User:Jnestorius/Humpty Dumpty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

<Humpty Dumpty

Sketch[edit]

  • lede: ND is the title char of a nursery rhyme, usu depicted as an athropomorphised egg. The rhyme does not state that HD is an egg, and is believed to have originally been intended as a riffle, with the egg as the answer. The rhyme is first attested in 1797 and the association with an egg in 1809. The usual form of the rhyme since the 20th century is:[1]

HD wall
HD fall
All horses men
Couldnt put H together again

The character features in Lewis Carroll's 1872 work, Through the Looking Glass, in which he debates points of semantics with Alice. Since the 19th C, "Putting HD together again" has been a common metaphor or simile for, the impossibility of undoing an action or repairing something broken. In the 20th C, philosophers of language have often quoted Carroll's HD "when I use a word..." to illustrate a view of language.

  • Origin: 1797 quote;
    • 1809 riddle egg;
    • quotes saying it was riddle: 1831;[2]
      • Robert Ford 1904: "Attempts have been made to show how that was suggested by the fall of a bold bad baron who lived in the days of King John ; but every child more than ten years old knows that the lines present a conundrum, the answer to which is — an egg"[3]
      • The name "Humpty Dumpty" is appropriate metaphorically for an egg in suggesting plumpness or rotundity, but misleading literally as it implies a human rather than an egg; for Archer Taylor this play of "positive and negative descriptive elements" is the essence of the riddle form.[4]
    • similar riddles
      • Diddle diddle dumpty ... plum tree
      • With proper name, often a nonsense-word:[5]
        • Hickamore, Hackamore, on the King's kitchen door; / All the King's horses, and all the King's men, / Couldn't drive Hickamore, Hackamore, / Off the King's kitchen door [answer: sunshine][6]
        • Arthur o' Bower has broken his band, He comes roaring up the land : The King of Scots, with all his power, Cannot turn Arthur of the Bower [answer: wind][7]
        • Little Nancy Etticoat, / In a white petticoat, / And a red nose; / The longer she stands, / The shorter she grows [answer: lighted candle][8]
      • All foo can't bar
        • As round as an apple, as deep as a cup, And all the king's horses can't fill it up. (A Well) [9]
        • As high as a castle as weak as a wastle [whistle] and all the king's horses acan't pull it down (Smoke) [10]
        • As I was going o'er London bridge, / I heard something crack; / Not a man in all England / Can mend that! (Ice)[11]
    • ancient or recent folk riddle
      • "Like the Humpty Dumpty verse, the earliest riddles were probably not questions but metaphorical statements or symbols".[12]
      • On formal grounds, Senderovich considers H-D "a late imitation of the real [folk riddle]":[13] the "great fall" is "a notion rather than a grotesque image", whereas ancient riddles feature the latter.[14]
      • Because of its Continental analogues, Henry Bett placed it among the rhymes whose origins go back "thousands of years".[15] By contrast, Roaud and Simpson say "Numerous close analogues from continental Europe do not help to date the rhyme, as they are all from 19th-century sources".[16]"
      • Eckenstein connects rhyme to world egg myths of Kalevala and Aristophanes' The Birds.[17][18]
    • egg illustration in picture-books has spoiled the riddle.[19] "Humpty Dumpty is an egg, but the description suggests a man. Illustrators have usually represented Humpty Dumpty as a man, and properly so".[20]
    • Quotes doubting whether it was a originally a riddle.
      • Thomas Foster 1879 says it was a riddle about the sun, quoting an "Irish lady" who said that was the usual interpretation in Ireland.[21] Against which, the Irish Folklore Commission records from the 1930s show the answer as an egg.[22]
    • Earlier meanings
      • little hunchback 1701 misdirection[23]
      • ale and brandy 1698 possibly separate etymology
        • two kinds of beer egg riddle (Eckenstein)
      • Children's game; perhaps HD was not an egg but a child pretending to be an egg.
      • Eva Eickemeyer Rowland's 1899 poem "The Gingerbread Man" uses HD as nonsense words: "Humpty, dumpty, dickery dan, / Sing hey, sing ho, for the gingerbread man!"[27]
    • Putative historic
        • often originally jocular and/or one of a series of historical interpretations of various nursery rhymes
        • "creativity for creativity's sake"
      • William the Conqueror
      • King John:
        • 1890 Pick-me-up magazine: "Humpty-Dumpty was a bold, bad baron who was tumbled from power in the days of King John. His history was put into a riddle; the meaning of which was an egg."[28]
        • "from the days of King John" (1907 syndicated newspaper item;[29] 1917 magazine article[30])
        • 1995 book, represents John himself forced to concede Magna Carta[31]
      • Richard III [Stuart 1935 suggests opponents would have applied the pre-existing rhyme to him after his downfall.[18]]
      • Cardinal Wolsey
      • Civil War
        • Siege Gloucester
          • inspired by true event[32])
          • One of a series Nursery Rhymes and History by David Daube in The Oxford Magazine in 1956.[33] Published under initials but identity of author soon worked out.[34]
          • Opies call the series spoofs. Others unsure if intended as joke.[35]
        • Siege Colchester (was a one-eyed gunner in tower which fell, but it was a small saker gun)[36]
        • No evidence for either but was cannon called Punchinello.[23][37]
  • Variants; some editions of Halliwell list two separately, others list one with other footnoted. Robert Graves 1927 merges the two versions into one 6-line rhyme.[38]
    • lay in a beck ... entrails
    • threescore men and threescore more ... before
      • four score; ten score[41][42]
      • ... and forty wrights ... set HD to rights
    • hd on the wall / hd had a fall / all the doctors in the land / couldn't make hd stand"[43][44]
    • horses/doctors/soldiers/money
    • set/put HD up/in his place/together again [to rhyme with "men"] [standard modern form was used in 1803 manuscript addition to Mother Goose's Melofy, published in 1803 — but when was the manuscript added? — except last line was "Could not set HD up again"[1] and prob cite Opies 1st ed likewise.]
      • set/put HD as he was before [to rhyme with "more"]
      • ...in the land / ... make HD stand[47]
    • "not all... and/not all... Could put..." instead of "all... and all... Couldn't put..."
    • name:
      • Humpty-dumpty vs surname Dumpty; Carroll writes HD throughout, but Walter Lindsay 1898 calls him "Humpty".[48]
      • Spellings: Humpy, Humti, Humpti, humbti,[49] Humty, Humbty, Humptey, Humptdy,[50] Humpitty[47]
      • Hitti-Titti (Yorkshire, 1865)[n 2][41] Rowly Bowly (U.S., 1831)[2] roly-poly (Nova Scotia, 1931)[42]
    • Last line too long
      • says Alice
      • zzz flea-market book says to stress "put" not "Could[n't]" in last line to avoid making scansion as scrambled as the egg.
  • Foreign language
    • name; sat/lay where; who couldn't restore
    • gathered by folklorists, none widely current
    • translations
      • jocular Latin etc
        • Ancient Greek: Houmptidoúmptios (Οὑμπτιδούμπτιος)[51]
      • Alice translators do not rely on local riddle
      • HC Anderson red herring
  • Later history
  • Pantomime:
    1818 Humty-Dandy;
    1850 Humpty-Dumpty; transformation into Harlequin; peremptory association with nursery-rhyme
    1868 George Fox US version. Sole US hit pantomime.[58] Script here:[59]
    1868 poster
    • "As always in old pantomime, the show started like other musicals, then underwent a magical bit in which a fairy transformed the leads into commedia figures who played the rest of their parts in dumb show (except when they sang)."[58]
    1900 Dan Leno often played HD[60]
    In Denton Welch's 1946 story "The Coffin on the Hill", the protagonist says, "in 'Humpty Dumpty' at the Lyceum in Sheffield, Humphrey — to be literal — was a small and malevolent boy. But this was explained by the fact that he had been in the egg for a thousand years before it fell off the wall".[61]
    By the late 20th C it was less common[60]
  • illustrations:
    Wallace Tripp's pictures for "Humpty-Dumpty" are realistic. "Nearly always interpreted as fantasy, the egg personified, Humpty-Dumpty is a real egg."[62]
  • Lewis Carroll
    • Shape: Alice unsure whether his cravat was a belt, not knowing "which was neck and which was waist".[69]
    • Language
      • "When I use a word..."
      • Philosophy of language, famous text as an extreme view in semantics.[70]
        • Gardner summarises someone else's point that HD reverses the normal order: proper nouns have fixed definite meaning, common nouns are arbitrary.[71]
        • Humptydumptyism as pejorative label for original intent approach to judicial interpretation and authorial intent approach to literary theory and aesthetics.[72]
          • 1932 "Humpty Dumpty's Rule in Law" about "the tendency of the legal mind to pervert ordinary words".[73]
        • Robert D. Sutherland suggests that Alice refers to him as "Humpty Dumpty himself" to emphasise that he is not an egg nor a man but a unique class of being.[74]
      • HD's explanation of " blend words are called "portmanteau" as a descriptive name , explaining the meanings of some of those in the poem "Jabberwocky".
    • Chapter 6 ends with a crash, and chapter 7 opens with all the king's horses and men, who are incompetent; we never see HD after Chapter 6: is it implicit that the crash was his fall?
      • Tekdemir says "nursery-rhyme characters ... are parodied with the purpose of indicating the fatalistic quality of their textual identity as they have to perform what is already written for them. Even Alice cannot prevent Humpty Dumpty's long expected fall despite all her warnings and pleadings."[75]
      • Gardner says the chapter "elaborates on the incidents related in a familiar nursery rhyme".[76]
      • A stage adaptation of the book in the 1890s used a mechanical HD, which fell behind the wall, with a breaking-glass sound effect, at the end of the scene.[48]
    • In adaptations of TLG (alone or incorporated with Alice in W.l.), HD was played by W. C. Fields (1933),[77] Jimmy Durante (1966 TV),[77] Freddie Jones (1976 TV),[77] Jonathan Winters (1985 TV), George Gobel (1987 voice), Wally Wingert (2016 voice).
      • In the original 2008 production of the opera Through the Looking Glass, HD is a tenor role played by the same singer as Lewis Carroll, Train Driver, The Red King, and The White Knight.
    • Allusions and parodies
  • Other allusions and derivatives
    • John Frederick Stanford recited the rhyme in a speech in the UK House of Commons in 1850.[45]
    • In W. Brunton's 1867 comic verse "The History of Hum Teh Dum Tih", HD is a mandarin ruined by his failed speculative plan to repair the Great Wall of China.[83]
    • Humptee Dumptee Frumtee Chundrer is a conservative brahmin in "Humayscha Agé Jao" in Aliph Cheem's 1871 humorous poetry collection Lays of Ind; perhaps his name's resemblance to HD is only a coincidence.[84]
    • W. W. Denslow
    • 1903 Squirrel Nutkin : "Humpty Dumpty lies in the beck, With a white counterpane round his neck, Forty doctors and forty wrights, Cannot put Humpty Dumpty to rights! ... Hickamore, Hackamore, on the King's kitchen door; All the King's horses, and all the King's men, Couldn't drive Hickamore, Hackamore, Off the King's kitchen door."
    • Finnegans Wake
    • Richard M. Gale gives the name "Humpty Dumpty Intuition" to William James and John Dewey's claim that mind-body dualism splits reality into things that can't be put "together again".[85]
    • Jasper Fforde and other whodunnits
    • The title poem of Chana Bloch's 1998 collection Mrs. Dumpty is from the point of view of HD's wife, after others have given up on saving him.[86]
    • etc

Dictionaries[edit]

NED Vol.V Pt.1 pp.454–455

Humpty-dumpty (hɒˑmpti dɒˑmpti), sb. and adj. Also 7 humtee dumtee, -y.

[It is doubtful whether the word is the same in senses 1 and 2 : in sense 1 the name may have been concocted out of Hum sb.13 ; in sense 2 it is evidently formed from hump and dump, though this would naturally give humpy-dumpy (cf. Humpy a.), and the intrusive t is not clearly accounted for.]
  • A. sb.
    • 1. A drink made with 'ale boiled with brandy' (B.E. Dict. Cant. Crew, a 1700).
      • 1698 W. King tr. Sorbiere's Journ. Lond. 135 (Farmer) He answer'd me that he had a thousand such sort of liquors, as Humtie Dumtie, Three Threads.
      • 1699 [see Hugmatee],
      • 1837 Disraeli Venetia 1. xiv, They drank humpty-dumpty, which is ale boiled with brandy.
    • 2. A short, dumpy, hump-shouldered person. In the well-known nursery rime or riddle (quoted below) commonly explained as signifying an egg (in reference to its shape); thence allusively used of persons or things which when once overthrown or shattered cannot be restored.
      • 1785 Grose Dict. Vulg. T., Humpty-Dumpty, a little humpty dumpty man or woman; a short clumsey person of either sex.
      • 1810 Gammer Gurton's Garland Part III. 36 [Not in Ritson's ed. c 1760, nor in the reprint of that in 1810] Humpty dumpty sate on a wall, Humpti dumpti had a great fall; Threescore men and threescore more, Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before.
      • 1843 Halliwell Nursery Rhymes Eng. 113 [giving prec. version adds] Note. Sometimes the last two lines run as follows: All the king's horses and all the kind's men, Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again.
      • 1848 Blackw. Mag. July 39 To try the game of Humpty-Dumpty and to fall.
      • 1872 'L. Carroll' Thro' Looking-Gl. vi. 114 'It's very provoking', Humpty Dumpty said, .. 'to be called an egg — very!'
      • 1883 J. W. Sherer At Home & in India 193 She .. could not, by all the miracles of millinery, be made other than a humpty-dumpty.
      • 1896 Westm. Gaz. 26 June 3/1 Now that the Education Humpty-Dumpty has tumbled off the wall, and is hopelessly poached for the present year, and all the king's horses and all the king's men can't set him up again, the life has gone out of Parliament.
(In the nursery rime or riddle there are numerous variations of the last two lines, e.g. 'Not all the king's horses and all the king's men Could [can] set [put] Humpty Dumpty up again [in his place again, together again]'.)
  • B. adj.
    • Short and fat. Also allusively referring to the Humpty-Dumpty of the nursery rime.
      • 1785 [see A. 2].
      • 1828 Craven Dial., Humpty-dumpty, short and broad, 'He's a lile humpty-dumpty fellow'.
      • 1898 Westm. Gaz. 3 July 6/3 To set the humpty-dumpty conversion firmly on its legs.
    • b. Applied to a mechanical rhythm, as in the nursery rime.
      • 1887 Saintsbury Hist. Elizab. Lit. iv. (1890) 128 The same humpty-dumpty measure of eights and sixes.

NED Vol.V Pt.1 p.443

Hum (hvm), sb.1 Also 6-7 humme, 8 humm.

[Cognate with Hum v.1 It is doubtful whether sense 3 belongs here.]
  • II. †3. A kind of liquor ; strong or double ale. Obs. (Cf. Humming ppl. a. 2 b.)
      • 1616 B. Jonson Devil an Ass 1. i, Strong-waters, Hum, Meath, and Obarni.
      • a 1621 Fletcher Wild Goose Chase II. iii, Would I had some hum.
      • 1670 Cotton Voy. Irel., The best Cheshire hum he e'er drank in his life.
      • a 1700 B.E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Hum, or Humming Liquor, Double Ale, Stout, Pharoah.
      • 1719 D'Urfey Pills (1872) I. 311 To get us stout hum, when Christmas is come.
    • attrib. 1629 Shirley Wedding II. (N.), Sold For physic in hum-glasses and thimbles.

NED Vol.V Pt.1 p.440

†Hugmatee Obs. [? from phrase hug-me-t'ye.] Cant name of a kind of ale.

  • 1699 Bentley Phal. Pref. 33 He is better skill'd in the Catalogues of Ales, his Humty Dumty, Hugmatee, Three-Threads, and the rest of that glorious List, than in the Catalogues of MSS.
  • a 1704 T. Brown Wks. (1760) IV. 218 (D.) No hugmatee nor flip my grief can smother.

Green's Dictionary of Slang says s.v.

New Dict Cant Crew s.v. humptey-dumptey "Ale boild with Brandy"

Webber, Elizabeth; Feinsilber, Mike (1999). Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 277–278. ISBN 9780877796282.

  • can't repair
  • what I mean

Ale[edit]

William King 1698 (pretended to be by Samuel de Sorbiere, whose Relation d’un voyage en Angleterre was from 1664[87]):[88]

I told them, that we had several Liquors in France, as Vin de Bonne, Volne, Mulso, Chabre, Condrieu, and D'Arbris, otherwise called Cberry-Brandy, Vattee, Fenoulliet de l'Isle de Ree. He answer'd me, that he had a thousand such sort of Liquors, as Humtie Dumtie, Three Threads, Four Threads, Old Pharoah, Knockdown, Hugmeteè, Shouldreè, Clamber-Crown, Hot-Pots at Newgate-Market, Fox-comb, Blind Pinneaux, Stiffle, &c.

"King had there [in his Journey to London] given a long and curious list of the ales procurable in London taverns, and now singling out the most strangely named of these, Bentley slightingly dubbed him 'the Humty Dumty Author'." Horne, Colin J. (October 1946). "The Phalaris Controversy: King versus Bentley". The review of English studies. 22 (88): 289–303: 294. JSTOR 509699.

Preface to A dissertation upon the epistles of Phalaris. With an answer to the objections of the Honourable Charles Boyle, Esquire (1699):

pp.xxxiv–xxxv A man must be dos'd with Humty Dumty, that could talk so inconsistently.
p.lxiv Mr. B. must forgive me if I think this Paragraph more becomes the Humty Dumty Author than a Gentleman of Sense and Honour.
p.cx Or if he comes with more Testimonies of his Bookseller or his Humty Dumty Acquaintance; I shall take those for no Answer.

Miscellaneous points[edit]

Points
Year Type Desc Ref
1797 Attest In the 1790s Samuel Arnold sold sheet music in the series Juvenile Amusement, of which No. 68, watermarked 1797, was "Humpty Dumpty". [89]
1809 Attest "the egg, by the children christened humbti dumpti" [sic; in the poem which followed the spelling was "humbti dumbti"] [49]
1701 Attest short-person in a burlesque

Beau Humpty-dumpty next appears,
A merry Lump well grown in Years,
With Back and Breast like Punchanello,
But for his parts has not his fellow;
This is a Crumpling of some Title,
A Barronet, and thing of Mettle;
But only does himself degrade,
When Honour's Tax is to be paid,
And then too wisely saves his Purse,
He's no more Barr'net than a Horse,
Tho' most, two Titles do afford him,
Not only Sir-him, but my Lord-him.

•;. •:'. [\ 7: Hi-:; /,!.•! ' f . *, . j
As for his . Courage, Wit and Serific
And every other Excellence,1"-',
He's one of universal Knowledge,
And deeper Leanrd then a whole College;
Physician, Poet and Devine,
Musician, Monster, Man and Swine, '.
Banterer, Gamster, Sports-rtiah, Drinker,' !'-.
Comptroller* nay, and sometimes Skinker,' "" \
A Surgeon to a crippled Sow^" 1 .

[90]
1930 Pseudo-history 1485 Richard III (Katherine Elwes Thomas 1930) "my kingdom for a horse" James Planché "half inclined" 1872 [91][92]
1870 Pseudo-history 1485 Richard III James Planché "This rhyme has been generally placed among the riddles, and is stated to mean an egg ; but why more particularly an egg than anything else which would be smashed by such a fall, I am at a loss to imagine. It would I be quite as applicable — to the fall of a despot or usurper. If Horace Walpole had not abolished the historical hump of Richard III and rehabilitated his stature, I should possibly be half-inclined to suspect these lines to be a Lancastrian paean over the fatal tumble of the crook-backed tyrant at Bosworth! But, of course, if he really was as Shakespeare makes him sarcastically call himself, “A marvellous proper man,” neither humpy nor remarkably dumpy, it would be idle to entertain the notion." [93]
1956 Pseudo-history (jocular) 1643 William Chillingworth's siege engine at the siege of Gloucester (David Daube 1956)
Plaque in Gloucester commemorating 1643 siege
 [94][92]
1886 Pseudo-history (jocular) 1086 William the Conqueror (L'homme qui dompte, "the man who conquers") corpse exploding (Martin Farquhar Tupper 1886) [95]
1959 Commentary We know he is an egg though the text does not make this explicit; a useful exercise for English students to analyse. [96]
1906 Variants

The rhyme on Humpty-Dumpty among us is current in three variations : —

Humpty-Dumpty sate on a wall,
Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall ;
Threescore men and threescore more
Cannot place Humpty-Dumpty as he was hefore.

(1810, p. 36.) (p.47 in this reprint)

Humpty-Dumpty sate on a wall,
Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall ;
All the king's soldiers and all the king's men
Cannot set Humpty-Dumpty up again.

(1842, p. 113.)

Humpty-Dumpty lay in a beck
With all his sinews around his neck ;
Forty doctors and forty wights
Couldn't put Humpty-Dumpty to rights.

(1846, p. 209.) (this source has both versions)

[97]

Mannheim 1858[edit]

[98]

10) Engelland, der himmlische Wohnsitz der Seligen ist zugleich die Heimat und Ausgangsstätte alles Lebens. So nimmt das Ei daselbst seinen Ursprung. Ein bekanntes Volksrätsel lautet:

Es kommt ein Schiff aus Engelland,
Hat kein Bügel und kein Band,
Und doch zweierlei Bier [m 1]).

In Luxemburg ward Engelland begreiflicherweise in Niederland verändert:

Es kommt ein Fässchen aus Niederland,
Hat weder Reifen, noch eisern Band,
Giebt zweierlei Trank doch, wie bekannt [m 2]).

Vielleicht hatte Engelland einst auch in einer schwedischen Fassung statt:

Det kom en tunna frän frömmande land,
utan laggar och utan band[m 3]).

Ein anderes Rätsel, dessen Auflösung ebenfalls das Ei ist, lautet :

Hümpelken, pümpelken sat op de bank,
hümpelken, pümpelken fei von de bank,
do is ken dokter in Engelland,
de hümpelken, pümpelken kuräre kann [m 4]).

Daneben stehen die Passungen:

1.

Gigele Gagele auf der Bank,
Gigele Ga2;ele unter der Bank!
Ist kein Doktor im ganzen Land,
Der's Gigele Gagele wieder ganz machen kann [m 5]).

2.

Lille trille
laae paa hylde,
fald ned af hylde;
ingen mand
i hele land
lille trille curere kan [m 6]).

3.

Lille bylle laae paa hylde,
hlle bylle fald ned of hylde;
ingen mand in verden kon
hjaelpe lille bylle istond "[m 7]).

4.

Lille trolle
lag pä hölle
ingen man i detta lanii
, lille trolle laeka (heilen) kan [m 8]).

5.

Bolli för äf skäröi
allar gjäröir sprungu äf,
han vär hvörki firi eystan, ella firi vestan
iS bolla afturboeta kiindi [m 9]).

Das Ei, aus welchem auf geheimnisvolle Weise ein neues Leben hervorgeht, bot der Naturbetrachtung unserer Alten ein tiefes Rätsel. Kunstvoll gefügt ohne Nat und Drat[m 10]), ohne Reife und Bänder, so dass man weder Anfang noch Ende daran sieht, musste es ihnen als eine Arbeit der schmiedenden Elbe erscheinen und in diesem Sinne sagte man, dass es in Engelland, dem Eibenreich, zu Hause sei, daher gefahren komme. Wir sahen bereits o. S. 346, dass die Elbe auf Eierschalen aus und nach ihrer Heimat fahren. Auch in Holland schreibt man vor, die Eierschalen zu zerbrechen, sonst fahren die Hexen darin nach England [m 11]).

Ist das Ei zerbrochen, so kann kein Mensch es wieder heilen, nicht einmal die kunstvoll schmiedenden Geister (Elbe) im Lande der Engel[m 12]). Wir lernen hier also Engelland als einen Ort kennen, wo kostbare, wundersame Gefäfse gefertigt werden, eine Tätigkeit, welcher unsere Elbe nach vielfachen Sagen im oder hinter dem Berge (dem Wolkenfels) obzuliegen pflegen[m 13]).

Das Ei musste unsern Altvorderen um so mehr elbisch erscheinen, als sowol seine Gestalt sie an den buckligen Zwerg [m 14]), als auch sein Hin- und Herrollen an das Kobold- oder Kopfheisterschiefsen'[m 15]) erinnerte.

  1. ^ 1) Pommerellen mündl. Vergl. Ostpreufsen N. Pr. Provincialbl. I. 1846 S. 396: Kömmt e tonnke üt En gelland, äne rand on äne band, öss tweierlei ber bönne. i segg, wat suU dat sonne. — Ebendas. a. a. 0. X. 1850 288. 192. Kem e tonnke üt Engelland, had keine reife, on keine band, on wer doch tweerlei ber damank. — Westholstein mündl.: Kern en tunn üt Engelland, har ken bügel un ken band un doch tweerlei ber. Vergl. Müllenhoff, Sagen 506, 9: sunder born (Boden) un sunder band.
  2. ^ 2) Steffen, Sagen und Märchen aus Luxemburg S. 47.
  3. ^ 3) Dybeck , Runa 1847 No. 25. Die übrigen Varianten nehmen eine andere "Wendung. Das Alter unseres Rätsels hat schon Müllenhoff, Zeitschr. f. D. Myth. III, 7 dargetan. Es kommt bereits in kunstmäfsiger Skäldenbearbeitung in der Getspecki Hei'öreks konüngs vor. — Das Reterbüchlein gewährt die Form : ,,Ein fesslein, das ist wol gebunden fast geheb on handt unndt on band; hat auch kain raiff." Vergl. damit Oldenburg, Thöle und Strakerjan, Aus dem Kinderleben S. 75. Schwaben, Meier, Kinderreime S. 77, 299; Aargau, Rocholz, Alemann. Kinderl. S. 234, 283; Mone, Anzeiger 1838. 262, 188; Hagens Germania VI, 155. Baden in Niederösterreich: As 13 a fassl ungebunden, had käan räaf und kaani wundn und san zwäalai drangl drai. Unser Rätsel ist vielfach zu andern Völkern übergegangen. Litauisch lautet es: Mazh. baczkele bh szulü ir be vidiij dvcjops pyvs. Ein kleines Fässchen ohne Dauben und Reife, innen zweierlei Bier. Schleicher, Sitzungsber. d. Wien. Akad. 1852 S. 529. — Die Inselschweden auf Worms sagen: Eit fad ä tu las äöl; Ein Fass hat zweierlei Bier. Die Ehsteu entlehnten: ,,üks waat kahtesuggu öllut sees," Ein Fass, zweierlei Bier darinnen. Guts leff, Anweisung zur ehstnischcn Sprache. Halle 1732 S. 371. No. 122. — Auch die Magyaren nahmen das Rätsel bei sich auf: Kicsi hordd, kdtfe'le bor van benne, mindenik szine't el lehet vtiltoz tatni. Ein kleines Fass, zweierlei Wein ist in demselben, die Farbe eines jeden kann man unterscheiden. Jlagyar nyelvc'szet szerkeszti Hunfalvv Pal. 1856 S. 365 — 377. szäz finn e's szilz niagyar noptalany. 100 finnische und inag5'arische Volksrätsel No. 4. vergl. Magazin f. Literatur d. Ausl. 1856 No. 90. S. 864a.
  4. ^ 1) Herford. Firm. I, 360. Wesentlich hiemit und besonders in der Les art Engelland stimmen die folgenden Recensionen überein: a) Grafschaft Mark. Woeste, Volksüberlieferungen S. 14, 16. b) Ravensberg mündlich. c) Lippe. Firm. I, 271. Simrock, Eätselb. I, 32. d) Bremen, Schmidt, Ammenreime 38. e) Göttingen d. Herrn Bibliothekar Müldener; nur dass für hümpelken pümpelken in a) hüppelken püppelkeu, b) hülterken pülterken, c) runtzelken pimtzelken, d) etje papetje, e) hümmelchen bümmelchen gesagt wird.
  5. ^ 2) Tirol d. J. V. Zingerle. — Vergl. Jugenheim a. d. Bergstrafse von mir aufgezeichnet: hüppelche püppelche üf de bank, h. p. unner de bank, is kei mensch im ganze Land, der das hüppelche püppelcJie fangen kann. — Schwaben, Meier, Kinderr. 79, 310: Wirgele Wargele uffer Bank, wenn es fällt, ist es krank, es ist kein Dokter im ganzen Land, der dem Wirgele Wargele helfen kann.
  6. ^ 3) Dänemark. Thiele, Danske folkesagn ' HI, 148.
  7. ^ 4) Falster d. Fräul. E. Boeckmann.
  8. ^ 1) Westergötland. Dybeck , Ruim 1848 No. 28. Vergl. ebendas. 29 Wenjau: ille bille sto pä hille; ille bille för i sär, ingen man i detta lann ille bille bigga kau.
  9. ^
    2) Fffii-oeer. Antiquarisk tidskr. 1849 — 51 S. 317, 16. Ballen fiel von der Bergkluft, alle Reifen sprangen ab. Da war Niemand in Osten oder Westen, der Ballen wieder ganz machen konnte. Zu bemerken ist, dass firi eystan ella firi vestan genau zu dem Zuruf an den Marienkäfer: ,,flyg oester, flygvester" ,,ütm austen ader ütm wes te n o. S. 252. 253 stimmt. Denselben Ausdruck enthält auch eine englische Variante des Käferliedes, die wir zu S. 253 aus Brand, O1)sen'ations ed. EUis I. 213 nach tragen :

    This ladyfly I fake from of the grass,
    whose ppotted back might scarlet red siirpass.
    Fly ladj'bird, north, sonth or east or west,
    fly where the man is found, that I love best.

    Vergl. noch den Brandsegen:
    There were three angels from the east and the west
    one brought fire, and another brought frost,
    and the third it was the holy ghost,
    out fire, in frost! in the name of the father. etc.
    Notes and queries 1850 S. 258.
  10. ^ 3) Vergl. das Pommerellische Rätsel vom Ei: „düfferke uu düwke knitten sik en hiiwke äne nät, äne drät, ane end, de dat rät, de is behend. Weben oder Spinnen sind häufig aphrodisische Symbole. — Tiiöle und Strakerjan S. 77: dar Iccm cn schö üt de enge Ische stüw, de mäkt enc nät Sünder nädel un drät. Auflös. der Schrittscliuh. Hier fliefst Engelland das Eibenreich mit Engelland - Grofsbritannien , dem Lande der Fabriktätigkeit, zusammen. Gradezu wird Enge Hand in der folgenden Variante aus Hannover genannt: Dar kuamen twe du wen van Engelland stüwen de neihden en nät sünner drat. D. Fräulein E. Freiin v. Dinck!!ige-Canii>e. Auflös. schöwel (Schrittschuh).
  11. ^ 1) Notes and queries III, 387.
  12. ^ 2) Viele Varianten unseres Rätsels nehmen eine andere Wendung. Pommerellen: Huchel di buchel he leg op de benk, huchel di buehel he leg onder de benk. Huchel di buchel hets genecke tebröke, kann kene sone huchel di buchel me mäke. — England Ilalliwell, Nursery-rhynies S. 92, No. 135: Hump ty-dumpty säte on a wall; humpty-dumpty liad a great fall; threc score men and three score more cannot place humpty-dumpty as before. — Kuhländchen. Meinert, Fylgie S. 289, 33. 's feilt vo dar trepp onn kon's ka beinder meh beinde. — Siebenbirgen d. Haitiich: et fäel e kefken vum däuch erüef, et kangd cd niche biduer bangyden. Wat es dät? Vergl. Hagens Germania VI, 156. — Eine Reihe anderer Recensionen ist mir noch nicht verständlich. Weifsenfeis in Sachsen mündl. vergl. Neuvorpommern Hagens Gei'mania V, 252: Ente potente safs auf der Bank, Ente potente fiel von der Bank, da kamen die Herren von Akel dörschakel und wollten Ente potente wieder ganz machen. — Pommerellen: Hempel di pempel lag auf der Bank, Hempel di pempel lag unter der Bank, kam ein Herr von Jlen Apen kann Hempel di pempel nicht wieder machen. — Pommerellen: Hottepotete ober der Bank, Hottepotete unter der Bank! da kam der Hottepotete und könnt' es nicht wieder ganz machen. — Pommerellen: Ente potente sat op de benk, Ente potente fei von de benk, da käme de herre von Atepotäte on wullen Ente potente wedder ganss mäke. — Holstein mündl. : Henterpotenter kam auf die Bank, Ilenterpotenter fiel von der Bank, da kamen 5 Herren von Uden von Aden, konnten doch kein Henter-potenter mehr machen. — Pommerellen: Endle labondle lag auf der Bank, Endle labondle lag unter der Bank, da kam ein Herr von Labondle gegangen; schenkt Hannchen ein Hahneben und ein Hühnchen. Hahnchen und Hühnchen gingen einen graden Weg. Hühnchen fand ein Kornchen, Hahnchen wollt es ihm nehmen, da kam ein Herr von Labondle gegangen wollt es ihm nicht lassen. — Wer sind die Herren von Akel dörschakel, Jlen Apen, Hottepotete, Atepotäte, Uden Aden, Labondle? — Die Besprechungen unseres Rätsels N. Preufs. Provincialbl. 1840 V, 396 fgg. Hagens Germania V. 184.3 S. 252 — 254 sind durchaus unzureichend.
  13. ^ 1) S. Kuhn, Zcitschr. f. vergl. Sprachf. IV, 95 fgg.
  14. ^ 2) llumpelken, hüminelken, hüppelken bedeutet bucklig, vergl. engl, hump; pürapelken, bümmelken sind Enipliase. Vergl. Zeitscbr. für vergl. Sprachf. III, 79. 80. engl, humpty = luinchbauked. S. Thoni. Wright, Dictionaiy of absülcte and provincial English. London 1857 S. 673. — Ilumpty-duinpty „eine kleine tölpische Person." Kaltschmidt, Engl. Wörterbuch s. V.
  15. ^ 3) Vergl.: kann kene sone huchel di bucliel me müke. — Dan. trille bedeutet Rolle, Scheibe.

Unsorted[edit]

https://books.google.ie/books?id=wE9HAQAAMAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false Humpty Dumpty: A Playful Paraphrase By William Winter, A. Reiff

https://books.google.ie/books?id=98shAQAAMAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&pg=PA1379#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&f=false spectator

"That last line is much too long for the poetry," Carroll's Alice says.

https://books.google.ie/books?id=qHxTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA365#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false chambers journal

https://books.google.ie/books?id=8EMxAQAAMAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA493#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false St James magazine, for the young of the household

https://books.google.ie/books?id=d31aAAAAcAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false infinitesimals

https://books.google.ie/books?id=3thUAAAAcAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false Esmeralda burlesque, frollo calls Quasimodo h.d.

https://books.google.ie/books?id=FdBZAAAAcAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false Sir George and the dragon burlesque

https://books.google.ie/books?id=Xu0pAQAAIAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty&f=false mother goose for grown fills

https://books.google.ie/books?id=4KgNAAAAQAAJ&dq=Humpy%20dumpy&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=Humpy%20dumpy&f=false Mrs sc Hall

https://books.google.ie/books?id=FS3VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Humpy+dumpy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic39urm_7bAhXJJcAKHbPhAhUQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=Humpy%20dumpy&f=false excursion through the slave States

https://books.google.ie/books?id=OZAOAAAAYAAJ&dq=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&f=false nursery rhymes an egg

https://books.google.ie/books?id=F0P4O6K5zIAC&pg=PA8&dq=Humpty+dumpty+rhymes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg44aqnP7bAhWrBcAKHfRtDmcQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&f=false Norway and Sweden equivalent

https://books.google.ie/books?id=6nsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA96&dq=Humpty+dumpty+rhymes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg44aqnP7bAhWrBcAKHfRtDmcQ6AEIRjAG#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&f=false could not set Humpty Dumpty up again

https://books.google.ie/books?id=IwN1Ur3NgF0C&dq=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q=Humpty%20dumpty%20rhymes&f=false rhyme with picture of large egg

Chambers dictionary definition is egg-like rather than egg

https://bshistorian.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/putting-the-dump-in-humpty-dumpty/amp/

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humpty-dumpty

"French nursery rhyme hero (the rhyme first attested in English 1810)," https://www.etymonline.com/word/humpty-dumpty

Humpty Dumpty looks transparent, for he was short, even if not “thick”; this jocular word must be a derivative of dump. In such compounds, as a general rule, the determining element is the second, while the first one is meaningless, has no ascertainable origin, and often begins with an h (helter-skelter, hoity-toity, hootchy–kootchy, etc.). https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/humpty-dumpty-and-his-kin/

http://folklore_en.enacademic.com/556/Humpty_Dumpty Opie and Opie 1997 cited in 2014

https://books.google.ie/books?id=dOk8AQAAIAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q=dumpty&f=false "It is very like a certain gentleman mentioned in history, and named Humpty Dumpty, ... And so it is with a man's reputation, Mr. Latimer. It takes a great many horses and a great many men to set up a character once fallen; friable materials, Sir— friable materials— easily cracked, and not easily mended."

https://books.google.ie/books?id=jnVIAAAAYAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=RA1-PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false Figaro in London No.162 (10 Jan 1835) p.8 "TWELFTH NIGHT CHARACTERS AT WINDSOR"

The Duke of Wellington drew General Bombastus Furiso. Sir Robert Peel drew Charles Surface. Lord Winchester drew a Donkey. The Lady Mayoress drew Sappho. Lord Ellenborough drew a Unicorn. Lord Thynne (by favour of Mr. Selby,) Nimming Ned. Her Majesty drew Queen Dollalolla. His Majesty drew Humpty Dumpty. His Majesty was so struck with the ominous meaning of the verses underneath his character ... Prophetic words, which his Majesty applied to his own fate and that of his ministers, that he immediately broke up the party, just at the very moment that the intelligence of the first day's poll in the city was brought to him.

https://books.google.ie/books?id=kGtiAAAAcAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PT93#v=onepage&q&f=false "Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again"

https://books.google.ie/books?id=23sAAAAAMAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false "[An Egg]" 1846

Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert, eds. (1851). "Humpty Dumpty". Chambers's Journal. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers: 365–366. a rumination on childhood moral tales, nostalgia, mortality. ("yolk...albumen...eggy"; but later "man" in "Never believe it to be the mere story of an unhappy man's precipitation; least of all, to be a mere riddle, hard of solution, and unimportant, and perhaps of little meaning when solved")


https://books.google.ie/books?id=GGkDAAAAYAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PA1241#v=onepage&q&f=false 1843 German article has German version and Low German "Ente potente", and ref to another German article

https://books.google.ie/books?id=TxcYAAAAYAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=RA1-PA326-IA14#v=onepage&q&f=false 1838 Calcutta Monthly Journal cites usual form as "some old English lines"

https://books.google.ie/books?id=Qawzy18xaV8C&dq=dumpty&pg=RA3-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1830-1 in connection with Wellington's downfall cites usual form as "Nursery Song"

Already in 1869 The Spectator suggests "Dumpty" as a surname:[99]

she neglects to connect the remarkable fragment which she makes the subject of a legend,
"Diddledy diddledy Dumpty, The cat ran up a plum tree ; Half-a-crown to fetch her down, Diddledy, diddledy, Dumpty,"
with one far more widely known of the same cycle, and certainly connected with the same family name :—
" Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall

William Thoms' 1843 review of Halliwell in The Athenaeum no.809 pp.409–411 sees "Humpty Dumpty" not as a mere riddle but as a moral story of pride before a fall.[100]

https://archive.org/stream/TheAnnotatedAlice Finnegans Wake, cosmic egg

https://archive.org/stream/EuropeanIndo-EuropeanPoetsOfUrduPersian-RamBabuSaksena/European%20And%20Indo-European%20Poets%20Of%20Urdu%20And%20Persian._djvu.txt Urdu/Persian translation

https://archive.org/stream/nationalrhymesof00brow#page/23/mode/1up Nursery Rhymes 1896 egg picture

Isaac D'Israeli says Richard Bentley nicknamed William King "Humty-Dumty" [sic] for his alleged drinking.[101] (cf. King's 1698 use of phrase)

Low German

Ente Potente sat up de benk,
Ente Potente fèl von de benk:
Do kémen de herren von Akel Dörschäkel,
Wull'n Ente Potenten wedder héle mäken.

A duck-egg, with other ducks gathering round.

    • Hoefer, Albert (1844). von der Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich (ed.). "Weiteres über das deutsche Räthsel vom Ei". Germania (in German). 6. Berlin: Berlinischen Gesellschaft für Deutsche Sprache und Alterthumskunde: 155–156. [Item 7 is additions to Ente Potente variants]

1850 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=humpty;id=inu.30000135384893;view=image;seq=111;start=1;sz=10;page=search;num=83 Humpty Dumpty, or Robbin de Bobbin and the First Lord Mayor of Lun'on. Humpty Dumpty is an intelligible sprite, who issues from an egg, and is employed in counteracting the efforts of the £ characters of the pantomime by £ under their le and turning them topsy-turvy. The heroine is the “Old Wo…


refs and repeats Hoefer with Flemish similar.

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=humpty;id=nnc1.cu17085624;view=image;seq=911;start=1;sz=10;page=search;num=5 list of egg riddles from German article

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=humpty;id=nnc1.cu17085624;view=image;start=1;sz=10;page=root;size=100;seq=20;num=12 index numbers for H-D in various collections

Sale-Barker, Lucy, ed. (1876). "Humpty Dumpty". Little wide-awake. pp. 250–251. pictured as a man falling

https://books.google.ie/books?id=aJBVAAAAcAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false 1872 book man "Humphie" mangled as "Humpty-Dumpty" to child's amusement and bemusement, mother explains he wasn't Humpty-Dumpty as he wasnt an egg.

https://books.google.ie/books?id=11ACAAAAQAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false 1876 Second verse predicated on his being an egg

https://books.google.ie/books?id=GiIOAAAAQAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false pictured as a boy on a wall [with some eggs? no, fruit from the tree beside him]

https://books.google.ie/books?id=4BleAAAAcAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false nonce variant still eggs "smashed by the wall"

https://books.google.ie/books?id=3vc_AQAAMAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false 1864 Humpty as the Sun, ditto the King

https://books.google.ie/books?id=J3VPAQAAMAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false 1867 - Fun gives an Americanised H-D lampoon

https://books.google.ie/books?id=aNABAAAAQAAJ&dq=humpty%20horses&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false 1871 the wall where poor old Humpty fell

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.81371862;view=1up;seq=82 German txn of Englsih novel incl HD

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t4hm5xr72;view=1up;seq=44 Romaunt Carols of Cockaine Chivalry for the Cradle 1869 published indiv earlier

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p01160704s;view=1up;seq=446 pp 418-9 fn 2 German variants

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b255214;view=1up;seq=411 Latin Circulus

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019673656;view=1up;seq=278 Latin version

1874 Latin Humptius Dumptius[102]

1868 Latin Humptius in muro sedit.[103]

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101048494213;view=1up;seq=376 Swiss German Annebadadeli

https://books.google.ie/books?id=Q6KRptHLx7EC&pg=PA65 Pennsylvania Dutch

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000121009439;view=1up;seq=271 p245-6 Annebadadeli again

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c190123;view=1up;seq=211 Punch 1859 "Humpty Dumpty" the pope as an egg

Petty 1953 points out that the picture spoils the riddle; suggest [104]

Humorous theory that H-D was human with osteopetrosis.[105]

Joseph Grimaldi played My Lord Humpy Dandy (a Regency fop) in Harlequin Munchausen; or, The Fountain of Love (1818)."[106] He is changed into a clown in scene 4.[107] Presumably a progenitor of the 1868 U.S. Humpty Dumpty pantomime if not the earlier 1850 one.

Already by 17 May 1872, Alexander John Ellis was quoting Lewis Carroll's HD in his presidential address to the Philological Society.[108]

https://books.google.ie/books?id=GzoGAAAAQAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PA423-IA4#v=onepage&q&f=false 1873 "Humpty Dumpty" children's drama about a "fat boy" prince, pictured.

1876 sheet music https://books.google.ie/books?id=yV62PKolgrMC&dq=dumptie&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false says James Anthony Froude equated with Richard III

https://books.google.ie/books?id=zq7Q6maJ34sC&dq=humpty%20carriage%20dumpty&pg=RA2-PA438#v=onepage&q&f=false "threescore men.." quoted atributed to "Sphynx" in The Reformers' Gazette No.58, 9 June 1832, "the Court", p.438

Eliab Harvey quoted "Humpty Dumpty" in 1826 in opposing Catholic Emancipation.[109]

Albert Jack says real meaning is Royalists' gun in tower of St Mary-at-the-Walls during the siege of Colchester, quotes two "extra verses", and claims Tenniel's Alice is first known depiction as an egg.[110] The theory is mentioned in the Victoria County History of Essex, cited to the Colchester Express (1 December 1972) and Essex County Standard (14 January 1983), but VCH says "There appears to be no evidence to support the suggestion, popularized c. 1980, that another nursery rhyme, Humpty Dumpty, derives from the destruction of a cannon at the siege of Colchester in 1648."[111] Jack's verse names the gunner "One-Eyed Thompson", whereas Pluckwell (1987) calls him "One Eyed Dick".[112]

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092636364;view=1up;seq=234 "All the king's horses and all the king's men" in quotes in 1837 poem

1838 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=horses;id=nyp.33433081881991;view=plaintext;seq=328;start=11;sz=10;page=root;num=326;size=100;orient=0 "some old English lines"

1839 "the old nurse riddle" https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=king%27s%20horses;id=uc1.c3007311;view=plaintext;start=1;sz=10;page=root;size=100;seq=1025;num=1017

1871: youth with cracked-shell egg head. Sheet music shows intended rhythm. Contents page says picture was by Henry Stacy Marks.[113] Review in The Spectator doesn't mention eggs:[114]

[another illustration] gives as much of the effect of a grotesque situation lit upon by a whimsical accident, as art could give. So, too, with Mr. H. S. Marks's admirable picture of "Humpty-Dumpty's" great broken bald head, over which you see the cracks running in all directions as in splintered glass. .He lies on his back at the foot of the wall,—the head, a very big, empty, philanthropic one (suggesting that Humpty Dumpty would have done better to sit on a School Board than on a wall), upturned, and the face disfigured by a painful smile (like that painted on the signboards of any " Sun " Inn), while a sedate frog is apparently examining anxiously the nature of this fractured globular body near him, and contemplating a jump on to its upper surface. The completely extemporized character of Humpty Dumpty and his misfortune could hardly have been more effectually represented than by the astonishment and curiosity with which this frog is exploring his smooth, bald, fractured brain.

1874 sheet music and picture of mannikin with egg head falling past medieval princesses.[115]

1821 Alderman Wood as "Humpty Dumpty"[116]

1874 a boy on a wall holding a nest or basket of eggs.[117]

The riddle-rhyme of "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall" is, in one form or other, a favorite throughout Europe. A curious Danish version is given by Thiele, iii. 148:

Lille Trille
Laae paa Hylde;
Lille Trille
Faldt ned af Hylde.
Ingen Mand
I hele Land
Lille Trille curere kan.

Which may be thus translated:

Little Trille
Lay on a shelf:
Little Trille
Thence pitch'd himself:
Not all the men
In our land, I ken,
Can put Little Trille right again.

And Mr. Stephens has preserved two copies in his MS. Swedish collections. The first is from the province of Upland:

Thille Lille
  Satt på take';
Thille Lille
   Trilla' ner;
Ingen liikare i hela verlden
Thille Lille laga kan.

Thille Lille
  On the roof-tree sat;
Thille Lille
  Down fell flat;
Never a leech the world can show
That Thille Lille can heal, I trow.

Another from the province of Småland:

Lille Bulle
Trilla' ner a skulle;
Ingen man i detta lan'
   Lille Bulle laga kan.

Down on the shed
Lille Bulle rolled;
Never a man in all this land
Lille Bulle helpen can.

— [118]

1868 E.T.Smith's pantomime at the Lyceum is "HD and Dame Trot and her Cat" in which HD is "Prince of the Enchanted Islands", who imprisons Princess Hushaby before his "sad accident" is among the rhymes enacted.[119]

French letter to Figaro 15 May 1862 p.6 from "Humpty Dumpty" https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k270100c/f6.image.r=dumpty?rk=21459;2

French Rolland 1882 quotes and cites 1 German and 2 English versions https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5433286x/f127.image.r=dumpty check the 2 other than Halliwelll one is Gregor 1881 ("Humpity Dumpity")[120]

1866 montois boule-boule p.59 sv "Advinette" https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64889518/f65.image.r="boule%20boule"?rk=1180263;2

1883 Folies Bergère de Paris https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5479613c/f4.image.r=dumpty?rk=150215;2

Humpty-Dumpty, est le nom générique des pierrots d'outrè-mer, et la pantomine à laquelle il donne son nom, se rattache en plus d'un point à la vieille pantomine(...)L'orang outan, (car il n'y a pas de ' S bonne pantomine américaine sans singe ni ' i.bête fauve), tout en secondant les projets ' d'Humpty-Dumpty, ne cesse de lui jouer -, quelques bons tours de sa façon(...)apprête-t-il a donner Une séréna- ' de, Humpty-Dumpty l'a déjà devancé

"H.B." (John Doyle) POLITICAL SKETCHES. 27 December 1836 CCCCLXIII. NURSERY RHYMES, No. 5. Explanation in this book.[121]

2007 claim that Tenniel was first egg, cited to Opie 1962.[122]

Burns, Tom, ed. (2006). "Mother Goose". Children's Literature Review: Excerpts from Reviews, Criticism, Amd Commentary on Books for Children and Young People. 117. Cengage Gale: 35–. ISBN 9780787680480.

  • Partial version at Encyclopedia.com
    • Check cited sources and sections not included by Encyclopedia.com
  • Warner, Marina (Spring 1990). "Mother Goose Tales: Female Fiction, Female Fact?". Folklore 101 (1): 3–25. — discusses HD in sections IV and V:
    • "IV. The Formalist Approach"
      • An even more telling example of a riddle now divorced from its answer is one of the most famous of the rhymes: few people who recite the story of "Humpty Dumpty" realize they are giving a riddling description of an egg.
      • Cautionary tale? Mother Goose's egg? Egg as symbol of fertility, life, birth; Fall as Fall of man.
    • "V. The Psychological and Psychoanalytical Approach" Freudian -- Mother Goose's unwanted-pregnancy egg, infanticide/abortion.

A 1973 herbalism book claims HD is a riddle whose solution is not an egg but "a basket or butt of malt swung between two trunks".[123]

Search for "humpty" in Vaughan Williams Memorial Library includes Roud Folk Song Index and more

Variants[edit]

DUMPY, or DUMPTY. A thick, short, stumpy person or thing; as an egg, according to the riddle. Perhaps "Dumpy" which is used in Scotland, is the true word, and according to Jamieson derived from Isl. doomp.[124]

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall,
[Humpty Dumpty went to bed,
Humpty Dumpty broke his head,]
All the King's horses and all the King's men
Can't set Humpty Dumpty together again.

Scene in 1854 play Flowers for the Altar, Or, Play and Earnest:[125]

it is a pity certainly for us that the eggs are broken ... He sings:

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;
Not all the king's horses nor all the king's men
Could set Humpty Dumpty up again

Fraser's Magazine 1848:[126]

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall;
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall:
Not all the King's horses, nor all the King's men,
Could put Humpty Dumpty on the wall again.

An 1852 Fraser's Magazine review of "A very pretty edition of some Ditties of the Olden Time, illustrated by a lady, [which] was published at Brighton, and by Bogue, London, in 1850":[127]

There is one mistake in the text which, though probably given for the sake of rhyme, destroys the intention of the original by making the meaning too plain, which is fatal to a riddle. This occurs in the last line of “Humpty Dumpty,” which should stand thus—

Could not set Humpty Dumpty on his legs again,

and not—

Could not put Humpty Dumpty together again,

as this collection has it, which would make the discovery of the egg too easy.

"Fourscore men" variant current in North Carolina in 1917.[128]

https://books.google.ie/books?id=3_Q7AQAAMAAJ&dq=dumpty&pg=PA956#v=onepage&q&f=false

All the king's money

Variants of Appalachian migrants in Cincinnati, including:[129]

Humpy Dumpy on the wall,
Humpy Dumpy had a fall,
All the doctor in the world
Could not cure Humpy Dumpy

Similar in Bahamas.[130][131]

Antigua:[132]

Humpy Dumpy sittin' on de wall
Humpy Dumpy had a fall
All de white king ladies
Tell what do Humpy Dumpy.

Humpy Dumpy, 1874 novel about a humpback girl named Caroline Mornay nicknamed Humpy Dumpy.[133]

Nursery Jingles/XLVII. A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes Sabine Baring-Gould (1894)

Humpty-dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty-dumpty had a great fall;
Not all the king's horses, nor all the king's men
Can put Humpty-dumpty on the wall again.

"All the king's doctors" in A New Spirit of the Age (Richard H. Horne, 1844), Volume 1, "Thomas Ingoldsby" p.85 https://books.google.ie/books?id=rJA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85

1833 Yorkshire[134]

Nea doot thoo knaws t’ oad riddle of an eyg,
I’ve knawn’t sen Ah was boot t’ bookc o’ my leg,—
Its “hoompty doompty sat upon a wall,
“And hoompty doompty gat a desprit fall,
"And all t’ king’s hosses there, and all t’ king's men,
“Could neer set hoompty doompty reet agen.”
Se’a they consated if they carved this screen
Bood yance fre’t ple’ace in which it had awlus been,
Like hoompty doompty, it could neer age’an
Be set te reets let what pains wad be te’an.

Parodies[edit]

"THE ROMAUNT OF HUMPTY DUMPTY" by Henry S. Leigh[135]

'Tis midnight, and the moonbeam sleeps
Upon the garden sward;
My lady in yon turret keeps
Her tearful watch and ward.
"Beshrew me!" mutters, turning pale,
The stalwart seneschal;
"What's he, that sitteth, clad in mail
Upon our castle wall?"

"Arouse thee, friar of orders grey;
What ho! bring book and bell!
Ban yonder ghastly thing, I say;
And, look ye, ban it well!
By cock and pye, the Humpty's face!"
The form turned quickly round;
Then totter'd from its resting-place—

That night the corse was found.

The king, with hosts of fighting men
Rode forth at break of day;
Ah! never gleamed the sun till then
On such a proud array.
But all that army, horse and foot,
Attempted, quite in vain,
Upon the castle wall to put
The Humpty up again.

"Imitation" by Anthony C. Deane[136]

Calm and implacable,
Eying disdainfully the world beneath,
Sat Humpty-Dumpty on his mural eminence
In solemn state:
And I relate his story
In verse unfettered by the bothering restrictions of rhyme or metre,
In verse (or "rhythm," as I prefer to call it)
Which, consequently, is far from difficult to write.

He sat. And at his feet
The world passed on—the surging crowd
Of men and women, passionate, turgid, dense,
Keenly alert, lethargic, or obese.
(Those two lines scan!)

Among the rest
He noted Jones; Jones with his Roman nose,
His eyebrows—the left one streaked with a dash of gray—
And yellow boots.
Not that Jones
Has anything in particular to do with the story;
But a descriptive phrase
Like the above shows that the writer is
A Master of Realism.

Let us proceed. Suddenly from his seat
Did Humpty-Dumpty slip. Vainly he clutched
The impalpable air. Down and down,
Right to the foot of the wall,
Right on to the horribly hard pavement that ran beneath it,
Humpty-Dumpty, the unfortunate Humpty-Dumpty,
Fell.

And him, alas! no equine agency,
Him no power of regal battalions—
Resourceful, eager, strenuous—
Could ever restore to the lofty eminence
Which once was his.
Still he lies on the very identical
Spot where he fell—lies, as I said on the ground,
Shamefully and conspicuously abased!

Don L. F. Nilsen presents the following excerpt from Thomas Holly Chivers as a Humpty-Dumpty parody of Edgar Allan Poe's 1845 poem "The Raven":[137]

As an egg, when broken, never
  can be mended, but must ever
Be the same crushed egg forever,
  so shall this dark heart of mine,
Which, though broken, is still breaking,
  and shall nevermore cease aching,
For the sleep which has no waking —
  for the sleep which now is thine!

In fact the lines are from "To Allegra Florence in Heaven", published in 1842, whose style Chivers felt Poe plagiarised.[138] The "notorious simile of the egg" was compared to Humpty Dumpty by critics ridiculing Chivers' bathos.[139]

"W H Auden's Humpty Dumpty" (2010) by Tom Mathews; rewritten in the style of "Funeral Blues" by W.H. Auden.[140] (Though Auden had written a poem called "Humpty Dumpty" aged 19.[141])

Translations[edit]

Of poem[edit]

Latin:

French, Hebrew, Latin, Welsh, Greek, German, and Italian in 1843 by Samuel Edward Maberly.[143]

French translations of Through the Looking Glass have coined different names for the character Humpty Dumpty, including le Gros Bossu ("the Fat Hunchback"), Dodu-Mafflu ("Plump-Chubby"), le Gros Coco ("the Fat Egg").[144]

French Punch 1842 https://books.google.ie/books?id=eGA2AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA104

Halliwell 1843 already lists two of the above https://books.google.ie/books?id=OZAOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208

Of Carroll[edit]

Language Book title Humpty-Dumpty's name
Danish Bag spejlet Klumpe-Dumpe
Esperanto Trans la spegulo Humpti Dumpti
Finnish Liisan seikkailut peilimaailmassa Tyyris Tyllerö / Nokkelis Kokkelis (cf. Lilleri Lalleri in Finnish folk riddle)
French De l'autre côté du miroir Heumpty Deumpty, Gros Coco, Dodu-Mafflu, Rondu-Pondu
German Alice hinter den Spiegeln Goggelmoggel (German name of Kogel mogel egg-based dessert)
Hungarian Alice Tükörországban Dingidungi [Révbíró, 1980];[145] Undi Dundi [Zsuzsa & Dániel Varró], Tojás Tóbiás [István Tótfalusi 1974][146]
Italian Attraverso lo specchio e quel che Alice vi trovò Humpty Dumpty (Elda Bossi 1991),[147] Unto Dunto, Coccobello, Tondo Dondo, Bindolo Rondolo (Almanzi & Pozzi),[147] Tombolo Dondolo (1992)[147]
Norwegian Gjennom speilet / Alice – gjennom speilet Humpty Dumpty
Spanish A través del espejo y lo que Alicia encontró allí Zanco Panco[148] or Tentetieso[149]
Swedish Alice i Spegellandet Humpty Dumpty

Other languages[edit]

In Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 story "The Fir-Tree", there is mention of the story within a story[150] of 'Klumpe-Dumpe' "who fell down-stairs, and yet was raised to high honours, and obtained the princess's hand";[151] most English translations render 'Klumpe-Dumpe' as "Humpty-Dumpty" for euphony, though Mette Norgaard points out that the story is different, of the "Blockhead Hans" type.[152] In modern Danish, klumpedumpe means a clumsy or sloppy person.[153] It seems "Klumpe-Dumpe" is used for HD in Danish translations of Alice.[154] It seems non-English translations of "The Fir Tree" leave "Klumpe-Dumpe" untranslated, as English ones leave "Ivede-Avede", and make no connection to Alice's Humpty-Dumpty.

Norwegian rhyme "Lille Trille".

  • German, Mecklenburg: Entepetente, humpeldipumpel, Polickerpolacker, Hünningpetünning, Tatteratter.[155]
    • More variants from Mecklenburg, xref to other works.[156]
    • "hyplkm pyplkn" (Soest)[44]

Hillerin lillerin nurkassa istuu, torven lorven päällä makaa, eikä sitä seppää Suomessa, joka hillerin lillcrin parantaa.[157]

Hillerin lillerin sitzt in der Ecke, torven lorven liegt auf demselben, es gibt in Finland keinen Schmied. der hillerin lillerin wieder heil machen kann.[158]

Russian "Shaltai Boltai",[24] (Шалтай-Болтай; "nonsense, idle talk"[159]) as translated (Alice or Mother Goose?) by Samuil Marshak. Shaltai Boltai is also the name of a hacker group.

Hobbertibob Pennsylvania German[160]

Derivatives and allusions[edit]

The 1843 Pictorial Humpty Dumpty depicts a literal version of the story: an anthropomorphic egg falls off a wall; his shell cracks; cavalry soldiers can neither put him back on the wall nor repair his shell. The egg is said to be the "king's favourite".[143]

Harlequin and Humpty Dumpty, or, Robbin de Bobbin and the first Lord Mayor of Lun'on (Pantomime, 1850 Theatre Royal, Drury Lane). By Edward Fitzball.[161] W. M. Thackeray may have contributed. Image "The Old Woman of Finchley" transforms Humpty Dumpty into Sprite.[162]

Humpty Dumpty (Pantomime, U.S. c.1867) starring George Washington Lafayette Fox; the first American pantomime to be performed in two acts. The title pf Humpty Dumpty was as good as meaningless .. bore little discernible relationship to the Mother Goose rhyme". The Fairy Queen transformed Humpty Dumpty into the Clown.[163] Picture

Misunderstood (1869) a maudlin take of the death of a boy named Humphrey with HD as its leitmotiv. https://www.libraries.psu.edu/nabokov/dbjgo1.htm

Poem "Humpty Dumpty" in 1884 collection Under a Fool's Cap by Daniel Henry Holmes, in which HD is a degenerate memory of the the Sphinx.[164]

Humpty Dumpty's Little Son; 1907 children's story by Helen Reid Cross. 'Little Dumpty lived with his Mother, who was called Widow Dumpty... Little Dumpty was a little bit like a nice goblin, it was therefore very interesting to his school fellows to have him for a chum, and the funny part about him was that he never took his hat off. Of course no one said anything about it, but they just remembered that his Father was an egg, and got cracked and broken, and they thought that had something to do with it.'[165]

According to Chisholm, the rhyme gave a name to a children's game in which players try to balance with hands on ankles without falling backwards.[166]

In Ford Madox Ford's 1912 novel The New Humpty-Dumpty, the title refers to Count Macdonald, a Russian–Scottish aristocrat who leads an unsuccessful counterrevolution to replace a small republic's democracy with an absolute monarchy.[167]

Multiple references in Finnegans Wake (1922–1939) including name Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, allusions to the Fall of Man, and:[168][169]

[p.11] And even if Humpty shell fall frumpty times as awkward again in the beardsboosoloom of all our grand remonstrancers there'll be iggs for the brekkers come to mourn- him, sunny side up with care.
[p.44]

Have you heard of one Humpty Dumpty
How he fell with a roll and a rumble
And curled up like Lord Olofa Crumple
By the butt of the Magazine Wall,

"All the King's Men" has been used as a title for various works, most notably a 1946 novel by Robert Penn Warren and several film adaptations. "All the King's Horses" has also been use, as have the variations All the President's Men, All the Queen's Men, and All the Queen's Horses.

"Humpty Dumpty", W. H. Auden c.1927

"Humpty Dumpty was pushed"

"Scrambled eggs for dinner again"

Humperdinck Jehoshaphat Aloysius Stuyvesant van Dumpty in Jasper Fforde's The Big Over Easy, 2005 murder mystery

The Humpty Dumpty riddle becomes ... a part of Dickens's elaborate narrative riddle of Our Mutual Friend".[170][171]

"Others" by Allen Ginsberg names Humpty Dumpty and riffs on the story.[172]

Paula Rego's 1989 series Nursery Rhymes includes a "Humpty Dumpty" aquatint depicting a man-sized empty broken eggshell with a human face, surrounded by infantry and cavalry.[173]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ The "All the kings horses..." line is recited in the same volume as part of the "Hickamore, Hackamore" riddle.[40][21]
  2. ^ Halliwell 1849 p.113 gives a different "Hitty-titty" rhyme, used as both a riddle meaning a nettle and the seeker's chant in hide and seek: "Hitty-titty in-doors, / Hitty-titty out; / You touch Hitty-titty, / And Hitty-titty will bite you."

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Baring-Gould, Ceil; Baring-Gould, William Stuart (1967). The annotated Mother Goose : nursery rhymes old and new, arranged and explained. New York: Bramhall House. pp. 268–269.
  2. ^ a b Leslie, Eliza (1831). "Enigmas; 39.". American Girl's Book: Or, Occupation for Play Hours. Munroe and Francis. p. 172. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  3. ^ Ford, Robert (1904). Children's rhymes, children's games, children's songs, children's stories : a book for bairns and big folk. Paisley: Gardner. p. 15. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  4. ^ Taylor, Archer (April 1943). "The Riddle". California Folklore Quarterly. 2 (2): 129–147: 129–130. doi:10.2307/1495557. JSTOR 1495557.
  5. ^ Abrahams, Roger D. (1980). Between the Living and the Dead. FF Communications. Vol. 225. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. p. 94. ISBN 9789514103681.
  6. ^ Halliwell 1853 p.120 No.CLXXXV
  7. ^ Halliwell 1849 p.159; also occurs in Potter 1903 p.50
  8. ^ Halliwell 1853 p.127 No.CCIX
  9. ^ Senderovich 2016 p.71
  10. ^ Strachan, John (2011). Poetry. Edinburgh University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780748688982.; also in Halliwell 1849 p.144
  11. ^ Halliwell 1849 p.145
  12. ^ Walter, Eugene Victor (1988). "Riddles and Problems". Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment. UNC Press Books. p. 177. ISBN 9780807842003.
  13. ^ Senderovich 2016 p.76
  14. ^ Senderovich 2016 pp.96–97
  15. ^ Bett, Henry (1924). Nursery Rhymes and Tales: Their Origin and History. London: Methuen. pp. 7–8.
  16. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Stephen (2000). "Humpty Dumpty". A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192100191. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  17. ^ Stuart1935 zzz cites Eckenstein p.104
  18. ^ a b Stuart, Milo H. (1935). The Formation of Folk Literature as Illustrated in Mother Goose (PDF). Indianapolis: Butler University. pp. 57–58.
  19. ^ Erekson, James A. (29 February 2016). "Putting Humpty Dumpty together again: When illustration shuts down interpretation". Journal of Visual Literacy. 28 (2): 145–162. doi:10.1080/23796529.2009.11674666.
  20. ^ Taylor, Archer (1946). "Review of Riddles around the World". California Folklore Quarterly. 5 (4): 409–410 : 409. doi:10.2307/1495939.
  21. ^ a b Foster, Thomas (January 1879). "Nature Myths in Nursery Rhymes". The Gentleman's Magazine. 246. London: Chatto & Windus: 36-53: 46-47. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  22. ^ "Text search: Humpty". dúchas.ie. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  23. ^ a b Sutton, Mike; Griffiths, Mark (16 April 2018). "Using Date Specific Searches on Google Books to Disconfirm Prior Origination Knowledge Claims for Particular Terms, Words, and Names". Social Sciences. 7 (4): 66. doi:10.3390/socsci7040066.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ a b Liberman, Anatoly (2009). Word Origins ... and How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone. Oxford University Press. p. 61 and 268n4. ISBN 9780199889013. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  25. ^ Shipley, Joseph Twadell (2001). "gib". The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. JHU Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780801867842.
  26. ^ Roberts, Adam (2013). The Riddles of The Hobbit. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 165. ISBN 9781137373632. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  27. ^ Eickemeyer Rowland, Eva (1899). Smith, Alfred Emanuel; Walton, Francis (eds.). "The Gingerbread Man". New Outlook: 893.
  28. ^ "Origin of Pantomime Stories". Pick-me-up. 3 (66). London: 227. 4 January 1890.
  29. ^ "The Origin of Nursery Rhymes". McIvor Times and Rodney Advertiser. Heathcote, Victoria, Australia. 30 May 1907. p. 2.
  30. ^ Allen, H. Merian (July 1917). "The Genesis of Some Nursery Lore". The Sewanee Review. 25 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 361–366. JSTOR 27533034.
  31. ^ Blue, J. Ronald (2007) [1995]. "June 10: Humpty Dumpty". In Zuck, Roy B. (ed.). Devotions for Kindred Spirits: 365 Scriptural Studies by Faculty Members of Dallas Theological Seminary. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 177. ISBN 9781556355653. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  32. ^ "Chap. XI. Of Battels, Sieges, Skirmishes, and other Military Transactions in the Year 1643.". Historical Collections of Private Passages of State:. Vol. 5: 1642–45. London: D. Browne. 1721. Retrieved 12 July 2018. The King's Forces, by the Directions of Dr. Chillingworth, had provided certain Engines, after the manner of the Roman Testudines cum Pluteis, wherewith they intended to Assault the City between the South and West Gates; They ran upon Cart-Wheels, with a Blind of Planks Musquet-proof, and holes for four Musqueteers to play out of, placed upon the Axle-tree to defend the Musqueteers and those that thrust it forwards, and carrying a Bridge before it; the Wheels were to fall into the Ditch, and the end of the Bridge to rest upon the Towns Breast-works, so making several compleat Bridges to enter the City. To prevent which, the Besieged intended to have made another Ditch out of their Works, so that the Wheels falling therein, the Bridge would have fallen too short of their Breast-works into their wet More, and so frustrated that Design.
  33. ^ Daube, David (16 February 1956). "Nursery Rhymes and History: Humpty Dumpty". The Oxford Magazine: 272, 274. Reprinted in Daube, David (2008). Carmichael, Calum M. (ed.). The Jottings of David Daube: Reflections from the 20th Century by One of Its Foremost Legal Minds. YBK. pp. 44–49. ISBN 9780980050813.
  34. ^ Stein, Peter (2001). "David Daube, 1909–1999" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 111: 429–444: 435.
  35. ^ Baumgarten, Albert I. (Spring 2009). "Review of The Jottings of David Daube, ed. Calum Carmichael". Journal of Jewish Studies. 60 (1): 166–167. Was Daube always serious in his observations? Did he ever pull our leg, just for the fun of it? Is the historical analysis of Humpty Dumpty ... intended as a parody of scholarship?
  36. ^ The History and Description of Colchester. W. Keymer. 1803. p. 195. Retrieved 12 July 2018.;Cromwell, Thomas (1826). History and Description of the Ancient Town and Borough of Colchester, in Essex. W. Simpkin & R. Masshall. p. 181. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  37. ^ Pepys, Samuel; Bright, Mynors. "20 April 1665". The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Random House.
  38. ^ Graves, Robert (1927). The Less Familiar Nursery Rhymes. The Augustan books of English poetry. Vol. Second series, no. 14. E. Benn. p. 10.
  39. ^ Potter 1903 p.45
  40. ^ Potter 1903 p.49
  41. ^ a b B., T. (16 December 1865). "Yorkshire Household Riddles". Notes & Queries. 3rd series Vol.VIII (207): 495. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  42. ^ a b Fauset, Arthur Huff (1931). "Folklore from Nova Scotia". Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society. 24: 163. Roly-poly 'gin the wall, Roly-poly had a great fall, Ten score men and ten score more, Couldn't put the roly-poly back as it was before
  43. ^ Aarne 1917 p.119, citing "GE 4", key on p.114
  44. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1886). Die soester Mundart; Laut- und Formenlehre, nebst Texten. Norden and Leipzig: Diedrich Soltau; germanistischen Section des Vereins für Kunst und Wissenschaft in Hamburg. p. 101 No. V [ Soest dialect rhyme] and p.113 [fn. to p.101 No.V, ref for English version, supplied by a Canadian student named H. Jones.] Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  45. ^ a b Stanford, John Frederick (14 June 1850). "Factories Bill". Hansard. vol 111 c1264. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  46. ^ O'Neill, Charles Gordon (7 August 1868). "Policy of the Government". New Zealand Parliamentary Debates. Vol. Third Parliament, Fourth session, Volume 2. Wellington: G. Didsbury. p. 366 col.2. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  47. ^ a b Hewett, Sarah (1892). "The Broken Egg". The peasant speech of Devon. With other matters connected therewith (2nd ed.). London: E. Stock. p. 40. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  48. ^ a b Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson; Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (1898). The life and letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C. L. Dodgson). New York: Century. p. 313.
  49. ^ a b "Memoranda Dramatica ; Covent Garden ; Nov. 8 : Incle and Yarrico — Miser". The Monthly Mirror. VI ns. London: 366. December 1809.
  50. ^ Almon, John (1786). The New Foundling Hospital for Wit: Being a Collection of Fugitive Pieces, in Prose and Verse, Not in Any Other Collection. With Several Pieces Never Before Published. J. Debrett. p. 274. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  51. ^ Hayman, Henry (1864). Exercises in translation from English poetry into Greek and Latin verse. London: David Nutt. pp. 48–49. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  52. ^ "Dispute between monopoly and power Satirist 1st March 1813". Collection online. British Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  53. ^ a b "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall". Collection object details. British Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  54. ^ Fisher, David R. "WOOD, Matthew (1768-1843), of 77 South Audley Street and Little Strawberry Hill, Mdx". History of Parliament Online. he was depicted immediately after her death as a smashed 'Humpty Dumpty'.
  55. ^ "To Matthew Wood, Esq". John Bull (36): 286. 19 August 1821.
  56. ^ "Parodies". The Westminster Review. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 51–61 : 60–61. July 1854. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  57. ^ "Congressional Record" (PDF). Government Printing Office. 5 April 1983. p. 7535. Retrieved 19 July 2018.; "Required Reading; Humpty Dumpty". The New York Times. 12 April 1983. Retrieved 19 July 2018.; Boller, Paul F. (1991). Congressional Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780195060928.
  58. ^ a b Mordden, Ethan (2013). Anything Goes: A History of American Musical Theatre. OUP USA. pp. 22–23. ISBN 9780199892839. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  59. ^ Winter, William; Reiff, A. (1868). Humpty Dumpty: A Playful Paraphrase.
  60. ^ a b Hickling, Alfred (13 December 2009). "Theatre review : Humpty Dumpty". The Observer.
  61. ^ Welch, Denton (June 1946). "The Coffin on the Hill". Life and Letters To-day. 49: 214.
  62. ^ Usrey, Malcolm (1980). "Mother Goose with Tears: Fantasy and Realism in Mother Goose Illustrations since 1865". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 1980 (1): 166–174. doi:10.1353/chq.1980.0007.
  63. ^ Illustrated [coloured] ditties of the olden time. 1851. p. 15. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  64. ^ Cousin Honeycomb's Pleasing Popular Riddles and Puzzles. [With illustrations.]. 1855. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  65. ^ Moffat, Alfred; Willebeek le Mair, Henriette (1911). "Humpty Dumpty". Our old nursery rhymes. New York: G. Schirmer. pp. 31–32.
  66. ^ Rackham, Arthur (1913). Mother goose: the old nursery rhymes. London: Heinemann.; "Stock Photo — 'Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall' from 'Mother Goose - The Old Nursery Rhymes' illustration by Arthur Rackham (1867-1939)". Alamy. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  67. ^ Grover, Eulalie Osgood (15 February 2008) [1915]. Mother Goose; The Original Volland Edition. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. New York: Derrydale Books. p. 79. Retrieved 23 November 2019 – via Project Gutenberg.
  68. ^ Greenaway, Kate (1890). Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes. London: Frederick Warne. p. 41. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  69. ^ Carroll 1999
  70. ^ Hancher 1981 p.49
  71. ^ Sutherland 1970 p.137 n.7
  72. ^ Carroll, Noel (January 2000). "Interpretation and Intention: The Debate between Hypothetical and Actual Intentionalism". Metaphilosophy. 31 (1–2): 75–95 : 75. doi:10.1111/1467-9973.00131. JSTOR 24439299. [reprinted in Carroll, Noël (2001). Beyond Aesthetics: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–214 : 197. ISBN 9780521786560. Retrieved 26 July 2018.]; Casimir, H. B. G. (2017) [1955]. "Broken English". In Weber, R. L. (ed.). More Random Walks in Science. Routledge. pp. 2–45 : 4. ISBN 9781351430135. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  73. ^ Original article Hibschman, Harry (April 1932). "Humpty Dumpty's Rule in Law". The Atlantic. 149: 470–474.; cited description from Fuller, Lon L. (July 1933). "The Legal Mind". The Atlantic. 152: 85–94: 91.
  74. ^ Sutherland 1970 p.140
  75. ^ Tekdemir, Hande (2007). "Humpty Dumpty's Fall: Failing to See the Writing on the Wall". In Baş, Işıl; Freeman, Donald C. (eds.). Challenging the Boundaries. PALA [Poetics and Linguistics Association] Papers. Vol. 2. Rodopi. pp. 203–210: 204. doi:10.1163/9789401204736_014. ISBN 9042022426. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  76. ^ Carroll 1999 TLG Chapter VI fn.3
  77. ^ a b c Carroll 1999 [page needed]
  78. ^ Kingsley, Henry (1872). Valentin: A French Boy's Story of Sedan. Tinsley Bros. p. 153.
  79. ^ Saki (1902). "Alice Lunches at Westminster". The Westminster Alice. Westminster Gazette. pp. 43–45. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  80. ^ Gillen, Charles H. (1969). H. H. Munro (Saki). Twayne's English Authors. Vol. 102. Twayne. p. 40.
  81. ^ Prioleau, Elizabeth (December 1975). "Humbert Humbert Through the Looking Glass". Twentieth Century Literature. 21 (4): 428. doi:10.2307/441056. JSTOR 441056.
  82. ^ Rampton, David (1984). Vladimir Nabokov: A Critical Study of the Novels. CUP Archive. p. 198, fn.9. ISBN 9780521276719. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  83. ^ Brunton, W. (1867). "The History of Hum Teh Dum Tih". Routledge's Christmas annual. Routledge. pp. 115–117. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  84. ^ Cheem, Aliph (1871). "Humayscha Agé Jao". Lays of Ind. Bombay: Thacker, Vining. pp. 50–53.
  85. ^ Gale, Richard M. (2005). The Philosophy of William James: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–209. ISBN 9780521549554. Retrieved 26 July 2018.; Cochran, Molly, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Dewey. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780521874564. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  86. ^ Kohn, Martin (29 December 2009). "Mrs. Dumpty". Literature, Arts and Medicine Database (LitMed). New York University School of Medicine. Retrieved 26 July 2018.; Bloch, Chana (24–31 August 1998). "Mrs. Dumpty". The New Yorker: 138. Retrieved 26 July 2018.; Bloch, Chana (1998). Mrs. Dumpty. University of Wisconsin Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780299160005. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  87. ^ Watson, George (1971). The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Vol. 2: 1660–1800. Cambridge University Press. cc1397-1398. ISBN 9780521079341.
  88. ^ King, William (1698). A journey to London, in the year, 1698. After the ingenuous method of that made by M. Lyster to Paris. Wittten [sic] originally in Fr., by m. Sorbiere, and newly tr. into Engl. London: A. Baldwin. p. 35.
  89. ^ "N Nursery Rhymes - Pre and Post 1850 Nursery Rhymes" (PDF). Opie Collection of Children's Literature [Catalogue]. Bodleian Library.
  90. ^ A rod for Tunbridge beaus, bundl'd up at the request of the Tunbridge ladies. A burlesque poem. London. 1701. p. 28.
  91. ^ Thomas, Katherine Elwes (1930). The real personages of Mother Goose. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  92. ^ a b Hunt, Peter (2004). International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 9781134436842.
  93. ^ Planché, J.R. (1870). "Notes on Nursery Nonsense". The Leisure hour monthly library. 19 (Christmas): 41–46 : 42–43. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  94. ^ David Daube 1956
  95. ^ Tupper, Martin Farquhar (1886). My Life as an Author. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  96. ^ Knieger, Bernard M. (February 1959). "Humpty Dumpty and Symbolism". College English. 20 (5): 244–245. doi:10.2307/372694. JSTOR 372694.
  97. ^ "Chapter X: Riddle-rhymes". Comparative studies in nursery rhymes. 1906. pp. 104–114.
  98. ^ Mannhardt, Wilhelm (1858). "B "Holda und die Nörnen"; §4 "Enrielland" ; 10) "Das kunstvoll gefügte Ei (von Eiben) in Engelland gefertigt"". Germanische Mythen (in German). Berlin: Schneider. pp. 414–419. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  99. ^ "NURSERY SONGS AND FAIRY LEGENDS". The Spectator: 17. 18 December 1869. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  100. ^ Folklore and Nationalism in Europe During the Long Nineteenth Century. BRILL. 2012. p. 242. ISBN 9789004211834.
  101. ^ Miscellanies of literature. 1840. p. 137.
  102. ^ Merrick, John Mudge (1874). Nugae Inutiles: Specimens of Translation. H. L. Shepard. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  103. ^ Latin Verse Memorials of School Work and School Play. By Ultor Ego. [The preface is signed, T. R. M.] Eng. and Lat. 1868. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  104. ^ Petty, Thomas A. (13 February 2017) [1953]. "The Tragedy of Humpty Dumpty". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 8 (1): 404–412. doi:10.1080/00797308.1953.11822779.
  105. ^ McCallum, Brown J.; Smith, Stuart M. (5–19 December 2005). "Ailing allegories and sickly stories: the quest for pathology in children's literature" (PDF). The Medical Journal of Australia. 183 (11–12). Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  106. ^ Pickering, David; Morley, John (1993). Encyclopedia of pantomime. Gale Research International. p. 61. ISBN 9781873477458.
  107. ^ Nicklau, Thelma (1956). "Appendix B". Harlequin : or The rise and fall of a Bergamask rogue. -. New York : Braziller. p. 230.
  108. ^ Ellis, Alexander John (1873). "First Annual Address Of The President To The Philological Society". Transactions of the Philological Society. London: Asher & Co: 1–34 : 15–18.
  109. ^ Fisher, David R. "HARVEY, Sir Eliab (1758-1830), of Rolls Park, Chigwell, Essex and 8 Clifford Street, Mdx". History of Parliament Online.
  110. ^ Jack, Albert (2008). Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141909301.
  111. ^ Baggs, A. P.; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N. R.; Pugh, R. B.; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C. C. (1994). "The Borough of Colchester". In Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R (eds.). A History of the County of Essex. Victoria County History. Vol. 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: British History Online. p. 1. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  112. ^ Pluckwell, George (1987). John Constable's Essex. Henry. p. 68.
  113. ^ Elliott, James William (1871). "Humpty Dumpty". National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs. Engraved by the Brothers Dalziel. George Routledge and Sons. p. 30.
  114. ^ "HOW TO ILLUSTRATE A NURSERY RHYME". The Spectator: 10–11. 19 November 1870. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  115. ^ "Humpty Dumpty". Old Nursery Rhymes with the old Tunes. Pictures by E. G. D. G. Routledge and Sons. 1874.
  116. ^ Gutch, John Mathew, ed. (November 1821). "The political Opinions of Mr. Tristram Shandy, his Family, and Friends". The Country constitutional guardian and literary magazine: 18–19. As to Alderman W—d," said my Father, rising with increased vehemence of action, " he is as complete a—" ... my Uncle overheard him one day talk of "the National Debt, and Humpty Dumpty and Common Halls, and many other things ... which no sensible man ought to mention
  117. ^ Valentine, Laura (1874). "Humpty Dumpty". Nursery rhymes, tales and jingles. The Camden ed. London: Frederick Warne. p. 152.
  118. ^ Halliwell 1849 p.8
  119. ^ "The Pantomimes and Christmas Entertainments". Public Opinion: 825. 26 December 1868.
  120. ^ Gregor, Walter (1881). Notes on the Folk-lore of the North-east of Scotland. Folk-lore Society. p. 78.
  121. ^ MacLean, Thomas (1841). An Illustrative Key to the Political Sketches of. T. M'Lean. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  122. ^ Alcock, Joan P. (2007). "The Egg; its symbolism and mythology". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006. Oxford Symposium. p. 28, fn.1. ISBN 9781903018545.
  123. ^ Rea, C. B.; Rea, J. (1973). Circa instans. Bryan, Texas. pp. 308, 341–342.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  124. ^ Baker, Anne Elizabeth (1854). Glossary of Northamptonshire words and phrases, with examples of their colloquial use, and illustrations from various authors: to which are added the customs of the country: (2 Voll.). I. J. Russell Smith. p. 206. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  125. ^ Rich and Poor, Or, Lady Adela and Grumbling Molly: To which is Added, Flowers for the Altar, Or, Play and Earnest. Burns and Lambert. 1854. p. 71.
  126. ^ a b "Orbiculatus". Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country. James Fraser: 104. January 1848. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  127. ^ Froude, James Anthony; Tulloch, John, eds. (May 1852). "Nursery Literature". Fraser's Magazine. J. Fraser: 562–574 : 567.
  128. ^ Parsons, Elsie Clews (April 1917). "Notes on Folk-Lore of Guilford County, North Carolina". The Journal of American Folklore. 30 (116): 206. doi:10.2307/534338.
  129. ^ Williams, John Rodger (1985). Appalachian Migrants in Cincinnati, Ohio: The Role of Folklore in the Reinforcement of Ethnic Identity. Indiana University. p. 102.
  130. ^ Parsons, Elsie Clews (July 1919). "Riddles and Proverbs from the Bahama Islands". The Journal of American Folklore. 32 (125): 440. doi:10.2307/535080.
  131. ^ Parsons, Elsie Clews (October 1928). "Spirituals and Other Folklore from the Bahamas". The Journal of American Folklore. 41 (162): 453–524, nos. 10, 52, 82, 93. doi:10.2307/535018.
  132. ^ Parsons, Elsie Worthington Clews (1969). Folk-lore of the Antilles, French and English. Kraus Reprint Company. p. 423.
  133. ^ Dana, J. Jay (1874). Humpy Dumpy, Or, The Corner Grocery. National Temperance Society and Publication House. p. 12.
  134. ^ Brown, George Newton (1833). York Minster Screen. Being a specimen of the Yorkshire dialect, as spoken in the North Riding. R. Smithson. p. 8. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  135. ^ Wells 2007 pp.411–412
  136. ^ Wells 2007 pp.375–376
  137. ^ Nilsen, Don L. F. (1988). "Humorous American Poets: How To Distinguish the Best from the Worst". Studies in American Humor. 6: 6–12 : 6. JSTOR 42573680.
  138. ^ Newcomer, Alphonso G. (1904). "The Poe-Chivers Tradition Re-Examined". The Sewanee Review. 12 (1): 20–35. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  139. ^ Lombard, Charles M. (1979). Thomas Holley Chivers. Twayne. p. 50. ISBN 9780805772586.; Richards, William Carey (March–April 1842). "Monthly chat with readers and correspondents". The Orion. 2 (5–6). William C. Richards: 371.
  140. ^ Mathews, Tom (2010). "W H Auden's Humpty Dumpty". The Poetry Ireland Review (100): 66. JSTOR 40649209.
  141. ^ Auden, W. H. (2003). Bucknell, Katherine (ed.). Juvenilia: Poems, 1922–1928. Princeton University Press. p. 149–153. ISBN 0691102813.
  142. ^ Drury, Henry (1841). Arundines Cami: Sive, Musarum Cantabrigiensium Lusus Canori. Cambridge: Typis academicis. p. 110–111.
  143. ^ a b "Aliquis" [Samuel Edward Maberly] (1843). Pictorial Humpty Dumpty. London: Tilt and Bogue. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  144. ^ Rickard, Peter (1975). "Alice in France or Can Lewis Carroll Be Translated?". Comparative Literature Studies. 12 (1): 45–66 : 51. JSTOR 40246194.
  145. ^ Dennett, Daniel Clement (1998). Darwin veszélyes ideája (in Hungarian). Translated by Kampis, György; Kavetzky, Péter. Typotex Kft. p. 429. ISBN 9789639132153.
  146. ^ Kappanyos, András (2013). Bajuszbögre, lefordítatlan: Műfordítás, adaptáció, kulturális transzfer (PDF) (Doctoral) (in Hungarian). Hungarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 196, 295. Retrieved 12 July 2018. Humpty Dumpty (Tojás Tóbiás, Dingi Dungi, Undi Dundi); Takács, Ferenc (2010). "Dingidungi? Undi Dundi?". Mozgó Világ. 36 (5): 103–105. ISSN 0324-4601.
  147. ^ a b c Manini, Luca (November 1996). Delabastita, Dirk (ed.). "Meaningful Literary Names". The Translator. 2 (2: Wordplay and Translation). Routledge: 161–178. doi:10.1080/13556509.1996.10798972. ISBN 9781134965885. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  148. ^ Llanos, Margarita Calvo de los; Pomadera, Julieta García; Salvador, Rosa Zambrano (2007). Proyecto Didáctico Quirón, taller de lengua y literatura, 1 ESO (in Spanish). Ediciones de la Torre. p. 71. ISBN 9788479603847.
  149. ^ Carroll, Lewis (2008). Al otro lado del espejo (in Spanish). EDAF. p. 131. ISBN 9788441420588.
  150. ^ Radke, Winifred (2012). Anthropomorphismus und Explikation der Lebendigkeit von Pflanzen in der Literatur (in German). Hochschule Universität Erfurt. ISBN 9783656613015. Es kommt fast zu einer Binnenerzählung, als den Kindern im Text die fiktiven Märchen „Klumpe-Dumpe" und „Ivede-Avede" erzählt werden.
  151. ^ Andersen, Hans Christian (1852). Tales and Fairy Stories. G. Routledge. p. 6.
  152. ^ Norgaard, Mette (2009). Ugly Duckling Goes to Work. Orient Paperbacks. p. 150. ISBN 9788122204742.
  153. ^ "klumpedumpe". Den Danske Ordbog (in Danish). Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab.
  154. ^ Bergenholtz, Henning (1 January 1997). "Polyfunktionale ordbøger". LexicoNordica (in Danish). 0 (4). ISSN 0805-2735. Det er ligesom med L. Carrols berømte vers om alle kongens heste og alle kongens mænd, der ikke kunne få Klumpe Dumpe op igen
  155. ^ Wossidlo, Richard (1897). "20. Ei". Mecklenburgische Volksüberlieferungen. Vol. Erster Band: Rätsel. Wismar: Verein für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  156. ^ Gillhoff, Johannes (1892). Das mecklenburgische volksrätsel (in German). Parchim: H. Wehdemann. pp. 17–18 No.104.
  157. ^ Aarne 1917 p.125
  158. ^ Krohn, Kaarle (1918). Axel Olrik und Oskar Dähnhardt (in German). Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Kustantama. p. 21.
  159. ^ Ukiah, Nick (1995). "Russian Echo/Rhyme Combinations". The Slavonic and East European Review. 73 (3): 401–427 : 407. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  160. ^ Stoudt, John Baer (1915). The folklore of the Pennsylvania-German. Proceedings. Vol. Supplemetn to vol.XXIII. Lancaster, Pa.: Pennsylvania-German Society. pp. 65–66.
  161. ^ Clifton, Larry Stephen (1993). The Terrible Fitzball: The Melodramatist of the Macabre. Popular Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780879726096.
  162. ^ "The Christmas Pantomimes and Burlesques; Drury Lane". The Musical World. 52 (25). J. Alfredo Novello: 830–831. 28 December 1850.
  163. ^ Smith, Cecil A.; Litton, Glenn (2013). Musical Comedy in America: From The Black Crook to South Pacific, From The King & I to Sweeney Todd. Routledge. pp. 14–16. ISBN 9781136556685. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  164. ^ Holmes, Daniel Henry (1910) [1884]. "Humpty Dumpty". Under a fool's cap : songs. Portland, Me.: Thomas B. Mosher. pp. 56–57. Retrieved 11 July 2018.; Roe, Norman (August 1909). "Under a Fool's Cap". Cornhill Magazine. 28 ns [100]. London: J. Murray: 263–269 : 268. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  165. ^ Cross, Helen Reid. "Humpty Dumpty's Little Son". www.gutenberg.org. The Dumpy Books for Children. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  166. ^ Chisholm, Margaret (1972). "Mother Goose—Elucidated". Elementary English. 49 (8): 1141–1144 : 1143. JSTOR 41387886.
  167. ^ Williams, Louise Blakeney (2002). Modernism and the Ideology of History: Literature, Politics, and the Past. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781139434690. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  168. ^ Gelashvili, Tamar (May 2016). "Allusions on Lewis Carroll in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake" (PDF). IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature. 4 (5): 47–54 : 48. ISSN 2321-8878.; Joyce, James (1958). Finnegans wake. New York: Viking Press.
  169. ^ Worthington, Mabel P. (1957). "Nursery Rhymes in Finnegans Wake". The Journal of American Folklore. 70 (275): 37–48 : 44–45 [list item 1]. doi:10.2307/536500. JSTOR 536500.
  170. ^ Hecimovich, Gregg A. (2008). Puzzling the Reader: Riddles in Nineteenth-century British Literature. Peter Lang. p. 11. ISBN 9781433101427.
  171. ^ Cotsell, Michael (2013). The Companion to Our Mutual Friend. Routledge Library Editions: Charles Dickens. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 213. ISBN 1135027668.
  172. ^ White, Eric B. (2013). Transatlantic Avant-Gardes. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748681594.
  173. ^ "Nursery Rhymes / Humpty Dumpty". Collection online. British Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jnestorius/Humpty_Dumpty&oldid=1019442345"