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Electing the National Assembly[edit]

Burkina Faso is divided into 45 electoral provinces within their 13 regions. Each province elects between 2-9 representatives, and these representatives are members of political parties. There are 111 members of the national assembly elected to represent a province, and 16 nationally elected, totaling 127.[1]

In Burkina Faso, the National Assembly is elected by a proportional representational system.[1] Proportional representation in Burkina Faso means that each person marks one party on the ballot, and after tallying the votes, the top parties chosen are elected to the Assembly. Each electoral province has a simple electoral quotient. This is the number of valid votes counted divided by the number of seats available. If a party wins a seat by the electoral quotient, usually half of the votes, then the remainder of the seats are transferred to a "rest" category, which are compared to the other votes gathered. For example, in the province of Boulkiemde, the MPP received 29,445 votes, which is 35.1% of the total votes of the province.[2] Boulkiemde elects four representatives to their legislature, so their electoral quotient is 21002 votes (84007÷4). This means that the MPP will receive 1 seat from the electoral quotient. The remaining votes are transferred to another category, which is compared among the other candidates. These remaining votes in Boulkiemde won the MPP another seat in the legislature, since the remaining votes (8443) are the second highest compared to the rest of the parties (CDP=16968, UPC=8099). Thus, since the MPP received 35.1% of the votes, they received 50% of the seats due to the electoral quotient.

Elections are led by teachers in Burkina Faso so they are not a member of any political party.  The ballot has ballot has a name, acronym, or symbol of the party and a space for voters to mark.[3] The ballots are placed in envelopes, and then placed in ballot boxes. The leader of the election officials ensures that the seal is not broken before counting all of the votes. The teachers who are trained as election officials become counting officials.[3] Invalid ballots include those that have no marks, more than one mark, or ballots not in an envelope.  The ballots are sent to the district level after counting them, where the winner of a legislative seat will be determined based on the number of votes. The districts are divided by 1 seat per 100,000 people, so the capitol, Ougadougou, has 9 seats.

2015 National Assembly Elections[edit]

In the most recent assembly election, the People’s Movement for Progress party received 51.3% of the national vote, winning 55 seats. The Union for Progress and Change, or UPC, received 20.5% of the vote, which won them 33 seats. The Congress for Democracy and Progress party won 18 seats with 13.2% of the vote, and the New Alliance of Faso party received 2 seats, with 4.1% of the vote.

A pie chart showing how many seats won in the 2015 Burkina Faso National Assembly Elections. The "other" category includes 6 separate political parties.[4]

Results By Electoral Province: 111 Seats[edit]

Electoral Province Total Votes Seats Party Votes Proportion of Vote Party Votes Proportion of Vote Party Votes Proportion of Vote Party Votes Proportion of Vote
Bale 41073 2 MPP 19371 0.471624 UPC 9812 0.238892
BAM 63247 2 MPP 25934 0.410043 CDP 11145 0.176214
Banwa 42014 2 MPP 19941 0.474628 Unir/PS 6268 0.149188
Bazega 50346 2 MPP 17870 0.354944 UPC 11301 0.224467
Bougouriba 18450 2 MPP 5694 0.308618 UPC 5445 0.295122
Boulglou 127210 4 MPP 22695 0.178406 UPC (2) 67552 0.531027 CDP 8696 0.068359
Boulkiemde 84007 4 MPP 29445 0.350507 CDP 16968 0.201983 UPC 8099 0.096409
Comoe 69488 2 MPP 25270 0.36366 UPC 11242 0.161783
Fada Gourma 58041 2 MPP 18357 0.316276 UPC 15554 0.267983
Ganzourgou 69710 2 MPP (2) 52913 0.759045 0
Gnagna 91655 3 MPP 29178 0.318346 UPC 27498 0.300016 NTD 10377 0.113218
Houet 225085 6 MPP (2) 69802 0.310114 CDP 26360 0.117111 UPC 45534 0.202297 UNIR 9376 0.041655
Ioba 42233 2 MPP 12751 0.30192 UPC 14623 0.346246
Kadiogo 617782 9 MPP (3) 213179 0.345072 UPC (2) 150492 0.2436 UNIR/PS 38896 0.062961 CDP 56143 0.090878
Kenedougou 53261 2 MPP 19093 0.35848 UPC 17611 0.330655
Komondjari 20159 2 MPP 9462 0.469369 UPC 6862 0.340394
Kossi 48419 2 MPP 15154 0.312976 UPC 9888 0.204217
Kompienga 18401 2 CDP 5205 0.282865 UPC 6409 0.348296
Koulpelogo 53070 2 MPP 18170 0.342378 UPC 13445 0.253345
Kouritenga 77784 2 MPP 32552 0.418492 UPC 18014 0.23159
Kourweogo 25441 2 MPP 7360 0.289297 CDP 4933 0.1939
Leraba 27966 2 MPP 9355 0.334513 UPC 7818 0.279554
Lorum 34287 2 MPP 9878 0.288098 MDA 11170 0.325779
Mouhoun 51444 2 MPP 19909 0.387003 UPC 11099 0.215749
Nahouri 44028 2 MPP 13832 0.314164 UPC 12941 0.293927
Namentenga 56533 2 MPP 23028 0.407337 CDP 9969 0.176339
Nayala 34643 2 MPP 15171 0.437924 CDP 7259 0.209537
Noumbiel 14842 2 MPP 4924 0.331761 UPC 4193 0.282509
Oubritenga 49117 2 MPP 11986 0.24403 CDP 26189 0.533196
Oudalan 52303 2 MPP 16194 0.309619 UBN 15745 0.301034
Passore 65708 3 MPP 18252 0.277774 CDP 10648 0.16205 UNIR/PS 17237 0.262327
Poni 38461 2 MPP 10154 0.264008 UPC 11294 0.293648
Sanguie 56181 2 MPP 14621 0.260248 NAFA 17605 0.313362
Sanmatenga 112624 4 MPP 31442 0.279177 UPC 8755 0.077737 RDS 15794 0.140237 CDP 21013 0.186577
Seno 73007 2 MPP 17670 0.242032 PDS 28165 0.385785
Sissili 39556 2 MPP 15118 0.382192 UPC 8600 0.217413
Soum 79247 2 MPP 18583 0.234495 CDP 20752 0.261865
Sourou 38569 2 MPP 10875 0.281962 CDP 9117 0.236382
Tapoa 61826 2 MPP 28171 0.45565 UPC 19121 0.309271
Tuy 36948 2 MPP 17322 0.468821 UPC 7018 0.189943
Yagha 39735 2 MPP 12236 0.30794 NTD 8751 0.220234
Yatenga 138773 4 MPP(2) 68883 0.496372 ADF-RDA 22692 0.163519 CDP 12807 0.092287
Ziro 28638 2 MPP 10271 0.358649 LFA 7028 0.245408
Zondoma 36902 2 MPP 21655 0.586825 CDP 6489 0.175844
Zoundweogo 54207 2 CDP 13097 0.241611 UPC 26744 0.493368

National Results: 16 Seats[edit]

Political Party Number of Votes Number of Seats Proportion of Vote
ADF-RDA 96614 1 0.030577
CDP 417058 2 0.131995
MPP 1096814 6 0.347131
NAFA 130963 1 0.041449
NTD 70374 1 0.022273
PAREN 59421 1 0.018806
UNIR/PC 118662 1 0.037555
UPC 648784 3 0.205334
The frequency for the number of seats reserved for provinces. The vast majority of electoral provinces have 2 seats reserved, while few have more than 2.

Results[edit]

This page is about the People's Action Party of Singapore. For other groups with the same name, see People's Action Party (disambiguation).

Kellytaft.144/sandbox
Parti Tindakan Rakyat
人民行动党
Rénmín Xíngdòngdǎng
மக்கள் செயல் கட்சி
ChairmanKhaw Boon Wan
Secretary-GeneralLee Hsien Loong
FoundedNovember 21, 1954; 69 years ago (1954-11-21)
HeadquartersPCF Building
57B New Upper Changi Road
#01-1402
Singapore 463057
Youth wingYoung PAP
Membership (2000)Increase 632,060[5]
IdeologyThird Way[6]
Multiracialism[7]
Conservatism
Meritocracy
Secularism
Political positionCentre-right[8]
International affiliationNone
ColoursWhite, Blue, Red
Parliament
82 / 89
Website
www.pap.org.sg

The People's Action Party (abbrev: PAP) is a centre-right[8] political party in Singapore. Having been the country's ruling party since 1959, it is Singapore's longest-ruling party.

Since the 1959 general elections, the PAP has dominated Singapore's parliamentary democracy and has been central to the city-state's rapid political, social, and economic development.[9] In the 2015 Singapore general election, the PAP won 83 of the 89 constituency elected seats in the Parliament of Singapore, representing 69.86% of total votes cast.

Political developments[edit]

File:Merdeka Singapore 1955.jpg
A PAP Merdeka rally at Farrer Park on 17 August 1955.
People's Action Party supporters during the Singapore General Election, 2011

The PAP was formed on 21 November 1954 by Lee Kuan Yew, an English-educated middle-class professional lawyer who had returned from university education in the United Kingdom. He had a vision of full independence for Singapore, and was joined by Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan despite their ideological differences.

In April 1955, Lim Chin Siong was elected as Assemblyman for the Bukit Timah constituency. Then 22 years old, he was and remained the youngest Assemblyman ever to be elected to office. The following year, Lim and Lee represented the PAP at the London Constitutional Talks, which ended in failure: the British declined to grant Singapore internal self-government. On 7 June 1956, David Marshall, disappointed with the constitutional talks, stepped down as Chief Minister, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock.[10]

Lee Kuan Yew eventually accused Lim Chin Siong and his supporters of being Communists, though declassified British government documents later suggested that no evidence was ever found that Lim was a Communist.[11]

The PAP first contested the 1955 elections, in which 25 of 32 seats in the legislature were up for election. The party won three seats, one by its leader Lee Kuan Yew, and one by co-founder of the PAP, Lim Chin Siong, the election going to the Labour Front's David Saul Marshall.

David Marshall was vocally anti-British and anti-colonialist, and the British found it difficult to come to an agreement or compromise. Eventually, after failing to reach any agreement about a definite plan for self-government, he resigned in 1956, as he had pledged to do so earlier if self-government was not achieved. Lim Yew Hock, another Labour Front member, took his place. He pursued a largely anti-communist campaign and managed to convince the British to make a definite plan for self-government. The Constitution of Singapore was revised accordingly in 1958, replacing the Rendel Constitution with one that granted Singapore self-government and the ability for its own population to fully elect its Legislative Assembly.

Following this initial defeat, the PAP decided to re-assert ties with the labour faction of Singapore by promising to release the jailed members of the PAP and at the same time getting them to sign a document that they supported Lee Kuan Yew and the PAP, in the hope that it could attract the votes of working-class Chinese Singaporeans. According to Tan Jing Quee in the book "Comet in our Sky", Lee Kuan Yew was being deceptive at this time: while pretending to be on the side of the jailed labour members of the PAP, he was secretly in collusion with the British to stop Lim Chin Siong and the labour supporters from attaining power, whom Lee had courted because of their huge popularity, without which Lee would most likely not have been able to attain power. Quee also states that Lim Yew Hock deliberately provoked the students into rioting and then had the labour leaders arrested. "Lee Kuan Yew was secretly a party with Lim Yew Hock" – adds Dr Greg Poulgrain of Griffiths University "in urging the Colonial Secretary to impose the subversives ban in making it illegal for former political detainees to stand for election."[11]

The result was successful for the PAP under Lee Kuan Yew's control who won the 1959 election, and has held power ever since. The 1959 election was also the first election to produce a fully elected parliament and a cabinet wielding powers of full internal self-government. The party has won a majority of seats in every general election since then.

After gaining independence from Britain, Singapore joined the federation of Malaysia in 1963. Although the PAP was the ruling party in the state of Singapore, the PAP functioned as an opposition party at the federal level in the larger Malaysian political landscape. At that time (and ever since), the federal government in Kuala Lumpur was controlled by a coalition led by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). However, the prospect that the PAP might rule Malaysia agitated UMNO. The PAP's decision to contest federal parliamentary seats outside Singapore, and the UMNO decision to contest seats within Singapore, breached an unspoken agreement to respect each other's spheres of influence, and aggravated PAP-UMNO relations. The clash of personalities between PAP leader Lee Kuan Yew and Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman resulted in a crisis and led to Rahman forcing Singapore to leave Malaysia in August 1965. Upon independence, the PAP ceased operations outside Singapore, abandoning the nascent opposition movement it had started in Malaysia.

The PAP has held an overwhelming majority of seats in the Parliament of Singapore since 1966, when the opposition Barisan Sosialis (Socialist Front), a left-wing group that split from PAP in 1961, resigned from Parliament after winning 13 seats following the 1963 state elections, which took place months after a number of their leaders had been arrested in Operation Coldstore based on charges of being communists.[11] In the general elections of 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980, the PAP won all of the seats in an expanding parliament. Although opposition parties managed to get back into Parliament in 1984, the PAP still rules Singapore as a virtual one-party state. Opposition parties did not win more than four parliamentary seats from 1984 until 2011 when the Worker's Party won 6 seats and won a GRC for the first time for any opposition party.

Organisation[edit]

People's Action Party Headquarters in New Upper Changi Road, Singapore
A People's Action Party branch in Bukit Timah, Singapore

Initially adopting a traditionalist Leninist party organisation, together with a vanguard cadre from its labour-leaning faction in 1958, the PAP Executive later expelled the leftist faction, bringing the ideological basis of the party into the centre, and later in the 1960s, moving further to the right. In the beginning, there were about 500 so-called "temporary cadre" appointed[12] but the current number of cadres is unknown and the register of cadres is kept confidential. In 1988, Wong Kan Seng revealed that there were more than 1,000 cadres. Cadre members have the right to attend party conferences and to vote for and elect and to be elected to the Central Executive Committee (CEC), the pinnacle of party leaders. To become a cadre, a party member is first nominated by the MP in his or her branch. The candidate then undergoes three sessions of interviews, each with four or five ministers or MPs, and the appointment is then made by the CEC. About 100 candidates are nominated each year.[13]

Central Executive Committee and Secretary General[edit]

Political power in the party is concentrated in the Central Executive Committee (CEC), led by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of the People's Action Party is the leader of the party. Because of the PAP electoral victories in every General Election since 1959, the Prime Minister of Singapore has been by convention the Secretary-General of the PAP since 1959. Most CEC members are also cabinet members. From 1957 onwards, the rules laid down that the outgoing CEC should recommend a list of candidates from which the cadre members can then vote for the next CEC. This has been changed recently so that the CEC nominates eight members and the party caucus selects the remaining ten.

Historically, the position of Secretary-General was not considered for the post of Prime Minister. Instead, the Central Executive Committee held an election to choose the Prime Minister. There was a contest between PAP Secretary-General Lee Kuan Yew and PAP treasurer Ong Eng Guan. Lee Kuan Yew won, and thus became the first Prime Minister of Singapore.[14]

Since that election, there is a tradition that Singapore's Prime Minister is the Secretary-General of the winning party with the majority of the seats.

List of Secretaries-General[edit]

S/No Name In Office
1 Lee Kuan Yew (1923—2015) 1954—1992
2 Goh Chok Tong (1941— ) 1992—2004
3 Lee Hsien Loong (1952— ) 2004—

HQ Executive Committee[edit]

The next lower level committee is the HQ Executive Committee (HQ Ex-Co) which performs the party's administration and oversees twelve sub-committees.[15] The sub-committees are:

  1. Branch Appointments and Relations
  2. Constituency Relations
  3. Information and Feedback
  4. New Media
  5. Malay Affairs
  6. Membership Recruitment and Cadre Selection
  7. PAP Awards
  8. Political Education
  9. Publicity and Publication
  10. Social and Recreational
  11. Women's Wing
  12. Young PAP

Ideology[edit]

Since the early years of the PAP's rule, the idea of survival has been a central theme of Singaporean politics. According to Diane Mauzy and R.S. Milne, most analysts of Singapore have discerned four major "ideologies" of the PAP: pragmatism, meritocracy, multiracialism, and Asian values or communitarianism.[16] In January 1991 the PAP introduced the White Paper on Shared Values, which tried to create a national ideology and institutionalise Asian values. The party also says it has 'rejected' what it considers Western-style liberal democracy, despite the presence of many aspects of liberal democracy in Singapore's public policy such as the recognition of democratic institutions. Professor Hussin Mutalib, however, opines that for Lee Kuan Yew "Singapore would be better off without liberal democracy".[17]

The party economic ideology has always accepted the need for some welfare spending, pragmatic economic interventionism and general Keynesian economic policy. However, free-market policies have been popular since the 1980s as part of the wider implementation of a meritocracy in civil society, and Singapore frequently ranks extremely highly on indices of "economic freedom" published by economically liberal organisations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

Lee Kuan Yew also said in 1992: "Through Hong Kong watching, I concluded that state welfare and subsidies blunted the individual's drive to succeed. I watched with amazement the ease with which Hong Kong workers adjusted their salaries upwards in boom times and downwards in recessions. I resolved to reverse course on the welfare policies which my party had inherited or copied from British Labour Party policies."[18]

The party is deeply suspicious of communist political ideologies, despite a brief joint alliance (with the pro-labour co-founders of the PAP who were falsely accused of being communists) against colonialism in Singapore during the party's early years. It has since considered itself a social democratic party, though in recent decades it has moved towards neoliberal and free-market economy reforms. [citation needed]

The socialism practised by the PAP during its first few decades in power was of a pragmatic kind, as characterised by the party's rejection of nationalisation. According to Chan Heng Chee, by the late Seventies, the intellectual credo of the government rested explicitly upon a philosophy of self-reliance, similar to the "rugged individualism" of the American brand of capitalism. Despite this, the PAP still claimed to be a socialist party, pointing out its regulation of the private sector, activist intervention in the economy, and social policies as evidence of this.[19] In 1976, however, the PAP resigned from the Socialist International after the Dutch Labour Party had proposed to expel the party,[20] accusing it of suppressing freedom of speech.

The PAP symbol (which is red and blue on white) stands for action inside "interracial unity." Furthermore, PAP members at party rallies have sometimes worn a "uniform" of white shirts and white trousers. The "white-on-white" symbolises the party's ideals of clean governance, it reminds party members that the white uniform, once sullied, is difficult to make clean again.

Leadership[edit]

For many years, the party was led by former PAP secretary-general Lee Kuan Yew, who was Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Lee handed over the positions of secretary-general and prime minister to Goh Chok Tong in 1991. The current secretary-general of the PAP and Prime Minister of Singapore is Lee Hsien Loong, son of Lee Kuan Yew, who succeeded Goh Chok Tong on 12 August 2004.

The first chairman of the PAP was Dr Toh Chin Chye.

The current chairman of the PAP is Khaw Boon Wan.[21]

PAP's general election results[edit]

Legislative Assembly[edit]

Election Seats up for election Seats contested by party Seats won by walkover Contested seats won Contested seats lost Total seats won Change Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election
1955 25 4 0 3 1
3 / 32
 Increase3 13,634 8.7% PAP in opposition. Labour Front forms government.
1959 51 51 0 43 8
43 / 51
 Increase40 281,891 54.1% PAP majority
1963 51 51 0 37 14
37 / 51
 Decrease6 272,924 46.9% PAP majority

Parliament[edit]

Election Seats up for election Seats contested by party Seats won by walkover Contested seats won Contested seats lost Total seats won Change Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election
1968 58 58 51 7 0
58 / 58
 Increase21 65,812 86.7% PAP wins all seats
1972 65 65 8 57 0
65 / 65
 Increase7 524,892 70.4% PAP wins all seats
1976 69 69 16 53 0
69 / 69
 Increase4 590,169 74.1% PAP wins all seats
1980 75 75 37 38 0
75 / 75
 Increase6 494,268 77.7% PAP wins all seats
1984 79 79 30 47 2
77 / 79
 Increase2 568,310 64.8% PAP Supermajority
1988 81 81 11 69 1
80 / 81
 Increase3 848,029 63.2% PAP Supermajority
1991 81 81 41 36 4
77 / 81
 Decrease3 477,760 61% PAP Supermajority
1997 83 83 47 34 2
81 / 83
 Increase4 465,751 65% PAP Supermajority
2001 84 84 55 27 2
82 / 84
 Increase1 470,765 75.3% PAP Supermajority
2006 84 84 37 45 2
82 / 84
 Steady 748,130 66.6% PAP Supermajority
2011 87 87 5 76 6
81 / 87
 Decrease1 1,212,514 60.1% PAP Supermajority
2015 89 89 0 83 6
83 / 89
 Increase2 1,576,784 69.86% PAP Supermajority

Internet presence[edit]

In February 2007 it was reported by The Straits Times that the PAP's "new media" committee, chaired by Dr Ng Eng Hen, had initiated an effort to counter critics on the Internet "as it was necessary for the PAP to have a voice on cyberspace".[22]

In June 2014, PAP MP Baey Yam Keng called for legal action against those who had vandalised its Wikipedia page, which had been the subject of an edit war between vandals and editors of Wikipedia on 12 and 13 June,[23] though he later said that "(advocating for legal action was) never on top of my mind, nor is it PAP's (People's Action Party) priority".[24] This came weeks after blogger Roy Ngerng disparaged the incumbent Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong over the use of CPF Funds in an ongoing defamation lawsuit.[25]

Lack of Opposition[edit]

Journalist Hanshih Toh writes that Singapore lacks opposition to the People’s Action Party because Singaporeans view the PAP crucial to the economic success of Singapore. Toh argues that voters fear change of government, thus PAP retains power.[26]

The Worker’s Party is the main opposition party, taking 6 of 89 parliamentary seats in the 2015 election, while the PAP won the other 83.[27] A Worker’s Party failed candidate, Dennis Tan, spoke of a need for competition in elections, saying, “It’s not so much a set back for the Workers’ Party but for Singapore as we need to develop an entrenched strong alternative voice. It will take time.” [28] The Worker’s Party drew thousands of people to their rallies, while the PAP drew less.[26] The Singapore Democratic Party received no parliamentary seats in the 2015 election.[28]

Amos Yee, a teenage blogger, criticized founder of the PAP Lee Kuan Yew after his death. Yee posted his video because he enjoys making provocative jokes, and he believes Singapore’s leadership is ready for more freedom of expression.[29] Yee was jailed for weeks because of offensive religious language.[30]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ a b "Sahel Research Group | Burkina Faso". sahelresearch.africa.ufl.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  2. ^ "ELECTIONS LEGISLATIVES A CIRCONSCRIPTION PROVINCIALE" (PDF). Ceni.gov. CENI. 12/01/15. Retrieved 05/02/16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b "Electoral Systems Counting Requirements —". aceproject.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  4. ^ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Parliament". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  5. ^ Straits Times Weekly Edition, 30 December 2012.
  6. ^ Discovery Channel - A History of Singapore: Asian Tiger, Lion City (c) Discovery Networks
  7. ^ Diane K. Mauzy and R.S. Milne (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 0-415-24653-9.
  8. ^ a b Diane K. Mauzy and R.S. Milne (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 0-415-24653-9.
  9. ^ "A History of Singapore: Lion City, Asian Tiger". Discovery Channel. 2005.
  10. ^ Wong Hongyi (2009). "Lim Chin Siong". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore.
  11. ^ a b c Tan Jing Quee (2001). Comet in our sky: Lim Chin Siong in history. Insan. ISBN 983-9602-14-4.
  12. ^ Diane K. Mauzy and R.S. Milne (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 0-415-24653-9.
  13. ^ Koh Buck Song (4 April 1998). "The PAP cadre system". The Straits Times. Singapore. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  14. ^ "Lee Kuan Yew elected as Prime Minister of Singapore". AsiaOne. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  15. ^ "About the Leadership HQ Executive Committee". People's Action Party. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  16. ^ Christopher Tremewan (1996). The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore (St. Anthony's Series). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-312-15865-1.
  17. ^ Hussin Mutalib (2004). Parties and Politics. A Study of Opposition Parties and the PAP in Singapore. Marshall Cavendish Adademic. p. 20. ISBN 981-210-408-9.
  18. ^ Roger Kerr (9 December 1999). "Optimism for the New Millennium". Rotary Club of Wellington North. Archived from the original on 7 March 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  19. ^ Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region edited by James W. Morley
  20. ^ "PAP bows out of Socialist International". Workers' Party of Singapore. June 1976. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  21. ^ Li Xueying (1 June 2011). "PAP appoints Khaw Boon Wan as Party Chairman". The Straits Times. Singapore. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  22. ^ Li Xueying (3 February 2007). "PAP moves to counter criticism of party, Govt in cyberspace". The Straits Times. Singapore.
  23. ^ "MP calls on ruling party to consider legal action". The Straits Times. Singapore. 13 June 2014.
  24. ^ "Advocating legal action over PAP's Wiki page edits not a priority: Baey". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  25. ^ Nur Asyiqin Mohamad Salleh (29 May 2014). "PM Lee commences suit against blogger Roy Ngerng". The Straits Times. Singapore.
  26. ^ a b Toh, Hanshih. "Why Singapore's mix of authoritarianism and democracy is a warning for Hong Kong". Peace and Freedom: World Policy Ideas. Wordpress. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Singapore election: Governing party secures decisive win". BBC News-Asia. BBC News-Asia. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  28. ^ a b Chen, Sharon; Koh, Joyce. "Singapore Lee's People's Action Party Wins Parliament Majority". Bloomberg Markets. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  29. ^ Newton, Paula (14 September 2015). "Teenage blogger Amos Yee tests limit of Singapore's laws (and patience)". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  30. ^ Amir, Hussein (6 July 2015). "Amos Yee jailed 4 weeks for wounding religious feelings, uploading obscene image". The Straits Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
Bibliography
  • Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
Online

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