M.A. : held Wilde Professorship of Mental Philosophy, lecture's at UC Berkeley
• Onkar Ghate, M.A., Ph.D. (philosophy): senior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute
• Don Gillmor, B.A. : writer, Governor General's award, Canadian National Magazine Awards, appeared in The Walrus & Rolling Stone
• Hiromi Goto, B.A. (English) : Canadian-Japanese author and cultural critic, recipient of Commonwealth Writer's Prize
• L.R. Wright, (Writing) : mystery writer, recipient of Edgar Allen Award

Faculty

Faculty are listed by their academic department. Persons who have attended the University of Calgary have their names emboldened.

M. Elizabeth Cannon Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

English

• Maurice Yacowar, B.A. : film theorist, authored seminal studies on Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, and Paul Morrissey

Law

• Anna-Maria Hubert, Legal scholar specializing in international marine law and adjudication of science, Research Fellow at Institute for Science, Innovation and Society (InSIS) at the University of Oxford.
• Kathleen Mahoney, Q.C., LL.B., LL.M., Diploma in International Human Rights Law (University of Cambridge, Institut International des Droits de l'Homme, Strasbourg), Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada, Human Rights Fellow (Harvard Law School), Counsel to Bosnia Herzegovina at the International Court of Justice, named Expert Advisor to InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government, Secretary of the National Academy of Social Sciences for the Royal Society of Canada.
• Jack Mintz, Ph.D., (cross-appointed to School of Public Policy), former President and CEO of C.D. Howe Institute, widely published consultant to World Bank, IMF and OECD, Special Advisor to Canadian Dept of Finance (1984-86), Independent Director of Imperial Oil Ltd. since 2005, named among worlds top experts in tax policy by UK Magazine (2004), named among five most influential experts in regulation by the Financial Post (2012), Research Fellow at Oxford University.
• Ian Brodie: former advisor to the Canadian Prime Minister, Strategic Advisor to the Inter-American Development Bank.

History

• David Bercuson: member of the Calgary School.

Sociology

• Ian Brodie, M.A., Ph.D.: political scientist and former Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Stephen Harper

Political Science

• Barry F. Cooper: member of the Calgary School.
• Tom Flanagan: member of the Calgary School, advisor to Preston Manning and Stephen Harper.
• Rainer Knopff: member of the Calgary School.
• Ted Morton: member of the Calgary School, Alberta MLA.

Psychology

• Philip E. Vernon: Ph.D. Cambridge, D.Sc. London, contributed to I.Q. theory

Physics

• Arthur W. Knudsen: researcher on the Manhattan Project, is credited by the Physics Dept. for creating the laboratory system used by the dept. today.

Mathematics

• Károly Bezdek: Canada Research Chair and Director of the Centre for Computational and Discrete Geometry in the Faculty of Science.
• Richard K. Guy : combinatorial game theorist, discovered unistable polyhedron with John Horton Conway.

Medicine

• Morley D. Hollenberg: pharmacologist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada [1]
• Quentin Pittman: neuroscientist (fever research)[2]
• Eldon Smith: cardiologist, Advisory Board Chair of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
• John L. Wallace: pharmacologist (inflammation research), Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada [3] & entrepreneur (co-founder of Nicox, founder of Antibe Therapeutics [4])
• Michael Walsh: molecular biologist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada http://web.archive.org/web/20100613170937/http://www.rsc.ca:80/documents/media/2009%20New%20Fellows%20(Citations).pdf
• Samuel Weiss: neuroscientist, Director of the Hotchkiss Brain Institute
• D. George Wyse: cardiologist and pharmacologist, Distinguished Scientist of the Heart Rhythm Society