User:Krutoi dezigner/sandbox

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	Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian)

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	Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding

	Agriculture and biotechnology[edit]
^[1]^[2] ^1814. By Petro Prokopovych	Beehive frame
^[3]^[4] ^1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov. The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks.	Caterpillar farm tractor
^[5] ^1924–28. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko. Rabbage (or Raphanobrassica), was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology.	Fertile hybrid
^[6]^[7] ^1868. By Andrei Famintsyn	Grow light
^[8] ^1951–54. The credit is due to ^{(Терентий Мальцев)} Terenty Maltsev. A method of loosening the soil with implements which do not turn over a furrow; it is used during primary deep and shallow fall soil cultivation, during the cultivation of fallow lands, and during preplanting preparation of the soil in the spring.	Nonmoldboard soil cultivation Безотвальная обработка почвы
^[9] A type of ard (plough)	Sokha
^[10]^[11] ^1829–30s. By ^{(Даниил Бокарев)} Daniil Bokarev	Sunflower oil industry
The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky. The Vinogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Vinogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae.	Vinogradsky column

Beehive frame
Sunflower oil
The draft of Fyodor Blinov's 1888 tractor

The draft of Fyodor Blinov's 1888 tractor

	Arts and music[edit]
The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky	Pure abstract art
^[12] ^1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin	ANS synthesizer
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[13]	Birch bark art
^[14]	Bone watch
Constructivism (art) was an artistic and architectural philosophy, which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.	Constructivism
^1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen	Drum machine
...	Kuleshov Effect
^[15] The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov.	Montage
^[16]^[17] ^1801. By Yegor Kuznetsov	Musical carriage
^[18] ^1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine	Optophonic Piano
Socialist realism is a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries.	Socialist realism
^1911–16. By Konstantin Stanislavsky. The Stanislavsky's system is a progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Konstantin Stanislavsky from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage.	Stanislavsky's system
^1918–20. By Lev Termen. Theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer).	Theremin
^[19] ^1937. Worker and Kolkhoz Woman. Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous Rabochiy i Kolkhoznitsa by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies.	Welded sculpture
^[14]^[20] ^1837. By Semyon Bronnikov	Wooden watch

Constructivism
Welded sculpture

	Chemistry and metallurgy[edit]
^[21] ^1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov	Aluminothermy
^1989–91.	BARS apparatus
^1838. Modern rediscovery. By ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Bulat steel
^1900. The credit is due to Mikhail Tsvet	Chromatography
^[22] ^1902. The credit is due to Aleksandr Loran. Fire fighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam.	Fire fighting foam
^[23] ^1831. The credit is due to ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Metallographic microscopy
BN-350 reactor	Nuclear desalination
^1869. By Dmitry Mendeleyev. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. Using the table, Mendeleyev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.	Current periodic table
^[24] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston	Modern powder metallurgy
^[25]^[26] ^1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov. The Petrov contact liquor is a surface-active agent (detergent) consisting of a mixture of naphthene sulfonic acids and alkyl-aryl sulfonic acids. Widely used around the world under various marketing brands.	Synthetic detergent
^[27]^[28] ^1910. The first commercially viable form of production. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev. Due to his discoveries, the Soviet Union became the first country to achieve a substantial industrial production of the material in the late 1930s.	Synthetic rubber – Polybutadiene
By Aleksandr Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas. The theory stated that the chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups but structures with definite order formed according the valency of the composing atoms.	Theory of chemical structure
The credit is due to Igor Gorynin	Weldable titanium alloys

	Communications[edit]
^[29]^[30] ^1907–11. The credit is due to Boris Rozing and Vladimir Zvorykin. In 1911, they created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit still images over wires to the cathode ray tube in the receiver. It was one of the first experimental demonstrations where the cathode ray tube was employed for the purposes of television.	CRT television
^[31]^[32] ^1923. By Oleg Losev. In the early 1920s, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for manufacture of radio detectors. With a zinc oxide crystal he gained amplification. This was negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the tunnel diode. He then built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters. However, this discovery was not supported by authorities and only a few examples for research was produced.	Crystodine
^1925. The credit is due to Lev Termen. Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. In the domain of television, it was first demonstrated by Leon Theremin in 1925 starting with 16 lines resolution and eventually 64 in 1926.	Interlaced video
^[33] ^1794. By Ivan Kulibin. In 1794, Ivan Kulibin created a semaphore that employed his earlier invention, searchlight, as means of sending messages. This allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.	Optical telegraph
^[34]^[35] ^1958. By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Pocket phone
^[34]^[36] ^1957. By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Early portable mobile phone device
^[37] ^{7 May 1895.} The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov	Radio receiver
By Lev Termen. The Thing was one of the first "bugs" to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal. Because it was energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, it is considered a predecessor of RFID technology.	Thing (listening device)

	Computing and information technology[edit]
^1999. The credit is due to Igor Pavlov	7z
Russian Wikipedia article	Acmeology
^1967. By ^{(Михаил Карцев)} Mikhail Kartsev	Computer for operations with functions
^{[Note 1]} MIR	Desktop workstation
^[38] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan	Flip-flop (electronics)
^1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys	Integraph
^1832. The first application in informatics. The credit is due to Semyon Korsakov. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use.	Punched card
^2009. Chatroulette. The credit is due to Andrei Ternovsky	Randomized webcam chat room
^1993. The credit is due to Yevgeny Roshal	RAR
The Russian abacus or schyoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia since the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century.	Russian abacus
^1962. AVL tree. The credit is due to Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky	Self-balancing binary search tree
^1956–59. Setun. The credit is due to Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov	Modern ternary computer
Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev	Topological quantum computer
^1946–56. The credit is due to Genrikh Altshuller	TRIZ

	Energy[edit]
^[39] ^1932. The credit is due to ^{(Алексей Бахмутский)} Aleksei Bakhmutsky	Cutting-loading machine – Coal cutter-loader Горный комбайн – Комбайн очистной
^1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to ^{(Николай Кухто)} Nikolai Kukhto	Floating power station
^[40] ^1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin	Flow-through boiler
^[41] ^1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina	Kalina cycle
^[42] ^1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko	Klimenko cycle
^1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov	Solar cell
^[43] ^1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov	Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen
^[42] ^1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa	Current turboexpander

	Oil and gas[edit]
^1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Cylindric oil depot
^[44] ^1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky	Gas lift
^[45] ^1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov	Modern oil well
Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev	Pipeline transport
^1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thermal cracking
^[46]^[47] ^1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov	Turbodrill

	Nuclear energy[edit]
Russian Wikipedia article	BREST reactor
...	Fast-neutron reactor
^[48] International cooperation	GT-MHR reactor
...	Lead-cooled fast reactor
...	Nuclear power plant
Mass-produced	Nuclear power station barge
...	RBMK reactor
...	Traveling wave reactor
...	VVER reactor

	Everyday life[edit]
^[49] ^1876. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	AC transformer
^1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian)	Anbur script
^[50]	Banya
^1704. The Russian ruble	Decimal currency
^1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	Electric street lights
^{[Note 2]}^[51] ^1927. By Oleg Losev	Light-emitting diode
^[52] ^1802. The credit is due to Osip Krichevsky	Modern powdered milk

	Housing[edit]
^{[citation needed]}	Water-based central heating
^1795. By Nikolai Lvov	Early HVAC system
...	Izba
^{[Note 3]}^[53] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk	Lightning rod
^[54]	Russian oven
^[55] ^1795. By Ivan Kulibin	Screw drive elevator

Architecture[edit]

	Forms and structural engineering[edit]
The bochka roof or simply bochka is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th-18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in the Russian Revival style buildings.	Bochka roof
^1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Gridshell
^1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Hyperboloid structure
^[56] The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in the Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults.	Kokoshnik
^[57] The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches, built just after the Christianization of Kievan Rus', were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (989) and 25-domed stone Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev (989-996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in Russian architecture, for example 13 domes symbolize Christ with 12 Apostles, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the Old Testament. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the Byzantine domes.	Multidomed church
^1164. Dobrila Evangeliary. The earliest depiction. The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of such type date from the 16th century, the illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.	Onion dome
The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the Russian architecture in the 16th-17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in Western Europe, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Aleksandrov, built in 1510s.	Tented roof masonry
^[53] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. A rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebars were known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebars were used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfy Demidov. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used for rebars was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.	Rebar
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Tensile structure
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thin-shell structure
...	Vysotka
A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple archs or beams that carry bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of Russia and some Eastern European countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church building, resulting in the special type of church called pod zvonom ("under ringing") or izhe pod kolokoly ("under bells"). The most famous example of such kind of a church is the Church of St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin.	Zvonnitsa

	Native styles[edit]
...	Constructivism
...	Early Russian architecture
^[58]	Neo-Russian
Developed	Neo-Byzantine
...	Late Muscovite
...	Russian Revival
...	Stalinist Empire
Russian Wikipedia article	Siberian Baroque
...	Middle Muscovite
...	Naryshkin Baroque
...	Postconstructivism
^[59]	North Caucasus architecture
Russian Wikipedia article	Russian wooden architecture

	Mechanical engineering[edit]
^[60] ^1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov	Centrifugal fan
^[61] ^1811. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Неведомский)} Ivan Nevedomsky	Lever press Машина для чеканки с коленчатым рычагом
^1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov	Mechanic slide rest
^{Refer to}^[19]^[62]^[63]^[64]^{for inventions listed below}	Welding:
...	Arc welding
^{[Note 4]}^[65]	Automatic arc welding
...	Carbon arc welding
...	Manual metal arc
^[62] ^1905. The credit is due to ^{(Владимир Миткевич)} Vladimir Mitkevich	Three-phase arc welding
^[66]	Underwater welding

Manual metal arc

	Medicine[edit]
^{[Note 5]}^[67] The credit is due to ^{(Сергей Соколов)} Sergei Sokolov	Acoustic microscope
Chizhevsky Chandelier. The credit is due to Aleksandr Chizhevsky	Air ioniser
^1990s. The credit is due to Anatoly Kaplunov, Mikhail Yegorov and others	Anthropometric cosmetology
^1905. The credit is due to Nikolai Korotkov	Auscultatory blood pressure measurement
By Vladimir Bekhterev	Bekhterev's mixture
^1930. The credit is due to Sergei Yudin	Blood bank
^1928–30. The credit is due to ^{(Владимир Шамов)} Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin	Cadaveric blood transfusion
^1901–03. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Толочинов)} Ivan Tolochinov and Ivan Pavlov	Classical conditioning
The credit is due to Gavriil Ilizarov	Distraction osteogenesis
The credit is due to Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others	EHF therapy
By Gavriil Ilizarov	External fixation
^1847. The credit is due to Nikolai Pirogov	Field anesthesia
The first head transplant with full cerebral function. The credit is due to Vladimir Demikhov	Head transplant
^1952. By Gavriil Ilizarov	Ilizarov apparatus
...	MM-wave therapy
^1963. The credit is due to ^{(Николай Сиротинин)} Nikolai Sirotinin	Oxygen cocktail
^1854. By Nikolai Pirogov	Pirogov amputation Операция Пирогова
^[68] By ^{(Вадим Юревич)} Vadim Yurevich	Plasmapheresis
^1974. The credit is due to Svyatoslav Fyodorov	Radial keratotomy
^1875. By Nikolai Sklifosovsky	Russian lock (Sklifosovsky lock) Русский замо́к (Замо́к Склифосовского)
^{[Note 5]} The credit is due to ^{(Сергей Соколов)} Sergei Sokolov	Ultrasonic testing
By ^{(Александр Вишневский)} Aleksandr Vishnevsky	Vishnevsky liniment Линимент бальзамический (по Вишневскому)

	Physics[edit]
By Yefim Berkovich	Berkovich tip
...	Cherenkov detector
By Gersh Budker (co-inventor)	Collider
The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov	Continuous-output maser
^1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina	Detonation nanodiamond
^1802. By Vasily Petrov	Electric arc
^1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker	Electron cooling
^[69] ^1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky	EPR spectroscopy
By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer)	Heterotransistor
^[70] ^1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov	Magnetotellurics
^1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler	Microtron
By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer)	NMR spectroscopy
^[71]	Nuclotron
The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov	Orbitrap
^[72] ^1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky	Photomultiplier
...	Reflectron
^[73] ^1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov	Reflex klystron
...	Shashlik (physics)
2001.	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
...	Synchrophasotron
By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor)	Synchrotron
...	Tokamak
...	Voitenko compressor

	Printing[edit]
^[74] ^1866–67. The credit is due to ^{(Пётр Княгининский)} Pyotr Knyagininsky	Automatic typesetter
^[75]^[76] ^1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov	Hectograph
^{[Note 6]}^[77] ^1890. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Орлов)} Ivan Orlov	Orlov printing
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[78] By ^{(Иван Орлов)} Ivan Orlov	Iris printing (rainbow printing) Ирисовая печать (радужная печать)
^[79] ^1870s. The credit is due to ^{(Иосиф Ливчак)} Iosif Livchak	Slug-casting typesetter
^[76] ^1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov	Typewritter-typesetter Наборно-пишущая машина

	Recording[edit]
^[80] ^1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk	3D holography
^{1926, 1927.} The credit is due to ^{(Павел Тагер)} Pavel Tager and ^{(Александр Шорин)} Aleksandr Shorin	Graphical sound
The credit is due to Lev Termen	Light beam microphone
^[81] ^1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin	Piezoelectric microphone
^[82] ^1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich	Underwater movie camera

	Photography[edit]
^[83] ^1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov	Electroplated daguerreotype
^[84] ^1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky	Instant focal-plane shutter
^{1891. 1939.} The credit is due to ^{(Яков Наркевич-Иодко)} Yakov Narkevich-Iodko and Semyon Kirlian	Kirlian photography
^[85] ^1852. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Александровский)} Ivan Aleksandrovsky	Stereo camera
	By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): ^[86]^[87]
1875	Portable photographic studio
1882	Expeditional photocamera
1886	Aerial camera and photographic plates
1886	Watertight marine camera
1887	Camera for solar eclipses

Stereo camera, another Russian invention

Space exploration[edit]

1756	The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov	Night vision telescope
1762	Published in 1827. By Mikhail Lomonosov	Off-axis reflecting telescope
1959, 1895	Proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yury Artsutanov	Space elevator
1903	By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	Theoretical foundations of spaceflight
1916	The credit is due to Yury Kondratyuk	Lunar orbit rendezvous
1959, 1919	Proposal, first application	Gravity assist
1930	By Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau	Radiosonde
1931	...	Hypergolic propellant
1931	...	Space suit
1941	...	Maksutov telescope
1951, 1947	The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky	Modern multistage rocket
1963, 1949	Proposal, first application	Staged combustion cycle
????	The credit is due to Gavriil Tikhov	Feathering spectrograph
????	^{[citation needed]} First application	Electric propulsion
1957	...	Spaceport
1957	...	Orbital space rocket
1957	...	Satellite
1957	...	Space capsule
1958	...	Air-augmented rocket
1961	...	Space food
1961	...	Human spaceflight
1961	...	Reentry capsule
1963	...	Plasma propulsion engine
1964	...	Kardashyov scale
1964	...	Pulsed plasma thruster
1965	...	Extra-vehicular activity
1965	...	Molniya orbit satellite
1966	Luna 9	Lander spacecraft
1966	Luna 10	Orbiter
1966	...	Orbital module
1967	...	Automated space docking
1967	...	Space toilet
1970	...	Space probe
1970	...	Robotic sample return
1970	...	Space rover
1971	...	Space station
1971	...	Hall effect thruster
1975	Venera 9	Venus lander
1975	...	Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1978	...	Unmanned resupply spacecraft
1979	^[88]	Space-based radio telescope
1982	...	Modular space station
1992	...	Space mirror
1995	...	Submarine-launched spacecraft
1999	Multinational cooperation	Sea Launch
2001	...	Space tourism
2015	^[89] Planned	Space cleaner

Notes[edit]

^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.
^ Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.
^ ^a ^b Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.
^ Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.

References[edit]

^ "Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)". Beekeeping in Ukraine. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ Демиденко, Надія (2009). "Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки" (PDF). Історія науки і біографістика (2009–2). Національна академія аграрних наук України.
^ Деревянченко, Анатолий; Чулков, Алексей (1990). Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова. Их имена в истории края. Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство.
^ Стародубцев, В. М.; Шаповалов, Ю. С. "Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ Griffiths, Anthony; Gelbart, William; Miller, Jeffrey; Lewontin, Richard (1999). "Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations". Modern Genetic Analysis. EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5.
^ GSE: "Plant Cultivation Under Artificial Illumination".
^ Сенченкова, Е. М. (1960). "Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)". Ботанический журнал. 45 (2). Л.: Наука. ISSN 0006-8136.
^ GSE: "Nonmoldboard Soil Cultivation".
^ (in Russian) http://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/86.htm
^ Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъём. No. 2003–6.
^ Кондратьева, И., ed. (1994). "Алексеевка". Города России: энциклопедия. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. pp. 17–18. ISBN 5-85270-026-6.
^ Kreichi, Stanislav (10 November 1997). "The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument". Theremin Center. Retrieved 13 December 2005.
^ Фёдорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87.
^ ^a ^b Crom, Theodore (December 2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty" (PDF). NAWCC bulletin. Vol. 43, no. 335. USA: National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609.
^ (in English) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474487/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm
^ ББЭ: «Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич».
^ Смирнов, Александр (10 August 1995). "Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725–1805 гг.)". Тагильский рабочий.
^ "The Optophonic Piano (1916)". The Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. Archived from the original on 27 November 2001.
^ ^a ^b Эрлихман, Вадим (January–February 2006). "Сварено с огоньком". Энергия промышленного роста. No. 2006–1–2 [3]. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^ Фокина, Т. А. "Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
^ Morachevsky, Aleksei (1 May 2002). "70th Anniversary of the Foundation of Russia's Aluminum Industry". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 75 (5). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 856–860. doi:10.1023/A:1020399621412. ISSN 1608-3296. S2CID 195241510.
^ (in Russian) http://p-lab.org/publ/7-1-0-15
^ Корниенко, Аина. "Металлография". Исследовательский центр Модификатор. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ Ramakrishnan, P. (1983). "History of powder metallurgy" (PDF). Indian Journal of History Science. 18 (1): 109–114.
^ "ПЕТРОВ Григорий Семёнович". Виртуальный музей истории профсоюза работников нефтяной, газовой отраслей промышленности и строительства России. Нефтегазстройпрофсоюз России. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ Ружинский, С. Р.; Портик, А. А.; Савиных, А. В. (2006). Всё о пенобетоне (2 ed.). Строй Бетон. p. 88. ISBN 5-903197-01-9.
^ Vernadsky, Georgy (1969). "Rise of Science in Russia 1700–1917". The Russian Review. 28 (1). USA: Blackwell Publishing: 37–52. doi:10.2307/126984. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 126984.
^ Morton, Maurice (1999) [1987]. Rubber Technology (3 ed.). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 0-412-53950-0.
^ Bellis, Mary. "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Inventors. USA: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
^ Burns, R. W. (1998). Television: An International History of the Formative Years. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 119. ISBN 0-85296-914-7.
^ "The Crystodyne Principle". Radio News. USA: Experimenter Publishing. September 1924. pp. 294–295, 431.
^ Morris, Peter (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. History of Technology. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 15. ISBN 0-86341-227-0.
^ Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003–й.". Vol. 2. М.: АСМО-пресс. 2004.
^ ^a ^b Измеров, Олег. "Отечественные мобильники 50-х". Окно в прошлое. Сенсации, преданные забвению. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ "Карманный радиотелефон". Наука и жизнь. No. 1958–10. М.: Правда. p. 66. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ Куприянович, Леонид (1957). "РАДИОТЕЛЕФОН". Наука и жизнь. No. 1957–8. М.: Правда. p. 49. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ Vonderheid, Erica (6 May 2005). "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
^ "Страницы истории". Виртуальный музей информатики. Институт прикладной математики им. М. В. Келдыша РАН. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
^ GSE: "Cutting-Loading Machine"
^ Soviet Union Patent Application No. 9924
^ (in Russian) http://www.rosteplo.ru/Tech_stat/stat_shablon.php?id=349
^ ^a ^b (in English) http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/
^ (in Russian) http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=645734
^ (in Russian) http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html
^ Смелянский, Василий (6 November 2005). "К вопросу о первой в мире нефтяной скважине". нефтеГАЗета. Archived from the original on 2006-06-21.
^ Matveichuk, Aleksandr (2011). "The Turbodrill of Engineer Kapelyushnikov". Oil of Russia. No. 2011–1. LUKOIL-Inform.
^ Прозоров, Ю. И. "Турбобур М. А. Капелюшникова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ "High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGR)". OKBM Afrikantov. Rosatom. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ "Stanley Transformer". Museum of Electricity and Magnetism. USA: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ Aaland, Mikkel (1998). "The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath". Cyber-Bohemia. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
^ Zheludev, Nikolai (April 2007). "The life and times of the LED: a 100-year history" (PDF). Nature Photonics. 1 (4). EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: UK: Macmillan Publishers: Nature Publishing Group: 189–192. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1..189Z. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.34.
^ "В Рязани производят кошерное сухое молоко". Наша Рязань. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b Кривошеев, Степан (22 October 2002). "Офис первого русского олигарха". Итоги. Vol. 42, no. 332.
^ Школьник, А. Е. (1988). "Русская печь XX века". Наука и жизнь. No. 1988–1. М.: Правда. p. 97. ISSN 0028-1263.
^ (in English) http://conveyor-tech.com/dictionary/catalog/10/index.html
^ (in English) http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kokoshnik
^ (in English) http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/churches.html
^ Слёзкин, А. В. (2008). "Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и её влияние на храмостроение неорусского стиля". Архитектурное наследство. 49. Российская академия архитектуры и строительных наук: 274–290.
^ Хан-Магомедов, Селим (1998). Архитектура Дагестана. Vol. 1–6. М.: Ладья, Архитектура-С. ISBN 5-7068-0105-3.
^ ББЭ: «Саблуков, Александр Александрович».
^ Спасский, И. Г. (1949). Васильев, В. Н (ed.). Изобретатель Неведомский. К двухсотдвадцатипятилетию Монетного двора. Л.: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа.
^ ^a ^b Томас, Константин. "История сварочной техники и технологии" (PDF). Сайт Юргинского Технологического Института ТПУ. Томский политехнический университет. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ Константинова, Светлана (February 2007). "Автор электросварки". Изобретатель и рационализатор. No. 2007–2 [686].
^ Константинова, Светлана (July 2006). "Электрогефест Бернадоса". Изобретатель и рационализатор. No. 2006–7 [679].
^ "ПАТОН Евгений Оскарович (1870–1953)". Солдаты ХХ века. Международный объединённый Биографический Центр. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ Hall, Carl (2008). A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000. Vol. 1. USA: Purdue University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-55753-459-0.
^ S. Ya. Sokolov, USSR Patent no. 49 (Aug. 31, 1936), British Patent no. 477,139, 1937, and U.S. patent 2,164,125, 1939.
^ Соколов, А. А. "Русские пионеры терапевтического гемафереза и экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции". Российское общество гемафереза и очищения крови. Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
^ Eaton, Gareth; Eaton, Sandra; Salikhov, Kev (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0.
^ Тихонов, Андрей (1950). "Об определении электрических характеристик глубоких слоев земной коры". Доклады Академии наук СССР. Нов. Сер. 73 (2): 295–297. ISSN 0002-3264.
^ Kovalenko, Aleksandr. "Nuclotron: first beams and experiments at the superconducting synchrotron in Dubna". Nuclotron Overview. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Lubsandorzhiyev, Bayarto (1 November 2006). "On the history of photomultiplier tube invention". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 567 (1): 236–238. arXiv:physics/0601159. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.221.
^ Балыко, Александр. "К 100-летию выдающегося учёного современности академика Николая Дмитриевича Девяткова". Институт радиотехники и электроники им. В. А. Котельникова РАН. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
^ (in Russian) http://polygraphicbook.narod.ru/text/statiy/11/118.htm
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^ ^a ^b Гойзман, Шимон (29 June 2004). "Михаил Иванович Алисов - изобретатель наборной машины". Городские Известия.
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^ Дубинкина, Любовь (23 October 2009). "Иван Иванович Орлов: принадлежать России и служить только ей?". ShkolaZhizni.ru. Издательский дом «Ройбер». Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ Немировский, Евгений (1952). "Изобретатель Ливчак" (DOC). Знание — сила. No. 1952–2. ISSN 0130-1640. В 70-х годах Ливчак работал над матрицевыбивальной наборной машиной «стереограф»... Эта работа привела Ливчака к мысли о строкоотливной наборной машине. Идея такой машины впервые в истории мировой полиграфии была высказана именно Ливчаком. Впоследствии, развивая идею русского техника, немецкий изобретатель О. Мергенталер построил широко известную наборную машину линотип. Приоритет Ливчака в этой области легко устанавливается, ибо его отливная машина была запатентована в 1883 году...
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^ БРЭ: «Александровский Иван Фёдорович».
^ Шершень, А. И. (1949). "Развитие аэрофотосъёмки в России". Аэрофотосъёмка. Летносъёмочный процесс. М.: Геодезиздат.
^ GSE: "Sreznevskii, Viacheslav Izmailovich".
^ Cite error: The named reference RefF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "РФ построит корабль для уборки космического мусора". Электронное периодическое издание «Актуальные комментарии». Фонд «Центр политической конъюнктуры». 5 July 2011.

[38] The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.

[52] No application was found at the time of the invention.

[55] The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.

[68] Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.

[ahead-71] Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.

[82] Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.

[1] "Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)". Beekeeping in Ukraine. Retrieved 21 May 2011.

[2] Демиденко, Надія (2009). "Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки" (PDF). Історія науки і біографістика (2009–2). Національна академія аграрних наук України.

[3] Деревянченко, Анатолий; Чулков, Алексей (1990). Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова. Их имена в истории края. Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство.

[4] Стародубцев, В. М.; Шаповалов, Ю. С. "Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[5] Griffiths, Anthony; Gelbart, William; Miller, Jeffrey; Lewontin, Richard (1999). "Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations". Modern Genetic Analysis. EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5.

[6] GSE: "Plant Cultivation Under Artificial Illumination".

[7] Сенченкова, Е. М. (1960). "Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)". Ботанический журнал. 45 (2). Л.: Наука. ISSN 0006-8136.

[8] GSE: "Nonmoldboard Soil Cultivation".

[9] (in Russian) http://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/86.htm

[10] Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъём. No. 2003–6.

[11] Кондратьева, И., ed. (1994). "Алексеевка". Города России: энциклопедия. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. pp. 17–18. ISBN 5-85270-026-6.

[12] Kreichi, Stanislav (10 November 1997). "The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument". Theremin Center. Retrieved 13 December 2005.

[13] Фёдорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87.

[RefA-14] Crom, Theodore (December 2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty" (PDF). NAWCC bulletin. Vol. 43, no. 335. USA: National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609.

[15] (in English) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474487/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm

[16] ББЭ: «Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич».

[17] Смирнов, Александр (10 August 1995). "Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725–1805 гг.)". Тагильский рабочий.

[18] "The Optophonic Piano (1916)". The Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. Archived from the original on 27 November 2001.

[RefB-19] Эрлихман, Вадим (January–February 2006). "Сварено с огоньком". Энергия промышленного роста. No. 2006–1–2 [3]. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

[20] Фокина, Т. А. "Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 1 November 2011.

[21] Morachevsky, Aleksei (1 May 2002). "70th Anniversary of the Foundation of Russia's Aluminum Industry". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 75 (5). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 856–860. doi:10.1023/A:1020399621412. ISSN 1608-3296. S2CID 195241510.

[22] (in Russian) http://p-lab.org/publ/7-1-0-15

[23] Корниенко, Аина. "Металлография". Исследовательский центр Модификатор. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

[24] Ramakrishnan, P. (1983). "History of powder metallurgy" (PDF). Indian Journal of History Science. 18 (1): 109–114.

[25] "ПЕТРОВ Григорий Семёнович". Виртуальный музей истории профсоюза работников нефтяной, газовой отраслей промышленности и строительства России. Нефтегазстройпрофсоюз России. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

[26] Ружинский, С. Р.; Портик, А. А.; Савиных, А. В. (2006). Всё о пенобетоне (2 ed.). Строй Бетон. p. 88. ISBN 5-903197-01-9.

[27] Vernadsky, Georgy (1969). "Rise of Science in Russia 1700–1917". The Russian Review. 28 (1). USA: Blackwell Publishing: 37–52. doi:10.2307/126984. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 126984.

[28] Morton, Maurice (1999) [1987]. Rubber Technology (3 ed.). EU: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 0-412-53950-0.

[29] Bellis, Mary. "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Inventors. USA: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 October 2009.

[30] Burns, R. W. (1998). Television: An International History of the Formative Years. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 119. ISBN 0-85296-914-7.

[31] "The Crystodyne Principle". Radio News. USA: Experimenter Publishing. September 1924. pp. 294–295, 431.

[32] Morris, Peter (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. History of Technology. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 15. ISBN 0-86341-227-0.

[33] Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003–й.". Vol. 2. М.: АСМО-пресс. 2004.

[RefC-34] Измеров, Олег. "Отечественные мобильники 50-х". Окно в прошлое. Сенсации, преданные забвению. Retrieved 30 June 2009.

[35] "Карманный радиотелефон". Наука и жизнь. No. 1958–10. М.: Правда. p. 66. ISSN 0028-1263.

[36] Куприянович, Леонид (1957). "РАДИОТЕЛЕФОН". Наука и жизнь. No. 1957–8. М.: Правда. p. 49. ISSN 0028-1263.

[37] Vonderheid, Erica (6 May 2005). "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.

[39] "Страницы истории". Виртуальный музей информатики. Институт прикладной математики им. М. В. Келдыша РАН. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

[40] GSE: "Cutting-Loading Machine"

[41] Soviet Union Patent Application No. 9924

[42] (in Russian) http://www.rosteplo.ru/Tech_stat/stat_shablon.php?id=349

[RefK-43] (in English) http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/

[44] (in Russian) http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=645734

[45] (in Russian) http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html

[46] Смелянский, Василий (6 November 2005). "К вопросу о первой в мире нефтяной скважине". нефтеГАЗета. Archived from the original on 2006-06-21.

[47] Matveichuk, Aleksandr (2011). "The Turbodrill of Engineer Kapelyushnikov". Oil of Russia. No. 2011–1. LUKOIL-Inform.

[48] Прозоров, Ю. И. "Турбобур М. А. Капелюшникова". Политехнический музей. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

[49] "High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGR)". OKBM Afrikantov. Rosatom. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

[50] "Stanley Transformer". Museum of Electricity and Magnetism. USA: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 9 January 2009.

[51] Aaland, Mikkel (1998). "The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath". Cyber-Bohemia. Retrieved 4 April 2008.

[53] Zheludev, Nikolai (April 2007). "The life and times of the LED: a 100-year history" (PDF). Nature Photonics. 1 (4). EU: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group: UK: Macmillan Publishers: Nature Publishing Group: 189–192. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1..189Z. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.34.

[54] "В Рязани производят кошерное сухое молоко". Наша Рязань. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

[RefJ-56] Кривошеев, Степан (22 October 2002). "Офис первого русского олигарха". Итоги. Vol. 42, no. 332.

[57] Школьник, А. Е. (1988). "Русская печь XX века". Наука и жизнь. No. 1988–1. М.: Правда. p. 97. ISSN 0028-1263.

[58] (in English) http://conveyor-tech.com/dictionary/catalog/10/index.html

[59] (in English) http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kokoshnik

[60] (in English) http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/churches.html

[61] Слёзкин, А. В. (2008). "Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и её влияние на храмостроение неорусского стиля". Архитектурное наследство. 49. Российская академия архитектуры и строительных наук: 274–290.

[62] Хан-Магомедов, Селим (1998). Архитектура Дагестана. Vol. 1–6. М.: Ладья, Архитектура-С. ISBN 5-7068-0105-3.

[63] ББЭ: «Саблуков, Александр Александрович».

[64] Спасский, И. Г. (1949). Васильев, В. Н (ed.). Изобретатель Неведомский. К двухсотдвадцатипятилетию Монетного двора. Л.: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа.

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