User:Jnestorius/Zzzzzzzzzzzz

• OED 2 v.10 p.827 sv ooh int. " also oo, ooohh, etc"

  [1916 Eugene O'Neill Bound East for Cardiff in Provincetown Plays] I guess my old pump's busted. Ooohh!

  [1964 Len Deighton Funeral in Berlin xlviii 301] There was a great 'Ooohh' and 'Aaahh' as the rocket burst.

  [1976 Feb 12 New Musical Express p.24 c.2] All that mopery and Ooooh, it's so hard and lonely at the top.

• OED 2 v.15 p.118 sv sh int. "An exclamation used to enjoin silence ... The reduplication or prolongation of the sound is indicated by sh-sh, s-s-sh, and the like"

  [1847 Man in the Moon II 114] He imposed silence by a long drawn S-s-s-s-s-s-h!

  [1848 William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair xix] she uttered a shshshsh so sibilant and ominous

  [1893 Joseph Ashby-Sterry Naughty Girl vii] S-s-sh! Don't make a noise!

• OED 2 v.20 p.789 sv z 4 "Used (usually repeatedly) to represent a buzzing sound; also conventionally representing the sound of snoring";

  [1983 Nov 4 Private Eye p.6 c.2]: Once you have hit on a commercial product you just go on producing more of the same, over and … zzzz … over and … zzzz … over and … zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.

  Ben Zimmer "If we can accept onomatopoetic representations of snoring, then we can pile up as many Z‘s as we want"

Attridge, Derek (1984). "Language as Imitation: Jakobson, Joyce, and the Art of Onomatopoeia". MLN. 99 (5): 1123. doi:10.2307/2905403. ISSN 0026-7910. JSTOR 2905403.

The passage relies not only on our knowledge of the conventions of graphology, phonology, and morphology, however, but also on those of the rhetorical device of onomatopoeia itself. To take one example, it is a convention not to be found among the rules of the English language that a repeated letter automatically represents a lengthened sound: the spelling of gaffer, for instance, does not imply that the medial consonant is pronounced at greater length than that of loafer; and a succession of more than two repeated letters cannot be handled by the rules at all. But we have no difficulty with Joyce's triple Fff, which we interpret as an indication of marked duration; such breaches of the graphological rules function, in fact, as strong indicators that we are in the presence of an onomatopoeic device.

Zhang, Li; Barnden, John A.; Hendley, Robert J.; Wallington, Alan M. (2007). "Developments in Affect Detection in E-drama" (PDF). Demonstrations: 204. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

The iconic use of word length (corresponding roughly to imagined sound length) as found both in ordinary words with repeated letters (e.g. ‘seeeee’) and in onomatopoeia and interjections, (e.g. ‘wheee’, ‘grr’, ‘grrrrrr’, ‘agh’, ‘aaaggghhh’) normally implies strong affective states.

Fuchs, Susanne; Savin, Egor; Reichel, Uwe D.; Ebert, Cornelia; Krifka, Manfred. "Letter replication as prosodic amplification in social media" (PDF).

Letter replication has often been associated with “word lengthening” or “vowel lengthening”. Its occurrence has already been reported in twitter corpora and microblogs (Brody & Diakopoulos, 2011). Brody & Diakopoulos (2011, p. 563) suggest that word lengthening due to letter replication is a “substitute for prosodic emphasis (increased duration or change in pitch)”. ... We may also consider letter replications as prosodic amplifiers (e.g. bbbbaaaaaacccckkk).

Brody, Samuel; Diakopoulos, Nicholas (July 2011). Cooooooooooooooollllllllllllll‼‼‼‼‼‼‼ Using Word Lengthening to Detect Sentiment in Microblogs. 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics. p. 563.

we hypothesize that the commonly observed phenomenon of lengthening words by repeating letters is a substitute for prosodic emphasis (increased duration or change of pitch).

Uhríková, Dominika (2013). Pragmatic functions of interjections in spoken English and Slovak: a corpus-based study. Language, Literature and Culture in a Changing Transatlantic World II. Bratislava: Comenius University. pp. 105–106.

One of the reasons why [interjections] tend to be ignored in scientific literature is perhaps the fact that a large share of them demonstrate phonological anomalies and are therefore considered to be marginal items in the lexicon (consider for example the English interjections pst, ugh or whew that consist of sounds or of combinations of sounds not found in other parts of the lexical system). Moreover, their spelling often varies from speaker to speaker (ahh, aah, aahh), which poses difficulties for lexicographers as well as corpus researchers. Finally, interjections – by their spontaneous nature – typically occur in spoken rather than written language and are therefore often completely absent from the texts most frequently used for linguistic analysis.

Carey, John (June 1980). Paralanguage in computer mediated communication. ACL '80: 18th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. p. 67. doi:10.3115/981436.981458.

3.1. VOCAL SPELLING: These features include non standard spellings of words which bring attention to sound qualities. ... Often, the misspelling involves repetition of a vowel (drawl) or a final consonant (released or held consonant, with final stress). ... Figure 1. Examples of Vocal Spelling: /biznis/ /weeeeell/ /breakkk/

O'Connell, Daniel C.; Kowal, Sabine (2008). "Interjections". Communicating with One Another: Toward a Psychology of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse. Cognition and Language: A Series in Psycholinguistics. Springer. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77632-3_14. ISBN 978-0-387-77632-3. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

Conventional (“tame”) and nonconventional (“wild”) primary interjections (Rhodes, 1992, p. 222) differ.

Ameka, F. K. (2006). "Interjections". The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 14. Elsevier. pp. 743–746.

Interjections tend to be phonologically and morphologically anomalous. ... From the point of view of the main sound system of English, these are ‘nonwords’. ... Primary interjections are little words or ‘nonwords,’ which in terms of their distribution can constitute an independent nonelliptical utterance by themselves and do not normally enter into construction with other word classes .... Interjections share their anomalous phonological nature with onomatopoeic words. For this reason, descriptive grammars usually include onomatopoeic words and iconic depictives as a subclass of interjections.

"Imitative interjections do not have conventionalized spellings. Peters (2007) discusses this orthographic flexibility and demonstrates that oh can be spelled in other more creative ways, and that it does not follow the grammatical rules of the English language."

Peters, M. (2007). "The ooohs and ahs and ooh-la-las: a look at interjections". The Vocabula Review. 7 (6): 1–5.

"Interjections". oxfordbibliographies. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

Forster, Iris; Borgwaldt, Susanne R.; Neef, Martin (October 2012). "Form follows function: Interjections and onomatopoetica in comics". Writing Systems Research. 4 (2): 122–139. doi:10.1080/17586801.2012.751348.

First, we demonstrate that the variant spellings of interjections can be modelled within a formal theory of writing systems: Neef's Recoding Model of Graphematics, published in 2005, that distinguishes between orthography, i.e., the study of the spelling of words, and graphematics, i.e., the study of the relation between written forms and phonological representations. While theoretical models of writing systems often specifically exclude interjections from the scope of their theory, Neef's model includes them and furthermore predicts variation in their spellings.

White, Beatrice (1963). "DECLINE AND FALL OF INTERJECTIONS". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 64 (4): 356. ISSN 0028-3754. JSTOR 43342163.

unlike 'primary' interjections, which proceed from inarticulate cries of emotion to a permanently established lexical rank, 'secondary' interjections are subject to vagaries of

paralanguage