User:Lds/Sandbox/List of administrative divisions of Shu Han
The following is a list of administrative divisions of the state of Shu Han (221–263) during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. Most of the administrative divisions were inherited from the system used during the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220). The system was composed of the following units in increasing order of hierarchy: xian (縣; county), jun (郡; commandery), and zhou (州; province). Shu Han ruled only one province, Yi Province, as compared to the two other states, Cao Wei (220–266) and Eastern Wu (222–280). Its territories covered mainly parts of southwest China: its northern borders were around the Qin Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province; its eastern borders were around the Three Gorges in Chongqing; its southwestern borders reached present-day northeastern Myanmar (Burma). The year of reference is 263.
Historical background and overview[edit]
After the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208, the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan seized the territories in southern Jing Province from their rival, Cao Cao. Liu Bei nominated Liu Qi to serve as the governor of Jing Province, and took advantage of the situation to conquer Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies in southern Jing Province. In 210, Liu Bei managed to persuade Sun Quan to "lend" Nan Commandery to him. In 211, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province, invited Liu Bei into Yi Province to garrison at Jiameng Pass and serve as a buffer against the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery. In the following year, Liu Bei waged war against Liu Zhang to seize control of Yi Province and successfully captured the entire province from Liu Zhang by 214. In 215, after Liu Bei repeatedly declined to "return" Nan Commandery to Sun Quan, the latter seized Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies by force. In the same year, when Liu Bei heard that Cao Cao had conquered Hanzhong Commandery from Zhang Lu, he felt threatened because Hanzhong Commandery was the northern gateway into Yi Province. He made peace with Sun Quan and agreed to give up some of his territories in Jing Province. The domains of the two warlords in Jing Province were divided along the Xiang River: Sun Quan controlled Jiangxia, Changsha and Guiyang commanderies, while Liu Bei controlled Wuling and Lingling commanderies.
In 215, after Cao Cao conquered Hanzhong Commandery, he planned to attack Ba, Badong and Baxi commanderies in Yi Province. Liu Bei quickly sent his general Zhang Fei to attack Cao Cao's general Zhang He at Dangqu County; Zhang Fei defeated Zhang He and captured the three commanderies. Both sides reached a stalemate in Hanzhong Commandery. In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious against Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign and successfully occupied the commandery. At the same time, he also sent his generals Meng Da and Liu Feng to attack and capture Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies. Liu Bei's domain reached its largest size at this point in time: It stretched from the Qin Mountains in the north and the Nanman lands in the south to the Xiang River in the east, covering Jing and Yi provinces, and ruling 24 commanderies and one vassal state. Late in 219, Sun Quan sent his general Lü Meng to stealthily conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province while Guan Yu, Liu Bei's general in charge of Jing Province, was away battling Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng. Liu Bei lost not only all his territories in Jing Province, but also Guan Yu, who was captured and executed by the enemy. In 220, Meng Da defected to the state of Cao Wei (established by Cao Cao's son, Cao Pi), so Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies were lost to Wei.
In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han to challenge the Cao Wei state's legitimacy as a successor state to the Eastern Han dynasty. In the same year, he also launched a campaign against Sun Quan to seize back Jing Province, but was utterly defeated by Sun Quan's general Lu Xun at the Battle of Xiaoting and forced to retreat back to Yi Province. He died later that year. After Liu Bei's death, rebellions broke out in Zangke and Yuexi/Yuesui commanderies in southern Yi Province. As the Shu government was still recuperating from its disastrous defeats and losses, it did not bother to suppress the rebellions and reclaim the two commanderies. In 225, Shu's regent Zhuge Liang led a southern campaign to pacify southern Yi Province and successfully suppressed rebellions in Zangke, Yuexi/Yuesui and Yongchang commanderies. However, the Shu government never really had full control over its southern commanderies because rebellions still broke out from time to time. In 228, Zhuge Liang led Shu forces on the first of a series of northern campaigns against the state of Cao Wei and successfully captured Tianshui, Nan'an and Anding commanderies from Wei. Nevertheless, the Wei general Zhang He defeated Shu forces at the Battle of Jieting later that year, and took back the three commanderies. In 229, Zhuge Liang launched another campaign against Wei and conquered Wudu and Yinping commanderies. Since then, the northwestern borders of Shu had been permanently demarcated at the Long Mountains (or Liupan Mountains, at the intersection of Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu). Shu launched several campaigns against Wei in the subsequent years but failed to make any significant territorial gains.
In 240, Zhang Ni quelled rebellions in Yuexi/Yuesui and Hanjia commanderies. In 248, Deng Zhi also suppressed another revolt by indigenous tribes in Fuling Commandery. In 254, the Shu general Jiang Wei conquered Heguan, Lintao and other counties in the Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery, but was forced to abandon the newly captured territories when enemy reinforcements showed up. However, he still managed to force some residents to move to Shu territories. From 255 to 262, Jiang Wei launched many campaigns against Wei but, like Zhuge Liang before him, he also failed to make any significant territorial gains. In 263, the Wei generals Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu led three separate armies to attack Shu. Shu forces lost Hanzhong, Wudu and Yinping commanderies and were forced to retreat to the heavily fortified mountain pass Jiange. Deng Ai led a strike team through a shortcut and conquered Fu and Mianzhu counties by surprise. Liu Shan, the Shu emperor, surrendered to Deng Ai after learning of the Shu defeat at Mianzhu. Wei forces occupied Chengdu, the Shu capital, by late 263, thus bringing an end to Shu's existence. Just before its fall to Wei in late 263, Shu controlled only one province – Yi Province – and an estimated 22 commanderies.
Geographical overview[edit]
The Shu capital was at Chengdu County (present-day Chengdu, Sichuan). Shu territories covered roughly present-day Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan Province (excluding Garzê and Ngawa prefectures, and western Liangshan Prefecture), western Guizhou Province, southwestern Shaanxi Province (around Hanzhong), southeastern Gansu Province (around Longnan and Gannan prefectures), northwestern Guangxi Province, and parts of northeastern Myanmar (Burma).
Northern Yi Province[edit]
- Defunct commanderies
- Dangqu Commandery (宕渠郡; commandery capital at northeast of present-day Qu County, Sichuan) was previously part of Baxi Commandery. It was established between 238–257 but abolished later.
- Fuling Vassal State (涪陵屬國) was located around Hanfa and Danxing counties in northeastern Fuling Commandery. A rebellion broke out there in 248, but was suppressed by Deng Zhi.
Ba Commandery (巴郡)[edit]
The capital of Ba Commandery was at Jiangzhou County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Jiangzhou County 江州縣 |
Chongqing | |
| Zhi County 枳縣 |
Fuling District, Chongqing | |
| Linjiang County 臨江縣 |
Zhong County, Chongqing | |
| Dianjiang County 墊江縣 |
Hechuan District, Chongqing | Part of Baxi Commandery from 220–237 |
| Pingdu County 平都縣 |
Fengdu County, Chongqing | Abolished in 254 |
| Lecheng County 樂城縣 |
Jiangjin District, Chongqing | |
| Chang'an County 常安縣 |
Bishan District, Chongqing |
Badong Commandery (巴東郡)[edit]
The capital of Badong Commandery was at Yong'an County. Badong Commandery was known as Guling Commandery (固陵郡) from 220–221.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Yong'an County 永安縣 |
Fengjie County, Chongqing | Previously known as Yufu County (魚復縣) in the Eastern Han dynasty; renamed in 222 |
| Quren County 朐忍縣 |
West of Yunyang County, Chongqing | |
| Hanfeng County 漢豐縣 |
Kai County, Chongqing | |
| Yangqu County 羊渠縣 |
Wanzhou District, Chongqing | |
| Beijing County 北井縣 |
North of Wushan County, Chongqing | |
| Wu County 巫縣 |
Wushan County, Chongqing | Occupied by Eastern Wu in around 220 |
Baxi Commandery (巴西郡)[edit]
The capital of Baxi Commandery was at Langzhong County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Langzhong County 閬中縣 |
Langzhong, Sichuan | |
| Anhan County 安漢縣 |
Nanchong, Sichuan | |
| Xichongguo County 西充國縣 |
South of Langzhong, Sichuan | |
| Nanchongguo County 南充國縣 |
Nanbu County, Sichuan | |
| Dangqu County 宕渠縣 |
Northeast of Qu County, Sichuan | Previously part of Dangqu Commandery |
| Xuanhan County 宣漢縣 |
East of Yilong County, Sichuan | |
| Hanchang County 漢昌縣 |
Bazhong, Sichuan |
Dongguanghan Commandery (東廣漢郡)[edit]
The capital of Dongguanghan Commandery was at Qi County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Qi County 郪縣 |
Qijiang Town, Santai County, Sichuan | Part of Dongguanghan Commandery in 264 |
| Guanghan County 廣漢縣 |
South of Shehong County, Sichuan | |
| Deyang County 德陽縣 |
Southeast of Suining, Sichuan | |
| Wucheng County 五城縣 |
Zhongjiang County, Sichuan |
Fuling Commandery (涪陵郡)[edit]
The capital of Fuling Commandery was at Fuling County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Fuling County 涪陵縣 |
Pengshui County, Chongqing | |
| Hanfa County 漢髮縣 |
West of Qianjiang District, Chongqing | |
| Wanning County 萬寧縣 |
Unknown | |
| Hanfu County 漢復縣 |
South of Pengshui County, Chongqing | |
| Hanping County 漢平縣 |
Northwest of Wulong County, Chongqing | Established in 248; abolished later |
| Danxing County 丹興縣 |
Qianjiang District, Chongqing | Abolished in 248 after Deng Zhi suppressed a rebellion in the county |
Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡)[edit]
The capital of Guanghan Commandery was at Luo County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Luo County 雒縣 |
Guanghan, Sichuan | |
| Xindu County 新都縣 |
Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Mianzhu County 緜竹縣 |
Southeast of Mianzhu, Sichuan | |
| Shifang County 什邡縣 |
Shifang, Sichuan | |
| Yangquan County 陽泉縣 |
Xiaoquan Town, Deyang, Sichuan | Previously part of Mianzhu County |
Hanjia Commandery (漢嘉郡)[edit]
The capital of Hanjia Commandery was at Hanjia County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hanjia County 漢嘉縣 |
Northeast of Tianquan County, Sichuan | Part of Shu Commandery Vassal State (蜀郡屬國) from 220–221 |
| Xiyang County 徙陽縣 |
Tianquan County, Sichuan | |
| Xindao County 新道縣 |
Yingjing County, Sichuan | |
| Maoniu County 旄牛縣 |
Hanyuan County, Sichuan |
Hanzhong Commandery (漢中郡)[edit]
The capital of Hanzhong Commandery was at Nanzheng County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nanzheng County 南鄭縣 |
Hantai District, Hanzhong, Shaanxi | |
| Baozhong County 褒中縣 |
North of Hanzhong, Shaanxi | |
| Hancheng County 漢城縣 |
Mian County, Shaanxi | Previously known as Mianyang County (沔陽縣) in the Eastern Han dynasty; renamed in 229 |
| Lecheng County 樂城縣 |
Chenggu County, Shaanxi | Previously known as Chenggu County (成固縣) in the Eastern Han dynasty; renamed in 229 |
| Nanxiang County 南鄉縣 |
Xixiang County, Shaanxi | Previously part of Chenggu County |
Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡)[edit]
The capital of Jiangyang Commandery was at Han'an County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Han'an County 漢安縣 |
Neijiang, Sichuan | |
| Jiangyang County 江陽縣 |
Luzhou, Sichuan | |
| Fujie County 符節縣 |
Hejiang County, Sichuan |
Qianwei Commandery (犍為郡)[edit]
The capital of Qianwei Commandery was at Wuyang County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Wuyang County 武陽縣 |
Pengshan District, Meishan, Sichuan | |
| Nan'an County 南安縣 |
Leshan, Sichuan | |
| Zizhong County 資中縣 |
Ziyang, Sichuan | |
| Niubei County 牛鞞縣 |
Jianyang, Sichuan | |
| Bodao County 僰道縣 |
Yibin, Sichuan |
Shu Commandery (蜀郡)[edit]
The capital of Shu Commandery was at Chengdu County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chengdu County 成都縣 |
Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Pi County 郫縣 |
Pi County, Sichuan | |
| Jiangyuan County 江原縣 |
West of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Fan County 繁縣 |
Northwest of Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Guangdu County 廣都縣 |
Northeast of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Linqiong County 臨邛縣 |
Qionglai, Sichuan |
Wenshan Commandery (汶山郡)[edit]
The capital of Wenshan Commandery was at Miansi County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Miansi County 綿虒縣 |
Mao County, Sichuan | Previously known as Miansi Circuit (綿虒道) in the Eastern Han dynasty |
| Guangrou County 廣柔縣 |
Northwest of Wenchuan County, Sichuan | |
| Wenjiang County 汶江縣 |
Northwest of Mao County, Sichuan | |
| Canling County 蠶陵縣 |
North of Mao County, Sichuan | |
| Shidao County 氏道縣 |
North of Songpan County, Sichuan | Previously known as Jiandi Circuit (湔氐道) in the Eastern Han dynasty |
| Du'an County 都安縣 |
Northwest of Pi County, Sichuan | |
| Pingkang County 平康縣 |
Southwest of Songpan County, Sichuan | |
| Boma County 白馬縣 |
North of Songpan County, Sichuan |
Wudu Commandery (武都郡)[edit]
The capital of Wudu Commandery was at Xiabian County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Xiabian County 下辨縣 |
Northwest of Cheng County, Gansu | Abolished during the Eastern Han dynasty; restored in 229 after Shu Han conquered this commandery |
| Hechi County 河池縣 |
Northwest of Wei County, Gansu | |
| Gudao County 故道縣 |
South of Baoji, Shaanxi | |
| Ju County 沮縣 |
East of Lueyang County, Shaanxi | |
| Wudu County 武都縣 |
Southwest of Xihe County, Gansu | |
| Qiangdao County 羌道縣 |
Southwest of Dangchang County, Gansu |
Yinping Commandery (陰平郡)[edit]
The capital of Yinping Commandery was at Yinping County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Yinping County 陰平縣 |
Wen County, Gansu | Abolished in the Eastern Han dynasty; restored in 229 after Shu Han conquered this commandery |
| Guangwu County 廣武縣 |
North of Pingwu County, Sichuan |
Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡)[edit]
The capital of Zitong Commandery was at Zitong County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Zitong County 梓潼縣 |
Zitong County, Sichuan | |
| Fu County 涪縣 |
Mianyang, Sichuan | |
| Hanshou County 漢壽縣 |
Northeast of Jiange County, Sichuan | |
| Baishui County 白水縣 |
Northwest of Guangyuan, Sichuan | |
| Hande County 漢德縣 |
North of Jiange County, Sichuan | |
| Jianmen County 劍門縣 |
North of Jiange County, Sichuan |
Southern Yi Province[edit]
- Defunct commanderies
- Nanguang Commandery (南廣郡; commandery capital in Anshang County) was previously part of Qianwei and Yuexi commanderies. It was established between 238–257 but was abolished nine years after its establishment.
Jianning Commandery (建寧郡)[edit]
The capital of Jianning Commandery was at Dianchi County from 220–223, Pingyi County from 223–233, and Wei County from 233–264. Jianning Commandery was previously known as Yizhou Commandery (益州郡) in the Eastern Han dynasty.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Wei County 味縣 |
Qujing, Yunnan | |
| Dianchi County 滇池縣 |
West of Chengjiang County, Yunnan | |
| Kunze County 昆澤縣 |
Yiliang County, Kunming, Yunnan | |
| Tonglai County 同瀨縣 |
South of Malong County, Yunnan | |
| Tonglao County 同勞縣 |
Luliang County, Yunnan | |
| Jianling County 建伶縣 |
Jinning County, Yunnan | |
| Lianran County 連然縣 |
Anning, Yunnan | |
| Mumi County 牧靡縣 |
North of Xundian County, Yunnan | |
| Qinzang County 秦臧縣 |
East of Lufeng County, Yunnan | |
| Guchang County 榖昌縣 |
East of Kunming, Yunnan | |
| Shuangbai County 雙柏縣 |
South of Shuangbai County, Yunnan | |
| Yuyuan County 俞元縣 |
Chengjiang County, Yunnan | |
| Shengxiu County 勝休縣 |
North of Jiangchuan District, Yuxi, Yunnan | |
| Wudan County 毋單縣 |
Southeast of Chengjiang County, Yunnan | Part of Zangke Commandery from 220–225 |
| Cunyi County 存邑縣 |
Xuanwei, Yunnan | |
| Xinding County 新定縣 |
North of Pu'an County, Guizhou | |
| Xiuyun County 修雲縣 |
South of Mile, Yunnan | |
| Lingqiu County 泠丘縣 |
South of Pan County, Guizhou | |
| Lügao County 律高縣 |
Zhuyuan Town, Mile, Yunnan | Abolished by the Shu Han government |
Xinggu Commandery (興古郡)[edit]
The capital of Xinggu Commandery was at Wanwen County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Wanwen County 宛溫縣 |
South of Qiubei County, Yunnan | Part of Zangke Commandery from 220–225 |
| Juding County 句町縣 |
Guangnan County, Yunnan | |
| Xinfeng County 鐔封縣 |
Southwest of Qiubei County, Yunnan | |
| Jincheng County 進乘縣 |
Pingbian County, Yunnan | |
| Louwo County 漏臥縣 |
Luoping County, Yunnan | |
| Xisui County 西隨縣 |
Yuanyang County, Yunnan | |
| Bengu County 賁古縣 |
Mengzi, Yunnan | Part of Yizhou Commandery from 220–225 |
| Xifeng County 西豐縣 |
South of Huaning County, Yunnan | Previously known as Wuduo County (毋掇縣) in the Eastern Han dynasty; renamed in 225; part of Yizhou Commandery from 220–225 |
Yongchang Commandery (永昌郡)[edit]
The capital of Yongchang Commandery was at Buwei County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Buwei County 不韋縣 |
Northeast of Baoshan, Yunnan | |
| Bisu County 比蘇縣 |
Yunlong County, Yunnan | |
| Xitang County 嶲唐縣 |
Southwest of Yunlong County, Yunnan | |
| Ailao County 哀牢縣 |
Yingjiang County, Yunnan | |
| Bonan County 博南縣 |
Southwest of Yongping County, Yunnan | |
| Yongshou County 永壽縣 |
Gengma County, Yunnan | Established after 225 |
| Yongxiang County 雍鄉縣 |
Unknown | |
| Nanfu County 南涪縣 |
Jinghong, Yunnan |
Yuexi/Yuesui Commandery (越巂郡)[edit]
The capital of Yuexi/Yuesui Commandery was at Qiongdu County from 220–223, 225, and 240–264, and at Anshang County from 223–225 and 226–240.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Qiongdu County 邛都縣 |
Southeast of Xichang, Sichuan | |
| Taideng County 臺登縣 |
South of Mianning County, Sichuan | |
| Chan County 闡縣 |
East of Yuexi County, Sichuan | |
| Suqi County 蘇祁縣 |
North of Xichang, Sichuan | Previously known as Sushi County (蘇示縣) in the Eastern Han dynasty; renamed between 223–237 |
| Huiwu County 會無縣 |
Huili County, Sichuan | |
| Dingze County 定筰縣 |
Yanyuan County, Sichuan | |
| Beishui County 卑水縣 |
Southeast of Zhaojue County, Sichuan | |
| Qianjie County 潛街縣 |
Northeast of Leibo County, Sichuan | Previously part of Nanguang Commandery (南廣郡) |
| Anshang County 安上縣 |
Pingshan County, Sichuan | |
| Mahu County 馬湖縣 |
North of Leibo County, Sichuan | |
| Sanfeng County 三縫縣 |
Huili County, Sichuan | Abolished by the Shu Han government |
| Zuoqin County 莋秦縣 |
Mianning County, Sichuan |
Yunnan Commandery (雲南郡)[edit]
The capital of Yunnan Commandery was at Longdong County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Longdong County 梇棟縣 |
North of Yao'an County, Yunnan | Part of Jianning Commandery from 220–225 |
| Yunnan County 雲南縣 |
Southeast of Xiangyun County, Yunnan | Part of Yongchang Commandery from 220–225 |
| Xielong County 邪龍縣 |
Weishan County, Yunnan | |
| Yeyu County 楪榆縣 |
North of Dali City, Yunnan | |
| Qingling County 青蛉縣 |
Dayao County, Yunnan | Part of Yuexi Commandery from 220–225 |
| Suijiu County 遂久縣 |
Lijiang, Yunnan | |
| Gufu County 姑復縣 |
Southeast of Yongsheng County, Yunnan |
Zangke Commandery (牂柯郡)[edit]
The capital of Zangke Commandery was at Qielan County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Qielan County 且蘭縣 |
Southwest of Huangping County, Guizhou | |
| Tanzhi County 談指縣 |
Northwest of Zhenfeng County, Guizhou | |
| Yelang County 夜郎縣 |
Guanling County, Guizhou | |
| Wulian County 毋歛縣 |
Dushan County, Guizhou | |
| Bi County 鄨縣 |
Zunyi, Guizhou | |
| Pingyi County 平夷縣 |
Northeast of Bijie, Guizhou | |
| Tongbing County 同並縣 |
Mile, Yunnan | |
| Tangao County 談稾縣 |
Southwest of Pan County, Guizhou | Abolished by the Shu Han government |
| Loujiang County 漏江縣 |
Pu'an County, Guizhou |
Zhuti Commandery (朱提郡)[edit]
The capital of Zhuti Commandery was at Nanchang County.
| County | Present-day location | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nanchang County 南昌縣 |
Zhenxiong County, Yunnan | |
| Zhuti County 朱提縣 |
Zhaotong, Yunnan | |
| Hanyang County 漢陽縣 |
Northwest of Liupanshui, Guizhou | |
| Nanguang County 南廣縣 |
Yanjin County, Yunnan | Part of Qianwei Commandery and Nanguang Commandery (南廣郡) before 258 |