User:Mcb133aco/sandbox

• Dakota Sioux Once Lived in Georgia?, Gary C. Daniels, January 9, 2017. LostWorlds.org, 2024 [164]

• The Yanktonai claimed the Santee sold their land. Indian Difficulties, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, July 1, 1858, p.1 [165]

• Indian depredations, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, June 24, 1858, p.5

[166]

• Another and a War Message, Saint Paul Weekly Minnesotan, June 26, 1858, p.2

[167]

• The Dakota War of 1862, Columns of Vengeance, Paul N. Beck, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK, p.47

• Major Crandall Retirement Bio, 1st PITS Superintendent The dictionary has no listing for the word "soldier". According to the 1852 Riggs Dakota Dictionary the primary meaning of the word AKICITA is "warrior". The 1890 reprint of the dictionary leaves the definition unchanged. Both editions list "soldier" as a secondary definition. Given that the war took place between publications of the two Riggs the definition listed in them is the most applicable to the Dakota War narrative, not one published 100 years post-war. O cites the current Sissiton Dictionary without explanation as to why the historic primary definition has been replaced by the historic secondary definition. That raises the question of creditability of the source O cites. The change in definitions is significant enough to raise the question of editor bias in the source. There are too many sources written by amateurs concerning the war. The revisionist effort to paint Little Crows warriors as soldiers is an example. "Soldiers" are trained in the "conventional warfare" of their period. Warriors are trained as "asymmetrical warfare" fighters or guerrillas throughout history. The Military History project does not interchange combatants of one type of warfare with the other and identify all as being the same. The Military History Project should not grade this article above a "C" while it identifies Little Crows warriors were soldiers. Using "soldiers" in place of "warriors" is an attempt to rewrite the historic narrative. The use of Soldier for Warrior reflects a revisionist rewrite utilizing inaccurate terminology. The fact that C can cite multiple editors that failed to verify correct terminology and comprehend the content illustrates a Wikipedia issue whereby poorly researched sources are given creditability by meeting the reliability standard of simply getting published. The Dakota War soldiers vs warriors is an example of this.

ielquiparle https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/recordlist.php

• Only house on White Bear lake arsoned and looted. Capt Freeman's Report, St. Cloud Democrat. Pub. Date October 9, 1862 [168]

• Guerilla Parties ~ Rules of War, Dr. Lieber The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume], September 19, 1862, Image 6, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. [169]

• Sibley, To Wasbasha: "Do not approach unless in daylight under a flag of truce"The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume], September 19, 1862, Image 6, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. [170]

• Lines of Defense: Chengwatana-fort Abercrombie Sauk Center-Iowa,

• • Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. [171]

• Koposia="Light footed", "The Whereabouts of the Indians, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 1863, p.3 [172]

• MINNESOTA'S FRONTIER. A Neglected Sector of the Civil War. WILLOUGHBY M. BABCOCK.http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i06p274-286.pdf GURELLA

• 1st U.S. Volunteers, p. 285, Confederate turncoats[173]

• Library of Congress [174]

• • Library of Congress[175]

• • https://books.google.com/books?id=wVQ0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=Gen+Sibley+300+chippewa&source=bl&ots=yQ6_8sD7_k&sig=ACfU3U2xqCguQBncBFeoQ_QVbAFGSKQSew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQk8vom9r8AhV2kmoFHa6eCVIQ6AF6BAgjEAM#v=onepage&q=Gen%20Sibley%20300%20chippewa&f=false

• 2nd Military Commission, Indianer gefangene vor eninen Kreigsgericht, Minnesota Staats-Zeitung. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.), September 26, 1863, Image 3, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [176]

• The Acton Massacre committed by Little Six's band, Highy interesting Facts, Chicago Tribune, 2023 Newspapers.com

30 Aug 1862, Sat · Page 2, [177]

Minnesota's Frontier Babcock MHS June 1963 [178] Fortification map

• Sale of Fort Snelling, The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume], January 16, 1863, Image 5, Library of Congress, [179]</ref>

Medicine Cow

== your expertise == peace maker 67 I received a request from the Minnesota History Project to review the Dakota War article. I did and responded it was in need of a complete rewrite. The existing article has a poor lead for an Encyclopedia article. It fails to introduce a chronology that leads to a summation of the hostilities. The body lacks balance, substance, neutrality, and precision. Presentism is given undue weight that is not properly identified or discussed citing biased sources. I did a rewrite that I posted only to have it reverted immediately. It was not reverted for pov, ci, accuracy, or vandalism. The revert was for "too much at one time". From that I learned the article has two primary editors. It is my opinion that both have NPOV issues and one has taken ownership of the article. The other should have a COI tag for all articles related to the Dakota War as they have a problem with neutrality. The upside to that revert was I continued to work on the balance of the rewrite.User:Mcb133aco/New sandbox I have reached the point where I would like a outside input, actually I very much need it. I have asked a number of editors now, to no avail. It is large, however a review of other "war" articles shows that they all are way over the Wiki preferred standard.

Is there any chance you could look at that article? You are not American, have a Military background, and have the editing credentials necessary to get the article on track. I wont clutter up your talk page. If you are willing, I have a more detailed message at the top of my sandbox

I am contacting you as opposed to going to the teahouse or village pump for your experience and neutrality. I apologize for the intrusion as I expect you have many other things you could be doing. I very much would appreciate your direction at this point. Dakota War article seems to be the product of two editors, one who has taken "Ownership" of the article, the other is indigenous with an evident pov. I rewrote their effort as the "edit as you go" consensus approach was not going to improve the content in my lifetime. The "Owner" immediately reverted my effort. However, it was not for vandalism, COI, or pov. The stated reason was "too much" or "too large". When I posted the rewrite I posted an abbreviated bullet list of reasons for the re-write. The "Owner" is now using that list as the basis to re-edit the War. That's great, but I do not view it as good faith editing, I view it is a a form of plagiarism. They are using the reverted information I posted to re-write and re-post

The "Dakota War' may be unique in military history. The Military History Project evaluation of the War article identified "no time line" as an issue. I had included it both in the leade and the War's chronology in a bullet list. I defined the two War Models applicable to the war: indigenous Dacotah vs Euro-American and explained applicability. I explained the basis and authority of the military commission. I explained how Lincoln's trial review methodology was not haphazard and reflected the trial documents. I explained the militarization of the Minnesota frontier and posted an illustration. The State went from 3 Forts to over 60 military forts, stockades and outposts in less than a year. I pointed out that Lincoln issued General Order 100 4 months post Mankato that is the basis for the Geneva Conventions. It falls within the time frame of Dakota War which makes it relevant. I pointed out the war crimes of both sides in relation to the Geneva Conventions. I also posted that Lincoln made the largest mass commutation in conjunction with ordering the largest mass hanging.

The current article does not include is that the Chippewa sent Lincoln a letter offering to go war for the U.S. so Lincoln could send Minnesota's troops to fight the confederacy. Had Lincoln accepted the Sioux would not have surrendered to the Chippewa, there would have been no trials, no hangings, no Dakota 38. Lincoln's not accepting the offer saved hundreds of Sioux and Chippewa from dying. Multiple online sources have posted the letter or reference it. Does anything I just described as qualify as "original research"?

The current article refers Dacotah Warriors as soldiers. There are several issues with that. From the Military History perspective I explained to the Owner that soldiers are trained in the conventional warfare of their era while warriors are trained in asymmetrical warfare and the two labels are not interchangeable. That was waste of time.

I also made an issue of institutionalized racial language in the article. It is racist to refer to one side by a color (white) when the other side is not identified by color in the same manner.

All of this content was not part of the article when I did the rewrite. I reached out the Minnesota Project starting with the editor that asked my input and have gotten no response. I reached out to your equals at the Minnesota Project and have gotten no reply. So, I am hoping the Military History Project will be more be more productive.

To me there is a major issue with the "Dakota War" title. The word Dakota refers to all "Dakota" people while the War was almost exclusively Mdewakanton. Using Dakota paints the non-involved tribes with the war crimes of the Mdewakanton

• User:Mcb133aco/New sandbox: Dakota War article re-write [180]
• User:Mcb133aco/sandbox: Mdewakanton-Wahpekute 38 +2 Mankato Hangings article [181]
• Letter to Lincoln in "The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat" , p. 3 [182]
• article : "Chippewas on the War Path", Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept 12, 1863, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [183]. This group went to Fort Ripley to await a reply.
• article "Chippewa Chiefs State Capitol", The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. [volume], September 26, 1862 [184]. Gov. Ramsey told the Chippewa Lincoln was too busy to deal with their offer to fight the Sioux. There is so much to say and I do not want to clutter up your talk-page. The Dakota War really needs an editor of your caliber. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Mdewakanton-Wahpekute 38 +2

Common depiction of the execution scene at Mankato, without snow or winter apparel,in December 1862.

Basic monument erected in 1912 by two veterans of the uprising, Judge Lorin Cray and General James H. Baker, to mark the 50th anniversary of "the city's most significant event".

The 1973 Mankato War Crimes Execution replacement monument.

Proximity of the 1862 mass grave

Memorial listing the executed at Reconciliation Park in Mankato Minnesota today.

Mankato's indigenous themed Reconciliation Park

Mdewakanton Chief Cut Nose, Little Crow's senior lieutenant

Mdewakanton leader Medicine Bottle

Mdewakanton Chief Little Six hung at Fort Snelling

On December 26 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota, 38 Mdewakanton and Whapetkute warriors were executed as ordered by a Minnesota USV Military Commission and approved by President Lincoln. As of July 2022 it is both the largest mass execution and the largest act of executive clemency in the history of the United States. Military Commissions date to the Mexican-American War and allegedly have yet to be determined as to their authority to determine violations of the "Laws of War". Some claim the Laws of War did not apply to the indigious peoples because the Laws of War were/are "white". Some say the woman and children they were charged with murdering were not War Crimes, they were a "military necessity" in the Dacotah war model. Today the presentism narrative to Minnesota's historic narrative of the murders, massacres, rapes and outrages, is that those concepts did not exist in the indigenous warfare model,so no war crimes were committed. The Mdewakanton were a sovereign indigenous nation. That narrative claims the Mdewakanton were convicted, not for the crime of murder, but for killings resulting from warfare as defined by the Dacotah. Under the Dacotah war model those deaths are "legitimate" as opposed to "criminal". There is controversy over what constitutes a war crime, and whose concept of acceptable conduct in war is legally applicable, the Dakota war model or the European-American model. War to the Mdewakanton forces was not governed by any moral constraints. War was total against the designated enemy, no holds barred no quarter or compassion given, whether the target was a combatant or non-combatant. Simply put, it was one death inflicted upon the Dacotah meant one death inflicted upon their enemy. The Dacotah model is legitimate until foreign concepts are introduced that corrupt the model. Flag of truce, surrender, pows, pow treatment, fairness, compassion for non-combatants, legal rights, legal status, and courts are all elements foreign of the Dakota model and once they are introduced or are expected, then the European-American warfare model becomes the applicable model to the hostilities because, that is where those concepts originate. The "one for one" in death count of the Dacotah's model did not happen in 1862 and it was not what the Mdewakanton force expected upon "surrender" at Camp Release. The Mdewakanton forces expected "fair treatment" as "prisoners of war" from the Euro-American model under a "flag of truce". That is not what they would have received from the Dakota War model. Paradoxically, most on the American side wanted Dacotah war model justice. General Sibley said that they would be treated fairly as only the "murders" were wanted. Once the Mdewakanton decided to go to war, their intent was to remove all "whites" from the Minnesota River Valley. Their actions in the first days of the hostilities confirm that was their mission and today that mission would be described by some as forced displacements while others would call them an ethnic cleansing. Which ever term is used, when it was over, Minnesota had nearly no eastern Dacotah or Winnebago peoples remaining in the state and the Minnesota frontier had been completely depopulated. The Chippewa bands in the north or Yankton Sioux in the southwest were not affected and their treaties remained intact. When he heard that females had been killed Chief Little Crow responded that the "whites" would come and "they would be like wolfs after rabbits following the hard moon of January", he was right. Four months following the hangings Lincoln issued General Order 100 the precursor to the Geneva Conventions.

More than 80 years before the Geneva Conventions were written and the Nuremberg trials were held, Minnesota held War Crime trials at the Lower Sioux Agency in the fall of 1862 producing 303 military execution sentences that required Presidential review. General Henry H. Sibley selected a military tribunal of Minnesota USV to prosecute the alleged massacres and atrocities committed against the people of the State of Minnesota by the Mdewakanton and their allies. War Crimes had not been prosecuted before in the United States. It would not be until post-WWII that "massacres and atrocities" committed against civilians were identified by the international community as War Crimes. None of the tribunal had legal training. That led to many legalities not being observed, like court impartiality, no representation, and no discovery or cross examination or defense witnesses. It also explains the simplicity of charges: murder, rape, massacres, and atrocities. No one was charged with aiding and abetting, looting or horse stealing. Since the tribunal did not know Minnesota's legalities common law should have been applied. It was not, none were charged for being accessories. "Common law separates accessories to crime into four categories. A principal in the first degree actually committed the crime. A principal in the second degree was present at the scene of the crime and assisted in its commission. An accessory before the fact was not present at the scene of the crime, but helped prepare for its commission. An accessory after the fact scene of the crime, but helped prepare for its commission. An accessory after the fact helped a party to the crime after its commission by providing comfort, aid, and assistance in escaping or avoiding arrest and prosecution or conviction." Child endangerment as a legality did not exist. The legal issues before them were not for either a military or civilian court they were for a War Crimes Tribunal and the Hague did not exist. Even-so, out of the 490 cases 162 were dismissed, 18 got prison sentences, while 303 got the death sentence. Had it been left to the citizens of Minnesota they all would have hung. Because the USV were Federalized into national service the sentences were subject to review by the commander in chief, President Abraham Lincoln. The word he received was 800 unarmed Minnesota citizens had been massacred by the Sioux. Historians of differing POVs have cited numbers ranging from the 360 to 800 plus, what ever it is it remains in the hundreds including an African American. One historian reviewing the records says 30% of the civilians were young children. Lincoln had anticipated multiple charges of rape. Instead there were hundreds of charges of murder. The remains woman and children were found charred at multiple farmsteads. Two pregnant females were disemboweled and the infants killed. The lawyer in Lincoln saw many issues and he really did not want to deal with any of it. He wanted to delegate it back to the Army and sought input from Joseph Holt the Army Judge Advocate General. General Holt said "no" he could not, it was his to deal with. Stuck with it Lincoln had all of the case transcripts sent to Washington D.C. for him to review. What he had had never been prosecuted before. His office received many telegrams imploring a quick decision for swift justice. Instead Lincoln gave it thought. and received a telegram from General Pope in St Paul advised that a decision was needed soon or there would be a civil disorder in Minnesota. Which was why there would not be a blanket pardon, it would not happen. Lincoln did not want to hang 303 Sioux yet he felt that there was a need for justice even is it was flawed. It was his reasoning that kept the trials focused on their purpose, the War Crimes. He realized that cases could be separated for "military" conventional warfare against Minnesota USV and "massacres and atrocities" against Minnesota citizens. Using this distinction provided him the methodology to sort the cases into two piles with 40 to be executed for War Crimes, commuting 262 from execution and one to prison. The citizens of Minnesota were unhappy with his verdicts at the time and today Lincoln is vilified by the media.

• After 150 years the narrative of the hostilities is not not agreed upon. Academics and the Minnesota Historical Society have changed the name of the narrative and give the deaths of the Minnesotans little importance. A historian in 1968 stated the alleged atrocities were myth and another called the hangings atrocities.

The Uprising Hostilities:

Both Little Crow, leader of the Mdewakanton forces, and Lt. Timothy Sheehan, the Fort Ridgely commander, placed the blame for the hostilities on Indian Agent Thomas Galbraith with his stocked warehouses. He had extended credit to the Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes at the Upper Sioux Agency, but refused the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute tribes at the Lower Sioux Agency. Galbraith's employee Andrew Myrick made history with his comment "So far as I am concerned, if they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung."

When President Lincoln received word of the Santee Sioux uprising in August 1862 he federalized the various state militia along side the Minnesota Volunteer Infantry With the civil war going on Lincoln had no Federal troops to spare. All regular USA had been withdrawn from Minnesota to engage the Confederacy. There was a single regular U.S. Army enlisted-man remaining in Minnesota during the hostilities. General Pope arrived a month after the hostilities began, but never left his Hotel in St. Paul. The 17 August Acton Massacre was the start when four Wahpeton tribemen stole eggs. That night Little Crows leadership was sought. He advised against war, but was called a coward and lead his men to war against his better judgement. The next day over 160 civilians were killed in Renville County alone. alone starting with the Massacre at the Lower Agency and followed by the Beaver Creek Massacre Across the Minnesota frontier, counties adjoining the Eastern Sioux reservation were attacked, primarily by Mdewakanton tribesmen killing 250 unarmed civilians, men, woman, children and infants in the first three days. The hostilities started at the Lower Sioux Agency Then came the Battle of New Ulm or New Ulm Massacre followed by the attack and seige of Fort Ridgely. The Fort was responsible for the security of the two indian agencies of the reservation and the disbursement of the tribal annuities. The Fort's translator was bi-racial French-Dakotah and dressed in native apparel to go check the Upper Sioux Agency and found no one alive. At Beaver creek he saw 50 family's laying dead. More followed at Lake Shetek Massacre in Redwood County, and West Lake Massacre in Kandiyohi County, and the Manannah Massacre in Meeker County The scale of the white settlers killed was unprecedented in the colonization of North America. At the outbreak of hostilities unarmed civilians were the primary targets with some taken prisoner. When the hostilities ended hundreds of Minnesotans had been murdered by the Mdewakanton and their allies. One historian has found that 30% of the civilians killed were children under ten years of age. Those numbers are not universally agreed upon. Governor Ramsey had changed the dynamic of the hostilities when he placed a $25.00 bounty on their scalps which was a paid execution of a combatant by a non-combatant. The majority of the Santee Sioux fled the State and Ramsey's replacement in the Governor's office Henry Swift had increased the bounty to $200.00 ensuring they would not return. The initial hostilities ended 37 days later with the Mdewakanton force Surrender at Camp Release. There the female prisoners taken by Little Crow's warriors were released to Brig. Gen.Sibley's Minnesota troops. Lincoln sent the General John Pope to command the Department of Minnesota, who arrived near the end of the hostilities. The hostile tribes were the nine Mdewakanton bands plus the Wahpekutes. Initially 400 Sissiton and Wahpeton joined from the northern agency, but most of them decided to return north. There were a few Winnebago at the Lower Sioux Agency when it was over run. They would be amongst the men surrendering at Camp Release and one was sentenced to prison. Hostile bands of Sisseton have been identified for the attacks on Fort Abercrombie and West Lake. Sisseton chiefs Standing Buffalo, Red Iron and Waanatan, told Little Crow if he brought the war to the upper reservation the Sisseton would go to war against the Mdewakanton. In 1923 Shatterlee attributed the attack at Slaughter slough on the renegade Wahpekute chief Inkpaduta though others credit the Sisseton. The Dakota not involved were the Yanktons, Yanktonnai, and as well as the majority of the Sisseton, and Wahpeton. A small number of Mdewakanton were labeled "Loyal Mdewakanton" for providing safety or assistance to U.S. Americans. Amongst the Mdewakanton there were leaders and men that also refused to go to war; Chiefs Wabasha, Wacouta, and Red legs. They were labeled "friendlies" by the Government and "cut hairs" or "dutchmen" by fellow Dacotah.

The Chippewa

Minnesota monument to Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee and his 700 Mille Lacs band warriors defending Fort Ripley during the Sioux outbreak. Dedicated 1914 at the Fort Ridgely because Fort Ripley was abandoned and unused by then. The monument is the same size as the one the State put up for the men of the 5th Minnesota that died at Ridgely and Redwood Ferry.

Chief Hole In the Day of the Gull Lake Band of Chippewa made the news by threatening to join Little Crow. Other bands of Chippewa did not share his view of the Sioux. Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee of the Mille Lacs band sent 700-750 warriors to Fort Ripley to reinforce the garrison in the event the Fort was attacked.

On 2 September two Mille Lacs band Chiefs sent Lincoln a letter offering to fight the Sioux so Minnesotans could go fight the south. Had Lincoln accepted the offer it is unknown how the other bands of Chippewa would have responded, but the Mdewakanton were primary force at war the other Dacotah were leaving the state. Accepting their offer would have meant there would have been no trials and no executions. Lincoln saved hundreds of Mdewakanton women and children by not setting the Chippewa on the warpath for the U.S. This fact that is not mentioned in the Lincoln narrative in the presentism of today. The letter was published in St Paul on 13 September 1862, by the New York Times on the 14th, and by the Chicago Times on 16 September 1862. The Chicago Times Volume VIII No. 27 published the letter in entirety:

"His Excellency the Governor of Minnesota: Fond du Lac, St. Louis Reservation 2 September , 1862

We the undersigned Chiefs of the Chippewas of Lake Superior, do petition through you, to the President of the United States, the Great Father, as in hereinafter set forth: My Father we have heard and do hear every day and through the half breeds who are more enlightened than we are, that you are in trouble with your own people: and that they are very strong. We hear that one of your Red children has taken up the knife and tomahawk against you; that they have killed and murdered men, woman and children. That they have destroyed everything they could lay their hands on. They are blind and do not appreciate your great kindness. The Great Spirit looks down on that people with great vengeance. We raise the spirit of the Chippewa enemies to avenge the wrongs perpetrated on their white brethren.

My Father, you know he is our enemy, therefore we beg that you give us the chance to show that we are your friends and wish to serve you, to help you preserve the peace and tranquility among your children. We are willing to go and put down the evil spirit of my old enemy. Give us an opportunity to show you that we are loyal to the Great Father and his laws, and that we appreciate his kindness towards us. We think that our Great Father has enough to do down south for his solider: let him sen them down there, and send us to fight our red enemey. We are ready to go. We are willing to obey orders, and be lead by a white Captain, but on the battlefield we want our own Captains and fight in our own mode of fighting. Pay our expenses while we are gone. We also wish to raise our men our way, as we have been accustomed to raising men for a "war party." We also think that it would be just and right , if we should whip them that their annunities should be paid to those that would go fight.

My Father give us your consent, and we will get the Lake Superior Chippewas, with our half-breed children, to arise en masse to your help. Provide us with arms and ammunition, and we willing to go. My Father the, the door is open to me to help you, shut it not again in my face. We are willing to go. Our Fathers have driven them from this country, and if you had not come between us we would have chased them still further. Our young men are anxious to go show you that we are your friends. We know that we cannot do and drill like your soldiers, because we do not understand each other - our talk is different. We would offer you our services as well to fight your own people down there were it not for that, but send send us against our own color and we can fight. You will please answer and address Joseph Gurrol, Bayfield Wisconsin.

Naw-Gaw-Nub, Chief, Shin-Gwack, Chief

This letter was first published on the front page of the St Paul Pioneer and Democrat on 11 September, 1862. The next day, 12 September it made the Goodhue Republican, On Sept 14 The New York Times references the Chippewa offer, The Chicago Times published it verbatim on the 16th, and The Pioneer and Democrat reprinted it again on the 19th.

On 3 October another Mille Lacs band Chief offered to go on the warpath against the Sioux near St. Cloud, Minnesota. The post Commander at Fort Ripley extended State hospitality to the Chief and his warriors until a response was received.

The Chiefs of 21 bands of Chippewa held a war council in front of the State Capitol the day before the Surrender at Camp Release and were told Lincoln was busy by Gov Ramsey.

Chippewa from White Earth enlisted at St Cloud for service in Company G of the 9th Minnesota between August 16-22, 1862. They were tasked with patrolling the Red River Trail between St Cloud and Fort Abercrombie. In September they were posted forward to Fort Abercrombie.

• 1000 Chippewa
• Indian Battalion Hqtrs, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1864-01-29/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1863&index=0&rows=20&words=Battalion+HATCH+Hatch+Indian&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=+Hatches+battalion+indians&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

Camp Release aftermath:

At Camp Release 269 non-combatants were released by the Mdewakanton force. Five were males with the balance being women and a few children. The printed narrative during their captivity was that the Sioux had violated them, that is what Lincoln was told by Gen. Pope. At Camp Release the combatant males were separated from their woman by ruse and taken into custody. This caused tribesmen's family's: women, children and elderly to turn themselves over to the Minnesota State force. They were desperate with their male providers gone and no annuity money to pay for staples. They were transferred to Fort Snelling where the State had a stock pile of stores sufficient to sustain their number. Leaving them without provisions or protection on the prairie was not an option as they would die from starvation or at the hands of settlers. When the woman's wagon column made the trek to Fort Snelling it stretched out over four miles and was harassed along the way.

• According to a letter Sibley wrote his wife 15 prisoners were injured during their transfer from the Redwood Agency trial site to Camp Lincoln at Mankato as well as some of his troops. Two prisoners , Ohomni and Oyateicasna died from the attack.
• The people in Henderson attacked the woman's wagon column, throwing scalding water from the buildings that burned those it hit. One native mother had a settler woman snatch and injure her baby, causing the infant's death. Shortly after reaching Fort Snelling one Mdewakanton woman was raped while another was "accidentally" shot awaiting Lincoln's decision. That caused the erection of a palisade around the encampment for safety. (see Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons)
• The Geneva conventions makes distinctions regarding female prisoners. Those detained accompanying non-combatant males are considered civilian prisoners. Those detained accompanying combatant males are considered prisoners of war.

The War Crimes

• Minnesota State Senator Wilkinson wrote to President Lincoln: "These Indians are called by some prisoners of war. There was no war about it. It was wholesale robbery, rape, murder. These Indians were not at war with their murdered victims."

• General Pope wrote to General Sibley Sept 28, 1862: "The horrible massacres of women and children and the outrageous abuse of female prisoners, still alive, call for punishment beyond human power to inflict-" The letter indicates that the authorities did not view the hostilities as acts of war. This point of view provided the basis for the use of the word Uprising in the "white narrative".

When belligerents go to war they have a set of rules: the Dacotah's were kill or be killed and win or withdraw. When it became apparent they would not win they chose not to retreat, but instead to surrender and become prisoners. Surrender and becoming prisoners was not part of the Dakota rules of war. Before that the opposing forces had met under "flags of truce". Those concepts are European-American and by surrendering, the Dakotah model of war was forfeit, meaning that many of their actions were War Crimes under the European-American war model. Some claim that Dakotah sovereignty exempted the Mdewakanton from being judged by the Military commission. Sovereignty has no relevance to a Military Commission proceeding. The Mdewakanton warriors lodge made the removal of "whites" from the Minnesota River Valley their mission. The hostilities of the first week bear out they attempted complete that mission with 23 Counties depopulated. Wikipedia describes the removal of an ethnic group from where there are living as ethnic cleansing. When the hostilities ended that is what happened to the four eastern Dakota nations.

When it comes to the historic record, the discussion of the crimes committed is a toxic subject. However, verifiable first hand accounts provide sufficient evidence that War crimes were committed. In 1862 the term "Massacre" was used to describe multiple Mdewakanton incidents where Mdewakanton belligerents killed unarmed men, woman, children, and babies. Wikipedia states that there is not a consensus even today for the definition of Massacre. However, Wikipedia describes War crimes as the killing of unarmed men, woman, children and infants. Massacre is repeatedly used to identify the actions of the Mdewakanton force in the historic narrative: Acton Massacre, Lower Sioux Agency Massacre, New Ulm, Massacre, Beaver Creek Massacre, Manannah Massacre, Belmont Massacre, West Lake Massacre. and the Massacre at Lake Shetek. Of those massacred over 30% were children. Indian Agent Major Thomas J. Galbraith compiled a record listing 644 citizens massacred along with 93 Minnesota USV and militia killed in the hostilities. Today there are claims that Galbraith's numbers were wrong. The Dakota death numbers were unknown and remain that way. After 150 years there is no way to verify the atrocities for fact or embellishment. There is no way to know how many pioneers were simply passing through the area heading for the Dakota Territory at the time, or were there for business, or were visiting. There was one known African American killed in Renville County whose corpse was mutilated. Human remains were being found in Southern Minnesota up until World War I, sixty years later, so the actual number will never be known. There were multiple victims that were scalped. In Renville County one child had his face blown off. The four children of one settler were kicked to death, others were beaten to death. Their cause of death would be described as from torture or brutality. There are multiple sites where the brunt corpses woman and children were found. Two pregnant females were disemboweled. A two day old baby was injured beyond aid at the Lower Sioux Agency. Babies that became prisoners with their mothers were killed for crying. Many victims died from gunfire, one was shot in the back 8 times. There are multiple accounts of bodies having been mutilated and skulls being crushed. The accounts of crushed skulls are to be expected as the standard side weapon of the Dakota nations was the iŋyaŋ iŋjátʾe. Breaking bone was it's sole purpose and Americans called them skull crackers. The Mdewaketon and their allies had taken 269, mostly females, prisoner. The 1862 news media narrative was that they had been taken for non-consensual sex. see Article 27 Geneva Conventions The differentiation between fact and fiction on female abuse remains in dispute. One source states that nearly all of the young girls and middle-aged women were forced into relationships. The native narrative was they wanted wife's and that is how Dacotah warfare worked. There are three documented cases of female captives being "adopted" and protected by Mdewakanton families. Rape in 1862 was not a topic for polite conversation, meaning that there were women present. Only two women endured the humiliation of appearing before the tribunal to identify their assailants, but others are documented, with multiple gang rapes. One 10 year old girl was abused to death. Another gang rape-murder was recorded at Norwegian Grove. In one case the woman bore a child and was abandoned by her husband. In another case the woman miscarried and suffered a mental breakdown. The record identifies two females that were decapitated one whose head was not recovered. At the Lower Sioux Agency two men were decapitated and with the Doctor Humphrey's head found scalped. One of the first to die was the ferryman at Redwood Ferry. He was decapitated, disemboweled and dismembered. His hands and feet were cut off and shoved into the body cavity. One of the convicted on the gallows stated to the onlookers, if a decapitated body was found near New Ulm with the head placed on the crotch that was his handiwork. Another decapitation was found six miles from New Ulm. In 1862 there were no public social services and in St. Paul alone, there were 23 widows and 57 children that had lost both parents. If there were more in the other refugee centers at Mankato and St. Peter the MHS has not published the numbers. Settlers totaling 43,000 fled 23 counties leaving everything to be pillaged. Theft by belligerents is called looting or pillaging and is a War Crime. Plunder describes whatever is stole. The trader's warehouse inventories, the farmer's homesteads, livestock, and horses were all taken. Commission proceedings aside, horse stealing was a hanging offense across the entire American west. At least one prisoner was charged with horse theft, but the charge was dropped because it could not be proven beyond doubt. Lincoln made it clear that combat itself was not a crime. One combatant killing another is killing, it is not murder. However, looting done by a belligerent during a war is a War Crime. This rule's origins start with Lincoln's General Order 100.

• The Federal Government was accountable for the grievances of the Santee Sioux regarding the agents representing the Federal government.

• The USA Field Manual states “maltreatment of dead bodies” is a war crime. Section A. Respect for the dead,Practice Relating to Rule 113 Geneva Conventions.
• Victims Meeker County, Renville County, Kandiyohi County, Lac du Parle County, Brown County, Redwood County, Nicollet County, Jackson County Swift County,

• The over 100 of infants and children killed makes the term infanticide applicable to the Mdewakanton actions from the American perspective. From the Dacotah perspective it was "conventional warfare". The differences being a cultural clash of definitions and values that is irreconcilable.

• Victims of the uprising.

• In 1862 there were no public social services and in St. Paul alone, there were 23 widows and 57 children that had lost both parents. If there were more in the other refugee centers at Mankato and St. Peter the MHS has not published the numbers.

USV Military Commission

The commander of the Minnesota troops, General Sibley, immediately created a military commission to "try summarily" the actions of the 490 detained men for possible trial of the alleged crimes and atrocities the commission had heard of or personally seen. To be tried summarily in the United States today is reserved for minor crimes not capitol offences, but it does mean there is no jury. The trials took place in the conflict"s theater of hostilities, beginning at Camp Release and completed at the Lower Sioux Agency. Both locations were affected by the hostilities and were not neutral ground for a trial. The commission's neutrality was an issue to the Army and Lincoln. The men were all from Minnesota, with many having been involved in the hostilities. However, a complete redo was not an option with the Civil War going on and the citizen anger in Minnesota. Most of the detained were Mdewakanton, but some of their allies were there too, a minority were bi-racial, one was African-American and another was Anglo-American. All those selected for the commission were officers from Minnesota's USV Infantry Regiments. Most were not professional soldiers by training and had volunteered for service to fight the Confederacy. None were regular U.S. Army or came with legal backgrounds. Once the tribunal was selected and called to order, most cases were summarily reviewed, some very quickly. The combined interrogations, depositions and trials started at Camp Release, but were moved and completed at the Redwood Agency. The purpose of the commission was to review some of the military conduct of the Mdewakanton force until General Pope intervened and demanded that it be all conduct. When done, the tribunal had reviewed 480 cases, sending 397 to trial, convicting 321 of which 303 received the death penalty. The condemned were moved, in a single file column to Mankato, the nearest intact population center. The column was attacked by a mob in New Ulm and two prisoners later died from injuries a second attack was thwarted. The settlers wanted to extract vengeance and retribution without waiting for justice. The second attack prompted moving the prisoners to a more secure location in Mankato.

A Military Commission, by it's very nature, is not the same as either a military court or civilian court. Having an attorney was not a "right" it was a "privilege". U.S. Military law is not the same as U.S. Civil law and never has been.

• Military commissions were born out of necessity. Operating outside the realm of conventional criminal, and civil courts, they are unique proceedings in which enemy forces are tried during times of war or rebellion. Military commissions are a form of military tribunal, though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Tribunals only try members of enemy armies, not civilians who have allegedly broken the law (though sometimes civilians accused of being combatants are tried in a tribunal). Military officers, fulfilling the role of jurors, act as judges and impose the sentence."
• Major General Henry W. Halleck, legal authority on military law wrote in 1862: "Congress has recognized the lawfulness of these tribunals (commissions), and, in a measure regulated their proceedings, but it has not defined or limited their jurisdiction..."
• That year General Halleck also wrote: "Many classes of people cannot be arraigned before (a Military court martial)... and many crimes committed ... cannot be tried under the "Articles of War." Military commissions must be resorted to for such cases and these commissions should be ordered by the same authority..."
• Article 56 of the Articles of War: "Whosoever shall relieve the enemy with money, victuals, or ammunition, or shall knowingly harbor or protect an enemy shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a court martial."

• A question of whether General Sibley had the authority to organize a military tribunal has been raised without mentioning the tribunal was intended to address the war crimes not military or civil crimes.

Judges: Military Tribunal

• Colonel William Crooks, 6th Minnesota
• Colonel William Marshall, 7th Minnesota
• Captain Hiram P.Grant, 6th Minnesota
• Captain Hiram S. Bailey, 6th Minnesota
• Major George Bradley 7th Minnesota (replaced Colonel Marshall after the first 29 cases)
• Captain Rollin Olin (judge advocate) 3rd Minnesota passed on to Issac Heard St. Paul attorney. Both men were on Colonel Sibley's staff. Capt. Olin was also the Assistant Minnesota Adjutant General

Executioner:

• Captain William J. Duley 7th Minnesota (3 daughters killed at Slaughter slough and wife taken as a pow)

Provost marshal:

• Major William Henry Forbes on General Sibley's staff (wife Canadian/Sioux) Knew how to speak Dakota from many years of trading with them.

Commission interrogator and interpreter:

• Reverend Stephan R. Riggs (had missionary school and chapel by Upper Sioux Agency and wrote a Dakota dictionary)
• Antoine Frenier (Fort Ridgely interpreter whose mother was Dakota) Today there are claims that Frenier and Rev.Riggs didn't translate the court proceedings to the prisoners. That he failed to communicate the situation and the prisoners did not comprehend or understand that could be executed by the Military tribunal.

State's witness:

• Defendent # 1: Joseph Godfrey was a bi-racial French Canadian-African American living amongst the Mdewaketon who admitted killing 17 women and children. In today's terms Godfrey turned state's evidence. Immunity was a legality that was 100 years in the making in the United States. He had two charges, both of which should have put him on the gallows. In return for his testimony the tribunal requested Lincoln reduce his sentence to prison. The Sioux understood what he was doing and gave him the name "Atokte" for "the slayer of many". Renaming Godfrey indicates the prisoners knew what he was doing and what the consequences would be.

note: Tribunal bias was obvious to Lincoln and historians have made an issue of it. There was no possibility of a complete redo of all the trials and not commuting all the trails has left Lincoln subject claims of bigotry and murder. A reasonable outcome for that course of action is not published.

Lincoln's methodology for the Commutations:

The tribunal's findings were not what President Lincoln was expecting. He had anticipated multiple charges of rape and pillage. For Lincoln the violation of females was top of the crimes list, but just two women identified their assailants. Atrocities like mutilations and scalpings were known. Only Chaskadon was identified for disembowelment and no one for scalping. The main charges were murder and massacres. Lincoln's list has been reviewed and there are two men that it is not apparent why they were on the execution list. No one was identified for the deaths by fire or the children kicked to death of the other disembowelment. Today the Geneva conventions define the deliberate killing of unarmed civilians as war crimes. The legalities of aiding and abetting or for being accessories or complicity, or child endangerment did not exist. Bishop Henry Whipple is credited for the number of commutations Lincoln made, but there is no documentation to support that. Lincoln had legal concerns with the Minnesota's USV tribunal. There is no documentation that any of the tribunal had any legal training. The entire affair caused him consternation, causing him to not quickly sign off on the executions. Lincoln's legal methodology reduced the number of death sentences by identifying the charges into two types, conventional warfare or military combat vs. warfare or atrocities against the civil population. In other words ,War Crimes. Using this guideline he commuted 262 leaving 40 for the gallows. However, the tribunal had requested that he commute Godfrey's sentence to prison which he did. Lincoln sent General Sibley the names of 39 for execution. General Sibley on his own commuted one man when a verified alibi was produced. Were it not for Lincoln, all 303 would have been executed. Governor Ramsey told Lincoln he would have gotten more reelecction votes if he had hung them all. Lincoln's response was “I could not afford to hang men for votes.”

The Executions:

The prisoners were placed under heavy guard with the statewide animosity towards them across Minnesota. The citizenry was completely unhappy with Lincoln's actions. Both Gen. Pope and ex-Governor Ramsey called for annulment of Santee Sioux treaties as well their exile from Minnesota. The Winnebago people had the misfortune of having their reservation in the theater of action. They had no involvement in the hostilities, but were relocated for their own safety. The treaties with the Chippewa and Yankton Sioux were not undone. Those whose execution was commuted remained incarcerated as there was no where in Minnesota that they could have been safely released. The 6th and 7th Minnesota Infantry Regiments plus Companies of the 9th Minnesota ,10th Minnesota and 2nd Minnesota Cavalry were assigned as the execution detail. The 7th Minnesota was the lead unit of the military contingent. Colonel Stephen Miller of the 7th Minnesota declared martial law banning the sale or consumption of alcohol within a 10 mile radius of Mankato. At Mankato the prisoner's spouses made their meals. That itself was a form of retribution having to see their men subjugated as they were. Prior to the hanging the prisoners were chained in pairs to the floor.

The gallows was engineered specifically for a mass execution. It was suspended platform walkway 20' square rigged to single a guy pole in the center. It had ten nooses per side and was designed to drop from under the condemned with the cutting of a single rope. The executions were delayed because of a shortage of rope needed. The gallows worked as designed except Marpiya te ajun's rope broke. Accounts say he appeared dead on the ground, but a new rope was thrown over the gallows beam and he was hauled up again anyway. The accounts read that it was a sight no one wanted to see again, but there was subdued cheering when it was over.

December brought sub-zero temperatures and the ground was frozen except for the river banks along the Minnesota River. It was close by, as the gallows overlooked the river The time of the execution was 10:00 December 26, 1862. There was snow on the ground and the temperature was 15° F. An estimated crowd of 4,000 were keep back by a military cordon surrounding the gallows at the time of the execution. A mass grave had been dug in an unfrozen river bar. Company F 7th Minnesota was the burial party commanded by Col. Marshall. A heavy guard was posted at the site, but the next morning the bodies were gone. The historical narrative says the dead were removed to serve as medical cadavers.

Three of the Santee Sioux leaders made across the border into Canada. Two of them, Medicine Bottle and Little Six were drugged, strapped to sleds, and delivered to Minnesota troops at the border in exchange for the bounty. They were taken to Fort Snelling where they were tried and executed for being leaders of the murders.

Lincoln's Executive Order of December 1863:

• Aichaga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To Grow Upon
• Amdacha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broken to Pieces
• Baptiste Campbell . . . . . . (French-Dacotah bi-racial)
• Cetan hunka. . . . . . . . . . . The Parent Hawk(medicine man convicted for massacre)
• Chanka hdo. . . . . . . . . . . .Near the Woods
• Chaska dan . . . . . . . . . . . convicted of disemboweling a pregnant female (execution historically questioned)
• Dowan niye. . . . . . . . . . . .The Singer
• Had hin hda. . . . . . . . . . . To Make a Rattling Noise
• Hepan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . family name for a second son
• Henry Milord . . . . . . . . . . (French-Dacotah bi-racial)
• Hapinkpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tip of the Horn
• Hepidan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .family name for a third son
• Hinhan-shoon-koyag-mani . .Walks Clothed in an Owl’s Tail
• Ho tan inku. . . . . . . . . . . . .Voice Heard in Returning
• Hypolite Auge . . . . . . . . . . (French-Dacotah bi-racial)To Grow Upon
• Ite duta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scarlet Face
• Maka te najin. . . . . . . . . . .Stands Upon Earth
• Marpiya te najin. . . . . . . . .Stands on a Cloud (Cut Nose) (convicted for massacre, killing 18 women and children plus 5 men)
• Maza-bomidu. . . . . . . . . . Iron Blower
• Mehu we mea. . . . . . . . . .He Comes for Me
• Nape shuha. . . . . . . . . . . Does Not Flee
• Oyate tonwan. . . . . . . . . .The Coming People
• Pazi kuta mani. . . . . . . . . Walks Prepared to Shoot
• Radainyanka. . . . . . . . . . Rattling Runner
• Sna-mani. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tinkling Walker
• Taju-xa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Red Otter, convicted of rape
• Te-he-hdo-ne-cha. . . . . . . Wind Comes Back (convicted of rape)
• Tate kage, . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind Maker (execution historically questioned)
• Tipi-hdo-niche. . . . . . . . . .Forbids His Dwelling
• Tunkan icha ta mani. . . . .Walks With His Grandfather
• Tunkan koyag I najin. . . . Stands Clothed with His Grandfather
• Wahena,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . translation unknown
• Wakan tanka. . . . . . . . . . Great Spirit
• Wakinyan na. . . . . . . . . . Little Thunder
• Wapa-duta. . . . . . . . . . . Scarlet Leaf
• Wasicun. . . . . . . . . . . . . Little White man (caucasian adopted by the Mdewakanton)
• Wyata-tonwan. . . . . . . . .His People
• Xunka ska. . . . . . . . . . . .White Dog (execution historically questioned)

• Tate mima . . . . . . . . . . . Round wind (late communtation)
• Atokte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The slayer of many, Godfrey (commuted to prison)

• Maznopinka . . . . . . . . . . . Only Winnebago convicted. Was sent to prison

Lincoln's Executive Order of November 1863:

• Sakpedan . . . . . . . . . . . Little Six ( admitted killing 50)
• Pejuhuta-tha . . . . . . . . . Medicine Bottle

Afterwards: The History of the Unresolved Legacy

Department of the Northwest Forts and Stockades 1862-65.

• What began in August 1862 did not end with the trials and hangings. Once Minnesota went to war the trials were but a pause in the resulting history. It would not be until May 1866 that Minnesota put it's swords down and abandoned all the fortifications built in response to the Uprising. The War was comprised of phases: The Sioux Uprising and militarization and depopulation of the Minnesota frontier, Camp Release Surrender, 1862 war crime trials, 1862 Presidential commutations and death sentences, eastern Dakota diaspora, Sibley 1863 Expedition, the Moscow Expedition, Sulley's 1864 Expedition, Fort Dilts rescue, 1865 War crime trials, 1865 commutation and executions, Sulley's 1865 Expedition. Minnesota ceased in-state Cavalry patrols in May 1866 and abandoned or dismantled it's stockades and fortifications.

• The eastern Dakota Diaspora began before the hostilities were over. Over 4,000 Sisseton and Whapaton made for the plains not wanting to suffer for the Mdewakanton's actions.

• The killings in Minnesota did not stop with the trials or hangings. Small bands of hostiles continued to kill for three more years killing 21. In 1863 the 8th Minnesota lost more men in Minnesota than Sibley's entire expedition did in Dakota Territory.
  • When the Winnebago were forced to leave their reservation they killed and scalped two Dakota that had been hiding amongst them.
  • In Wright County five civilians were killed in 1863. Little Crow was wearing the jacket of one of the victims when he was killed.
  • 1863 Killings in Watonwan and Cottonwood Counties
  • 1864-5 McLeod, Nicollet and Blue Earth Counties, In 1864 Blue Earth County The Willow Creek Massacre, and in 1865 the killing of the Jewittt family.
  • It is believed that a nine year old child was the last victim of the Uprising in 1865.

• The day after the hanging Dr.William Mayo, acquired two of the Mankato corpses, one being Marpiya te ajin as medical cadavers. In accordance with the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act the Mayo Clinic turned the skulls of those two men over to the Minnesota Indian Affairs Council at the former Lower Sioux Agency site for appropriate burial. The skeleton of Cut Nose, which Dr. Mayo had preserved and displayed, was not located for repatriation. Later a tanned piece of Cut Nose's skin was returned from the Grand Rapids Public Museum in Michigan. (see Article 16 protect the dead and Article 32)

• A month an a half after the hangings Congress passed the Act of Feb 16, 1863. It abrogated and annulled all treaties of the four bands of Santee Sioux. It forfeited their reservation lands and called for the removal of the Santee Sioux from Minnesota. Two weeks Congress passed the Sioux-Dakota Removal Act of 1863. On February 21 the Winnebago Removal Act was approved followed on March 3 by the Sioux-Dakota Removal Act. (see Article 49, Geneva Conventions)

• Pike island encampment safety and public curiosity. (see Article 13 public curiosity and Article 50 Children Geneva Conventions)

• Winter 1862-3 the hygiene and sanitation conditions that developed at the noncombatant encampment on Pike Island were not good (see Article 56, Geneva Conventions)

• In April 1863, 277 Santee Sioux men, 16 woman, 2 children and one Winnebago boarded ariverboat at Mankato for the Camp Kearney Army prison at Davenport, Iowa. The reason they were sent south was to keep Minnesotans, civilian and military from being able harm them. At Fort Snelling 1,600 Santee Sioux embarked riverboats for Crook Creek and their diaspora. (see Article 49, Geneva Conventions)

• People in Renville County believed August Busse was so angered when his parents killers were pardoned he became an Indian hunter and that he died at the Little Big Horn.

• 1863 Both Lt. Sheehan and Little Crow placed the blame for the hostilities on Indian Agent Galbraith with his stocked warehouses. He had extended credit to the Sisseton and Wahpeton at the Upper Sioux Agency and not for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute at the Lower Sioux.

• 1863 “The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $200 for every red-skin sent to Purgatory. The sum is more than all the dead bodies of all the Indians east of the Red River are worth." The Daily Republican, Winona, MN 1863 reflected a racial opinion in Minnesota. (see Article 32)

• Four months after the hangings Lincoln issued General Order 100. General Order 100 is cited as the direct predecessor to the Geneva Conventions.

• 3 July 1863 Chief Little Crow killed for bounty and scalped. (see Articles 16 and 32)

• The Wiseman massacre in 1863 is tired to the events in Minnesota. The belligerents were suspected to be Inkpaduta's band of Wahpekute.

• April of 1864 President Lincoln pardoned four men that had been tried in 1862: Eyo-jan-jan, Ta-ho-hpe-wa-kan, Ta-pay-ta-tan-ka, and Wee-yoo-ha.

• In 1864 Minnesotans in the Fisk Expedition left a wagon of poisoned food for the Sioux to find at Fort Dilts. (see Fourth Geneva Convention)

• December 1864 agents crossed the international border to drug and kidnap two wanted Mdewakanton, Little Six and Medicine Bottle. They were brought back to the US-British border and handed over to Minnesota Cavalry for trial and hanging at Fort Snelling the first week of January. The Hudson Bay Company had no treaty agreement with the U.S. regarding such matters and did not want to be involved in United State's matters.

• 1865 Congressional Hearings chaired by Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle into Sioux Complaints from the Yankton and Dakota tribes. That found: "Many agents, teachers, and employees of the government, are inefficient, faithless, and even guilty of peculations are fraudulent practices upon the government and upon the Indians." Yankton Chief Medicine Cow testified that Government Agents were the cause of the Minnesota problems. What those agents did in Minnesota was a harbinger of what was coming for the other tribes of the plains it turned out.

• Oct 1865 three more War crime trials were held at Fort Snelling. Little Crows son got prison Little Six and Medicine Bottle were executed by hanging on November 5.

• 1865 The people of Mankato held a citizen's trial of the accused perpetrator of the Jewitt killings and lynched him. He was a brother to one of those executed at Manakato.To Grow Upon

• In 1866 two European-American men dressed in native apparel were lynched in New Ulm.

• On 22 March 1866 President Andrew Johnson released the remaining 177 men Lincoln sent to Prison in Iowa.

• 1868 Minnesota Historical Society was given Little Crows Scalp. Post cards and Steroviews were sold of the MHS display. (see Article 16 Geneva Conventions)

• In 1869 John Zeller committed suicide at age 19. At age 14 he witnessed both of his parents being killed as well as his 5 siblings west of New Ulm. The trauma had haunted him.

• On December 26, 1887 the Minnesota Historical Society received a braid taken from a corpse at Mankato on December 26, 1862.

• On 4-11-1890 Congress reversed the 1863 Acts with a new Agreement with the Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux.

• 1896 Minnesota Historical Society was given Little Crow's skull. The Society displayed them as war trophies in the State Capitol until 1915. (see Article 16 Geneva Conventions)

• In 1908 the first neutral point of view history of the hostilities was published titled Great Sioux Outbreak of 1862. Authored by Return I. Holcombe, the book insists that the majority of the belligerents were Mdewakanton and deliberately excludes the atrocities for not being "agreeable of profitable".

• In 1912 a 8,500 lb. granite monument was erected at the War Crimes execution site as a historical reminder. When Judge Lorin Cray (ex-9th Minnesota at Mankato) made it's dedication he rejected the idea that the monument inappropriately glorified the execution by stating he “wished to have it understood that the monument [was] not erected to gloat over the deaths of the redmen,” but was intended “simply to record accurately an event in history” that should be not be forgotten. What he stated was, that the monument should be viewed with a neutral point of view. But it was not. The social movements of the Vietnam era including AIM voiced disapproval, though many thought the Minnesota Historical Society would obstruct its removal. Some felt the monument brought an unwholesome image to Mankato and promoted an unbalanced white historical narrative even thoough Judge Cray stated there was no narrative intended. Because 50 year anniversaries are interpreted to be celebrations activists painted the monument with that bias. The neutral point of view that it was intended as a historical reminder that the people should learn from and not forget, as Judge Cray said it was intended, was lost to a biased narrative.

• The City of Mankato removed it from public display in 1971. . The city stored it into the 1990s when disappeared and is now unaccounted for. The city has not held anyone accountable for the loss of public property nor have the police received a theft report for the missing monument. A different monument was placed at the hanging site shortly after the removal of the 1912 stone. Across the street a park was created to promote reconciliation. Just beyond that lies the river bank where the mass grave was. The park has a native american theme that reflects little to the killings or atrocities that brought the War Crime executions to Mankato.

• Today the Minnesota Historical Society posts a curriculum for educators utilizing a revised history of the hostilities produced by the University of Minnesota Center of Holocaust and Genocide Studies that does not have a neutral point of view. Today many academics as well as the Minnesota Historical Society have adopted Holcombes approach not using words that refer to the War Crimes: massacres, atrocities, mutilations, scalpings, decapitations, disembowelment or rapes. The Society's "The US-Dakota War of 1862" makes no mention of Minnesota citizens killed or how they were killed. One PhD has called for a "public moratorium on white-victims rhetoric.”

The War's presentism fails to identify a complete timeline for the war or mention the disagreeable vocabulary of the war or the Chippewa. It uses color to identify race for one side of the war and derogatory terms for bi-racial people.

• Presentism claims the War Crimes were indigenous conventional warfare. One professor says Lincoln should have released the accused "because it was general military practice" and that "he ordered the executions because of his bigotry for native Americans".

• Presentism argues that the Mdewakanton warriors should have been treated the same as confederate soldiers, as though no war crimes had been committed. Along with that there are calls for indigenous warriors to be called soldiers. That claim equates native specialists in asymmetrical warfare or guerrilla warfare with soldiers trained in the conventional warfare of their time.

• Presentism claims that the Mdewakanton force were "legitimate belligerents of a sovereign nation in a "legitimate war" and therefore could not be tried before a Military Commission like "common criminals for civil crimes". The record shows the Mdewakanton force was tried before a U.S. Military commission created solely for the purpose of trying foreign national combatants for crimes against a civil population. Presentism attempts to legitimatize the War Crimes by claiming they were not crimes under the Dacotah war model. That argument lost merit when the Dacotah war model was corrupted by adopting war concepts that were European-American.

• Presentism claims that the accused did not understand the proceedings or their situation without substantiating that claim. The historic record does not state that the proceedings were translated while it does indicate that there were multiple individuals involved in the proceedings that were bi-lingual. The record also states that the Mdewakanton gave defendent number 1 the name “Atokte” meaning “slayer of many” for his testimony against twelve that were executed.

• Presentism calls Lincoln a murderer for executing War Criminals. In Portland Oregon Lincoln's Statue was toppled and the base defaced with "Dakota 38" referencing the 1862 executions. At the University of Wisconsin Madison the student body voted to remove Lincoln statues there for the same reason. Minnesota Public Radio called the tribunal a Kangaroo Court. Had Lincoln commuted all of the men, they would have been released without horses, weapons and a $200 bounty on their heads, 120 miles from Dakota Territory, amongst people who wanted vengeance. Lincolns solution provided enough justice to placate the citizenry.

• Presently the Minnesota Historical Society provides educators lesson plans and curriculum concerning the 1862 phase with no mention of the Chippewa.

• Presentism promotes Return I. Holcombe's censoring of objectionable vocabulary referring to the 1862 War Crimes: massacres, atrocities, mutilations, scalping's, decapitations, disembowelments or rapes. The MHS posting "The US-Dakota War of 1862" makes no mention of Minnesota citizens killed or their circumstances. One PhD has called for a "public moratorium on white-victims rhetoric.” Another historian has written, "that if Minnesotan's did not have a native American bias before the hostilities they absolutely did after". Another has pointed out what some call is hate is the lingering animosity for all the children and women killed. The media in 1862 made the deaths of the kids and women personal by publishing their names and ages for all of the State to know. What the "white" Minnesotan's wanted justice under the Dacotah war model: a life for a life. The 38 executions did not equal justice under the Dacotah model. That has never balanced for the deaths of the kids and woman alone, nor considering the women taken prisoner for marital duty or the murders committed, from the American perspective. Added to the racial bias that developed from the attacks, Minnesotan's responded to the kids deaths with an intensity that academics dismiss as pure bigotry as opposed to outrage and indignation. The relevance of the children and women killed is not included at Mankato's Reconciliation Park for contributing to the park's existence. There too the Chippewa are not included in the indigious narrative. Minnesota Public Radio posted that a participant at Mankato's Reconciliation Park was glad his ancestors killed the "whites" to protect the Dacotah children. Balance to almost anything published concerning the war is problematic with the Chippewa offers to fight for Lincoln unreported.

Senator Wilkinson's letter to President Lincoln stated Minnesota did not consider the hostilities a war. Minnesotans didn't call it a War until the Minnesota Historical Society rewrote Minnesota history changing the name from The Sioux Uprising to The U.S. Dakota War. Today there are some that equate the War Crimes with conventional warfare. A professor of law in Idaho claims Lincoln should have released the accused because it was general military practice and that he ordered the executions because of his racial hatred for native Americans. Others claim the men were hung for civil crimes and ignore they were executed for War crimes. Another legal scholar claims the Santee Sioux should have been tried as legitimate belligerents of a sovereign nation rather than common criminals ignoring that belligerents committing criminal acts during combat are War Crimes not civil crimes. No "sovereign nation" has the right to commit War crimes in combat without accountability to international law. It is claimed that the accused did not understand the proceedings or their situation. Lincoln is painted as a murderer for executing War Criminals. In Portland Oregon Lincoln's Statue was toppled and the base defaced with "Dakota 38" painted on it. At the University of Wisconsin Madison the student body voted to remove Lincoln statues there for the same reason. Minnesota Public Radio called the tribunal a Kangaroo Court. On another MPR program the trials were called a sham. Had Lincoln commuted all the charges the men would have been released without horses, weapons and a $200 bounty on their heads, amongst people who wanted vengeance. Lincolns solution provided enough justice to placate the citizenry and saved countless lives. The 1863 Sioux-Dakota Removal Act remains in-force today. Some claim that it is because of racism and not the result of being the consequence of the War Crimes committed. It is over 150 years ago that the events took place and they remain unresolved in Minnesota today.

Further reading

• Dr Liebur, What are Guerillas? The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume], September 19, 1862, Image 6 [185]
• Monuments Depicting the Victims
• Outbreak and Massacre by the Dakota Indians in Minnesota 1862, Marion P Satterlee
• Issac Heard
• History of the Sioux War and massacres of 1862 and 1863: Isaac Heard
• US Manual for Military Commissions (2012), Part IV, Crimes and Elements, treatment of the dead
• General Orders No. 100 : The Lieber Code, Yale School of Law Library
• History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial,
• The United States-Dakota War Trials: A Study in Military Injustice
• Fear and Reconciliation: The U.S.-Dakota War in White Public Pedagogy
• Minnesota historian Curtis Dahlin

• • Lincoln [186]
  • Wholesale removal of whites to Mississippi[187]
  • JUSTOR request[188]
  • Chief Waanatan I Claimed from Granite falls to the Missiouri, ČANTEMAZA (IRON HEART),Mni Wakan [189]
  • N.Dakota[190]

• • Viewpoint: In Response: Dakota war death tolls have been studied

By Don Heinrich Tolzmann Jan 2, 2021 [191]

References

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

• Library of Congress [192]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history

Flatmouth Sandy Lake band 1826[193] .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• Rules of War, The Indians and Lt Freeman, St. Cloud Democrat. [volume], September 24, 1863, Image 2, Library of Congress [194]
• SPPP U.S.-Dakota War’s aftermath a ‘dark moment’ in Fort Snelling history[195]
• 400-100 dead

http://chasblogs.blogspot.com/2010/10/1862-in-minnesota.html

• The MHS has the corrupted history of displaying Little Crows skull and scalp and is now publishing questionable POV history that stems directly to the War Crimes executions at Mankato.

v38i08p353-364.pdf]

• Issac Heard, the court recorder, wrote that he believed " The fact that in many instances the punishment of imprisonment was graduated from one to ten years, and that in nearly one quarter of the cases the accused were acquitted, argues any thing but inattention to testimony and blind condemnation."
• Nothing produced by the CHGS will present a neutral point of view, Lincoln being exhibit A.

[196]

Dakota Exile [197]

• http://www.dakotavictims1862.com/index.html
• https://www.jstor.org/stable/20178434
• LOWER SIOUX AGENCY https://books.google.com/books?id=bRYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&lpg=PA436&dq=Dr+Philander+P.+Humphrey+Lower+Sioux+Agency&source=bl&ots=-Uzv0s1tCC&sig=ACfU3U3MdswvJCMKbuRbTsTjcIXBhvqBIw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj16YX1mMn2AhX-qXIEHee-AJoQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Dr%20Philander%20P.%20Humphrey%20Lower%20Sioux%20Agency&f=false
• https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/index.html
• Name search http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~kobie/archive/biographies/indianmassacre1862mn.htm

The curriculum does not identify the  hostilities for being war crimes or enumerate the crimes listed in the historic record.  The curriculum asks students why the terminology for the hostilities have changed over time without addressing classroom neutrality and educational bias for point of view and whether it is subjective history vs objective history being taught.  The curriculum does no identify General Order 100 that followed the Mankato hangings.  The curriculum fails to ask if War Crimes were committed by the State of Minnesota.  The curriculum does not have the students question if there is any censorship of curriculum's content or in the content of the published history. 

• ATROCITIES https://accessgenealogy.com/minnesota/the-sioux-massacre-minnesota.htm#llc_comments

• http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i06p274-286.pdf

Issac Heard *https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ACK0828

"Narrative of the Sixth Regiment"

Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History, Gary Anderson must read [198]

Minnesota in the civil and Indian wars 1861-1865 by Minnesota; Flandrau, Charles E. , 1828-1903[199]

Wikipedia:Requested moves

Editing Wikipedia:Neutral point of view

• Due and undue weight

Shortcuts WP:WEIGHT WP:DUE WP:UNDUE

• Neutrality requires that mainspace articles and pages fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the published, reliable sources.[3] Giving due weight and avoiding giving undue weight means articles should not give minority views or aspects as much of or as detailed a description as more widely held views or widely supported aspects. Generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all, except perhaps in a "see also" to an article about those specific views. For example, the article on the Earth does not directly mention modern support for the flat Earth concept, the view of a distinct (and minuscule) minority; to do so would give undue weight to it.

• Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to the depth of detail, the quantity of text, prominence of placement, the juxtaposition of statements, and the use of imagery. In articles specifically relating to a minority viewpoint, such views may receive more attention and space. However, these pages should still appropriately reference the majority viewpoint wherever relevant and must not represent content strictly from the minority view's perspective. Specifically, it should always be clear which parts of the text describe the minority view. In addition, the majority view should be explained sufficiently to let the reader understand how the minority view differs from it, and controversies regarding aspects of the minority view should be clearly identified and explained. How much detail is required depends on the subject. For instance, articles on historical views such as flat Earth, with few or no modern proponents, may briefly state the modern position and then discuss the history of the idea in great detail, neutrally presenting the history of a now-discredited belief. Other minority views may require a much more extensive description of the majority view to avoid misleading the reader. See fringe theories guideline and the NPOV FAQ.

• Wikipedia should not present a dispute as if a view held by a small minority is as significant as the majority view. Views held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views (such as the flat Earth). Giving undue weight to the view of a significant minority or including that of a tiny minority might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute. Wikipedia aims to present competing views in proportion to their representation in reliable sources on the subject. This rule applies not only to article text but to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material as well.

.MINNESOTA OFFICERS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN UNITS [200]

Issues Dakota War

Dakota War of 1862

This article has multiple issues.

• The article does not have a NPOV. Uses a color "white" to describe race in the leade.

• While the use of "Dakota" is colloquially popular its use in both the title and the text is inaccurate and inappropriate. Using "Dakota" refers to all Dakota people, however, using "Dakota" paints all Dakota with the War Crimes committed by the Mdewaketon and their allies. There is no mention in the historic narrative of any involvement of the Wahapton, Yanktonai or Yankton. The warring parties were the State of Minnesota and the Mdewaketon not the U.S. and Dakota.

• The article states the Sisseton were against the hostilities. However, the killings at Slaughter slough were done by the two Sisseton camps living at Lake Shetek.

• There is a failure to update the historic lexicon and legalities. In 1862 the word "Massacre" was used to describe the killing of unarmed people. Post WWII the international community changed the lexicon when it made the killing of unarmed citizens a War Crime. The article makes no mention of the hundreds of unarmed settlers killed of that 30% of them were children under 10 years of age. The article fails to identify the other War Crimes committed by the Mdewaketon: rape, mutilation, and child endangerment. In 1862 "Atrocities" would have been used for shooting people in the back, scalping and the disembowelment of a pregnant female.

• Two men were charged with rape. The article says those allegations challenged but fails to inform the source is clearly not neutral. Rape was a taboo subject for polite conversation in 1862, but both Margaret Cardinal and Hattie Williams testified before the tribunal and identified their assailants. May Schwandt was 14 and is identified the victim of a gang rape in the MHS records in the 1890s. Mrs. Julia Wright was raped and did not identify her assailant. A child was produced, for which her husband abandoned her. She was not the only female rejected by her husband upon being released by the Sioux and there is no record of how many females chose silence. There are records that some females suffered personality changes.

• The article fails to inform the the total number of detained males as 394 or mention how many had no charges against them.

• It fails to credit Lincoln's involvement with the commutations as Minnesota officials would have hung all 303. It also fails to identify the issues Minnesota created for him with no Federal troops to use, the consequences of not doing anything literally, politically or ethically as opposed to his possibilities. Upon reiew, he settled upon separating cases for rape, mutilation, and "massacres" vs. "battles" dismissing the later.

• The article fails to identify the War Crimes the State of Minnesota committed in response to those of the Mdewaketon. The bounty for the killing and mutilation of an enemy is one. Exiling the losing combatants population without their mutual consent is another. See Article 4 of the Geneva Conventions. During the trek to Fort Snelling one Dakota woman had her baby killed by a settler woman. Once the noncombatants set up camp below Fort Snelling a native woman was raped by a soldier causing the palisade to be erected around the encampment. It also fails to inform that the Minnesota Historical Society promoted continued animosities by displaying Little Crow's skull and scalp for 70 years as barbarous War trophies of the State's war crimes. (Obviously Wikipedia is unaware of the MHS history. It should be grounds for the tagging of all Minnesota Historical Society publications relating to the Mdewaketon for both Neutrality and Reliability on Wikipedia.)

• The article presents the War Crimes as conventional warfare in "Initial hostilities" section. What is presented is censored content.

• The hostilities have a notoriety for the atrocities committed, but none are identified.

• Article states that the Dakota lost their rights to the Pipestone quarry in 1853. It fails to inform that the Treaty Sioux des Traverse included land that the Yankton Sioux claimed. That Treaty included land to the east bank of the Big Sioux River thinking it was Sisseton. While the Yankton claimed the lands east of the Big Sioux including the Pipestone quarry. As far as they were concerned they had not signed that agreement and Pipestone was theirs. The Yankton Treaty of 1858 opens with ambigious language to cover this claim that made Southwest Minnesota legally contested and not free for admission to the Union until the Yankton signed. The Yankton absolutely insisted on a reservation at the Pipestone quarry and they got it. Minnesota statehood came a month later.

• The article fails to address Lincoln's actions, thinking, or consternation regarding the trials, tribunal, charges, and verdicts. It fails to specify any of the criminal charges of 1862. It fails to provide the War crime lexicon of today that did not exist: accessory, aiding and abetting, and child endangerment. It fails to inform that 80 years before the Geneva Conventions were drafted Lincoln created his own to review the 303 cases and commute the 264 that he did. Lincoln separated the cases for rape, mutilation, and civilian massacres vs. military battles. Issues obvious to Lincoln were that the charges were more civilian than military, that the tribunal was more civil than military and potential for explosive civil unrest was real.

• The article conveys that the men were hung for being indigenous and not their War crimes. The article also fails to inform that three of the executed were bi-racial and one was Caucasian.

• A historian is cited for saying that "it is a myth that all the Dakota were involved" without providing any documentation of the existence of the "myth".

• It states that Gen, Pope struggled to get Federal troops , but fails to inform that both Iowa and Wisconsin sent USV units.
• The Minnesota Historical Society is posting the history appropriating Holocaust terminology as well using color in reference to race. In addition the Minnesota Historical Society has gone from displaying Little Crows skull and scalp as war trophy's to publishing a native narrative that is not neutral.
• white historic narrative.

• Titles for this article that would be more accurate would be the "The 1862 War Crimes of the Minnesota Frontier" or "The Minnesota Civil War of 1862" or the "Minnesota Indian War of 1862".
• Forced March from Mankato was ridden in wagons. https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment Killing at Pike island
• Today the Minnesota Historical Society publishes a revised history of the hostilities for educators utilizing a curriculum produced by the University of Minnesota Center of Holocaust and Genocide Studies that does not have a neutral point of view. No where in the curriculum are the hostilities identified for being war crimes or are the crimes identified. The curriculum asks students why the terminology for the hostilities have changed over time without addressing classroom neutrality and educational bias for point of view and whether it is subjective history vs objective history being taught. No where in the curriculum are hangings identified for being War crime executions preceding General Order 100. No where in the curriculum are the War Crimes committed by the State of Minnesota identified as such.

Labor issues

1889 Streetcar Strike

In 1889 Mr. Lowrey, the owner of the streetcars in Minneapolis and St. Paul decided to cut wages as a means to pay for the new streetcars. The drivers objected to this and 600 went out on strike in Minneapolis. The next day 300 drivers in St. Paul followed suit. The Govonor called out the National guard.

1907 Oliver Iron Mining Company Strike

Was broke and relatively peaceful

1916

This time thing were different. Non union worker called a strike and organizers from the Industrial Workers of the World responded. In the end that strike would be broken too, but it was not peaceful.

1917 Streetcar Strike

Both cities would become closed shop cities except the streetcars remained uon-union. In 1917 the drivers in St. Paul voted for the union. Mr. Lowrey went along with the idea except he fired the men identified as union organizers. Drivers again took to the streets in St. Paul. In Minneapolis the was a heavy government response that kept the city quiter. In St. Paul it was a different matter. Forty non-union drivers were injuried and many streetcars were vandalized. The Governor called out the Home Guard. In the end the strike was broke and 800 people were terminated by the Street car management. However, Farmers and Labor came together to form a political coalition that became one of the most successful third parties in U.S. history. In the 1940s the Farmers and Labor would join the Democratic party to form the DFL that exists in Minnesota today.

1934 Minneapolis Teamster Strike

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  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one arrowhead device with 2 bronze star device

• 

  

  

  
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one arrowhead device with 2 bronze star device

• 

  

  
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with the Fleet Marine Force insignia and one arrowhead device

• 

  

  

  
  Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal with Fleet Marine Force

• United States Army Air Forces in the Central Pacific Area
• United States Army Air Forces in the South Pacific Area

History of the Seabees Command Historian Naval Facilities Engineering Command file:///C:/Users/cbuser01/Documents/Downloads/seabee_history.pdf

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons

Post civil war St. Paul developed two districts of vice. The more infamous of the two was "under the hill" on and around Eagle St.

While prostitution was illegal by both state and city law there was a system by which it existed in St' Paul. Beginning in 1863 the Madam(prostitution)|Madame]] of a [[Brothel|house would appear in court once a month to pay a fine for operating a disorderly house. By the 1880s there were 13 such houses in the city plus a few "Cigar Store" front operations. The city's most famous "high end" Madame was Nina Clifford. She ran her house until she passed away in 1929. A chandelier from that house was mounted in the mayor's office when that house was razed.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images

|Vietnam Service

Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group (United States)

http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Iwo/4thMarDivIwoJima/4thMarDivIwoJimaAAR-Annex-Dog.pdf

List of commanding officers

Commanding officer	Period	Deployed to:	Detachments
LCDR Ernest A. Heckler	Jun 1942 - May 1943	Tutiula, Samoa	Upolo, Samoa, Pago pago
LCDR Ernest A. Heckler	Jun - Oct 1943	Nouméa, New Caledonia	Magenta, Ducos, Ile Nou
LCDR Ernest A. Heckler	Nov-Dec 1943	New Zealand
LCDR Benjamin Evans	Jan-15 Feb 1944	Banika, Russell Island
LCDR Lionel C. Tschudy	15Feb-Mar 1944	" - - - - "
LCDR Lionel C. Tschudy	Apr-20 Oct 1944	Los Negros, Admiralty Islands
LCDR Edward K Bryant	21Oct-Nov 1944	" - - - - "
LCDR Edward K Bryant	Nov44 May 1945	Camp Parks, CA
LCDR Edward K Bryant	Jul-Nov 1945	Subic Bay, Philippines
LT Robert F. Wambsgans	Nov-Dec 1945	" - - - - "	inactivated
LT Fritz H. Hediger	Jul 1953	NA
LCDR Allison D. Froman	Aug 1953	NA
LCDR James C. Castanes	Sept 1953-Nov 1954	Subic Bay, Philippines
LCDR James C. Castanes	Mar-Sept 1955	NAS Kodiak
CDR John A. Dougherty	Nov 1955-Oct 1956	NAS Kwajalein
CDR John A. Dougherty	Apr-Aug 1957	NAS Adak,
CDR William R. Reese	Aug-Nov 1957	" - - - - "
CDR Harold F. Liberty	Feb-Jun 1958	NS Subic Bay	Philippines
CDR Harold F. Liberty	Sep58–Jun 1959	NS Guam	Chi Chi Jima Japan, Zorro Team I&II Laos
CDR Harold F. Liberty	Oct59-Feb 1960	Okinawa	Midway
CDR John P. Williams	Feb-July 1960	" - - - -"	" - - - - "
CDR John P. Williams	Nov 1960–Aug 1961	Guam
CDR John P. Williams	Dec 1961–Mar 1962	Midway	Kwajalein, Eniwotoik, Nevada (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission)
CDR Paul J. Doyle, Jr	Mar-Jul 1962	" - - - - "	" - - - - " "
CDR Paul J. Doyle, Jr	Nov 1962–Jun 1963	Guam
CDR Paul J. Doyle, Jr	Dec 1963–Apr 1964	Okinawa	STAT 1101 & 1102 Thailand
CDR William W. Barron	Apr-Aug 1964	" - - - - "	(November STAT 1103 Nam Pat, Thailand) (Feb 1965 STAT 1104 Ben Soi and Dong Xoai, Vietnam), (1 Aug 1965 STAT 1105 Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam)
CDR William L. Wilson	Feb-Oct 1966	'Đà Nẵng, Vietnam	Mar. CB Team 1106-Vĩnh Long, Aug CB Team 1107 Vĩnh Long
CDR William L. Wilson	Apr-Jul 1967	Đông Hà Combat Base RVN	Khe Sanh Combat Base, Cửa Việt Base, Lang Vei Special Forces Camp, Firebase Gio Linh, Quảng Trị Combat Base CB-Team 1108 Bunh Dong, CB-Team 1109 Chaing Kuam, Thailand
CDR William K Hartell	Jul-Dec 1967	" - - - - "	" - - - - " Seabee team 1110 Cần Thơ and Long Xuyên RVN
CDR William K Hartell	1968	Quảng Trị Combat Base RVN	My Chanh, 'Đà Nẵng, Đông Hà Combat Base, Cam Lộ Combat Base
CDR William K Hartell	Jul 1969	Vietnam, Okinawa,	LZ Nancy, LZ Sally, Song Bo, Firebase Tomahawk Phu Loc, Siagon, Dong Ha Combat Base, CB Teams 1113 & 1114 Trust Territories
CDR Jack L Godsey	Jul-Dec 1969	Vietnam, Okinawa, Guam	" - - - - "
CDR Stephen Revelas	Sept 2007	Gulfport	re-commissioned
CDR Stephen Revelas	- - - -	Phillippines	- - - -
CDR Stephen Revelas	- -Jun 2009	OEF-OIF Kuwait	Afghanistan, Iraq, Horn of Africa, Cuba, Jamaica, Romania, Ukraine
CDR Michael Monreal	Jun-2009	" - - - - "	" - - - - "
CDR Michael Monreal	May-2010	Okinawa	numerous PACOM AOR detachments
CDR Lore Aguayo	Feb-Sep 2012	Afghanistan	FOB Leatherneck
CDR Steven J. Stasick	Aug 2013–Feb 2014	Rota	Djibouti, Ghana, Niger, Burkina Faso, Bahrain, Guam
CDR Jorge R. Cuadros	Aug-Feb 2016	Rota	Djibouti, Cameroon, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Unganda, Niger, Chad, Tunisia, Bajrain, Guam, CCAD-Kwajalein, CCAD-Kosrae
CDR James E. Brown	Jun 2016 - May 2018	Rota	Poland, Ukraine, Israel, Germany, Bahrain, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Djiboutiii. Cameroon, Gabon, Guam, Kwajalein, Pohnpei, and Chuuk
CDR Dean E. Allen	May 2018 - Present	Rota	Poland, Ukraine, Israel, Germany, Bahrain, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Djiboutiii. Cameroon, Gabon, Guam, Kwajalein, Pohnpei, and Chuuk

   .

Notes

" - - - "

note: On Bougainville the 3rd Combat Team was awarded a Naval Unit Commendation. That award has the standard statement at the bottom "and all those attached to or serving with". None of the men attached to or serving with the 3rd Marine Regiment received that NUC including I Co 19th Marines(C Co. 25th CB)

note: On Guam the 3rd Combat Team was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation. That award has the standard statement at the bottom "and all those attached to or serving with". None of the men attached to or serving with the 3rd Marine Regiment received that PUC including I Co 19th Marines(C Co. 25th CB)

note: On Guam the 21st Combat Team was awarded a Naval Unit Citation. That award has the standard statement at the bottom "and all those attached to or serving with". None of the men attached to or serving with the 21st Marine Regiment received that NUC including I Co 19th Marines(C Co. 25th CB)

Trains, Locomotives and Bridges On Guadalcanal the 26th CB salvaged a short-line narrow gauge railroad. They named it the GB & T RR for Guadalcanal, Bouganiville, and Tokyo Railroad. It worked well for getting supplies inland from a shoreline terminus on a mile and a quarter track. It was taken over by the U.S. Army Transportation Corps. The Seabees of the 3rd Battalion 20th Marines did the same thing again with the sugar mill railroad on Saipan. There the Seabees had a much bigger operation to get back in order, over a 100 miles of track and seven locomotives. They had three running quickly and the first train ran from Charan Kanoa to Aslito Field. Again the trains were turned over to the U.S. Army Transportation Corps.

The next time the Seabees got their hands on a train it was behind enemy lines in Korea. Aerial reconnaissance had reported eight locomotives trapped by broken rail lines in the Yong Dong Po switch yard North of [[Inchon]. Ten Seabees, led by UT Chief Bloomer, volunteered to liberate the engines which were behind enemy lines. Adjacent to the switch yard was a Kirin Beer Brewery where the Seabees liberated cases of beer to be returned to the South also. They fired the engines and repaired the rails as they went returning to American lines. UTC Donald T. Bloomer, CM1 Welton N. Horn and CM2 Gordon K. Barnett received a letter of commendation with a ribbon and the combat "V" from the Admiral of the 7th Fleet for bravery in the exploit.. The engines were turned over to the U.S. Army Transportation Corps..

In Vietnam Seabee railroad work was limited to repairing 50 miles of rail lines and rail bridges. In 1968 they repaired the line from Da Nang to Hue. NMCB 11 was tasked with repairing the French built rail bridge on the Song Bo River.

Each remote footnote can link "Notes" as in: [a] or [b] or [example] , displaying: [a] [b] [example] . The full coding of the 3 superscripts could be as: ^{[a] [b] [example]}

COL UNMACHT

Colonel George F. Unmacht (US Army) was commander of the Army's Chemical Warfare Service, Pacific Ocean Area. Along with that he was the Hawaii Territorial Coordinator for Civilian Gas Defense and Joint service Pacific theater chief chemical warfare officer under Adm. Nimitz. He took command in 1943. Under his leadership the research, development, and production of flamethrowing tanks and napalm at Schofield Barracks took place. His crews of Seabees produced more flamethrowing tanks than commerical production in the States. The Army and Marine Corps felt the tanks saved many American troops on Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, November 1942, page 10, in an article about SeaBees:

The enlisted personnel are being recruited from experienced construction workers between the ages of 17 and 50. In each construction company there are 60 unskilled men (laborers) enlisted in the ratings of first and second class seamen. The balance of each construction company includes a wide variety of trades and occupations including machinists, carpenters, electricians, shovel operators, crane operators, pipe fitters, steel workers, painters, truck drivers, welders, riggers, divers, etc. The headquarters companies include clerks, draftsmen, surveyors, photographers, storekeepers, cooks, pharmacists, chauffeurs, etc. No special ratings have been established for these construction battalions. The men are being enlisted in the various naval ratings which most nearly conform to the trades required for construction and under which they qualify. No previous naval experience is required but applicants, other than the unskilled men, must all show satisfactory evidence that they are skilled in their particular trade. All applicants for enlistment are interviewed by an officer of the Civil Engineer Corps, of whom three or more are stationed in each of the Principal recruiting districts for this special duty. Therefore, a man is not enrolled by the recruiting office until an examination of his experience clearly proves that he is qualified in his trade. Qualified men including foremen and superintendents are enrolled in Class V-6 of the Naval Reserve with acting appointments in ratings from third class petty officers to chief petty officer and receive the regular pay and allowances for these ratings.

Same issue, page 29, in an article “Elimination of Paper Work”:

Changed monthly report of divers to quarterly.

Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, July 1943, page 38, in a sidebar “Enlisted Distinguishing Marks” part of a long and detailed article “Ranks and Rates of the United States Navy” which started on page 29:

[201] All Hands Divers Awards

Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, December 1943, page 58, in a listing of awards of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal:

To two enlisted men for their heroic endurance in the refloating of a U. S. warship: Jack F. Martin, CSF, endurance during the refloating of a USNR; and Kenneth F. Tinsley, M1c, USNR; both from Los Angeles, Calif. Despite gales, sub-freezing temperatures, snow and the threat of air attack, Martin and Tinsley made repeated underwater dives, when other divers were unable to stand the extreme cold. In one day the men remained submerged for periods totaling nine hours at a water temperature of 36" F.

Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, April 1944, page 58, In a listing of awards of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal (gold star in lieu of second award):

Carpenter Jack F. Martin, USNR, Los Angeles, Calif.: As a volunteer diver during salvage work at Pearl Harbor, he made dives totaling more than 100 hours under water despite extremely hazardous conditions inside wrecked hulls. He contributed largely to the success of the salvage work.

Carpenter William S. Thomas, USN, Fort Kent, Me.: During salvage operations at Pearl Harbor he made numerous dives totaling more than 100 hours under water despite extremely hazardous conditions inside submerged hulls. He contributed largely to the success of the operations.

Same issue, same page, listing of awards of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, note the variety of rates for the enlisted divers:

Lt. Comdr. Howard E. Haynes, USN, San Diego, Calif. : As officer-in-charge of diving operations incident to salvage at Pearl Harbor, he skillfully directed extensive and hazardous I programs often involving dangerous personal experimental investigations. His tireless efforts in procuring and developing diving equipment contributed in large measure to the success of the operations.

Lieut. James S. Clarkson, USN, Long Beach, Calif. (posthumously) : As a volunteer diver engaged in Pearl Harbor salvage operations, he unhesitatingly made many hazardous dives in essential underwater work and by his tireless efforts contributed greatly to the success of the salvage operations.

Ens. Robert M. Hendon, USN, Indianola, Miss.: As leading diver and later officer supervisor of salvage activities at Pearl Harbor, he skillfully supervised assignments of enlisted men and personally participated in dives totaling more than 200 hours under water despite hazardous conditions within submerged hulls.

Chief Gunner, Glen Frazier, USN, Marines, N. C.; Alfred Eugene Daniel CGM, USN, Murphysboro, Ill.; Peter C. Devries, CMM, USN, Lodi, N. J.; Christian R. Peters, CM, USNR, Los Angeles, Calif.; Morris C. Bestul CSF, USN, Rosholt, Wis.; Alfred J. Katzenstein, CEM, USN, Los Angeles, Calif.; Harold F. Hendricks, CSF, USN, Liberty, S. C.; Delbert L. West, BM1c, USN, Tryon, Neb.; Nelson H. Dover. GM1c. USN. Colfax. Ill. : Louis J. Pacitti, GM1c, USN, Tayior Springs, Ill.; John J. Roche Jr., GM1c, USN, Bellerose. N. Y.: Glenn L. Palmauist, CM1c, USN, Lindsborg, Kans.; Walter Zakulec, SF1c, USN, Burgettstown, Pa.; Thomas Henry Cary, SF1c, USN, Bellingham, Wash. ; Pryor S. Bennett, CM1c, USN, Negaunee, Mich.; Carl W. Dubois, SF1c, USN, Middletown, N. Y.; Kenneth F. Tinsley, MS1c, USNR, Los Angeles, Calif.; Harry A. Sayles, SF1c, USN, Fruita, Col.; James R. Mahan, MM1c, USNR, Flushing, N. Y.; Hugh D. Lewis, CM1c, USN, Ochlochnee, Ga.; James W. Green, GM2c, USN, Birmingham, Mich., and Frank R. Bush, SF2c, USNR, Seattle, Wash.: They contributed materially to the success of Pearl Harbor salvage operations by volunteering to make numerous dives tota1ing more than 100 hours underwater each, despite the extremely hazardous conditions within submerged hulls.

Carpenter, Earl S. Blackburn, USN, Washington, N. C.: As a volunteer engaged in diving operations during Pearl Harbor salvage, he made numerous dives totaling more than 100 hours underwater despite extremely hazardous conditions within submerged hulls.

Boatswain, Ralph E. Fowler, USN, Los Angeles, Calif. : A volunteer diver engaged in Pearl Harbor salvage work, he unhesitatingly made numerous dives totaling more than 100 hours under water despite extremely hazardous conditions within submerged hulls.

Gunner, William G. Knoepfel, USN, Everett, Wash.: Despite toxic concentrations of poisonous gases, fuel oil and debris in compartments of vessels salvaged at Pearl Harbor, he participated in extensive and dangerous underwater work and was responsible for recovery of valuable materials.

@Username:

Good day to you. Thank you for your comments and thank you for not deleting the UDT contributions. As to me doing an article, I have done way more than I ever intended. My grammar and punctuation are poor on a good day.

I have two things I would like to share and get your input as I am quite out of my element here and you know the rules.

1. I posted a request to the Military History Project Administrators page specifically requesting a "NPOV". I had two administrators respond that clearly did not have NPOVs. They both used labels that were Negative and Derogatory. I received two emails from the second saying I was a Racist. That have left me quite unimpressed. If there is an email address I can forward them to show I am not making this up I will gladly share.

This started with the USS West Virginia and Lt. Painter. What I posted, was the same content twice, and it was deleted for COI and then again citing Lt. Painter as a "No name". The United States Navy does not give "No name" Lieutenants sunken battleships to salvage and drydock. Any serviceman or woman that receives five Legion of Merits medals may be unsung, but hardly a "No name". COI has come to be an issue I have with Wikipedia. A great deal of thought and time were put into the COI page. My opinion is it is WAY overdone. COI is strictly related to neutrality and an article either is or is not neutral. Wikipedia even wants those with "COI issues" to be identified with the equivalent of a Star of David. The COI citation came from an editor claiming I had a COI issue because my talk page clearly stated I was the Public Affairs Officer for U.S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 11. That is factually inaccurate. My response was: "Was English a second language for them? That got me the Racist label and a threat to block my editing twice, two hours apart. English is not a race based language. English is a cross cultural international language and this is the English version of Wikipedia, not the Arabic or German. It is my opinion that questioning language competence on any Wikipedia site is a legitimate question the same as questioning POV or COI. The threatening note to me for being a "Racist" seems: uncalled for, objectively weak, and a questionable use of the label if you read the definition. It made me look up the definition. It also lead me to search, and Wikipedia does have a "Code of Conduct". I did not find a Wikipedia "Code of Ethics" nor that Administrators have Fitness Reviews after being granted administrator authorities. So, Wikipedia is not proactive to Administrator conduct, it is reactive. In any case, the first editor stated a falsehood about my user page and them used it as the basis for citing COI. I have a difficult time passing it all off as good faith editing, it is not in my character. If you think there is merit to anything I have written I expect you will know what to do with it. My opinion is disagreeing or even commenting on the Labels used will only lead to a bunch of Facebook drama and Wikipedia seems structured to promote just that.

2. I expect you know exactly what to do to straighten out a mess I am part of. What started as a paragraph developed into a topic of the Seabees in WWII article: "Flame Throwing Seabees". I took that and made an article. Another editor decided that the title was not "Encyclopedic" and changed it without discussion to United States Naval Construction Battalion flame thrower tanks. I tried to change it back, but lacked the skills. As is, that title is beyond inaccurate and does not reflect the content. So, I made a new title: Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees that is completely accurate and copied the content to it. I have since expanded that article. It is more finished than the first, but there is now duplication. Simply deleting "United States Naval Construction Battalion flame thrower tanks" deletes the edit history. I do not know how to transfer the edit history to the "Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees" or it would be done. I hope this is something that you can "take care of" without issue. Once that is done, I have two images I intend to post and I my Wikipedia effort should be done. Thank you mcb133aco

The Nicollet Map used to draft the treaty identifying tribal lands. The treaty assumes it is accurate and the Big Sioux River was a geographical boundary for the Yankton Sioux when they claimed land east of the river including the Pipestone quarry. This error necessitated the the Yankton Treaty of April 1858 to make Minnesota claim free for Statehood in May 1858.

NPOV request

I need some input and its clear you are vastly more experienced at Wikipedia than I am.    I am a member of the Military History Project.  A member of the Minnesota Project contacted me to look at the Dakota War of 1862.  I did and responded it was in need of a complete rewrite.  The existing article lacks balance, neutrality, content, and basic format.  The lead does not define the War correctly or lead to a proper summation.  I did a rewrite only to have it reverted immediately. It was not reverted for POV, CI, accuracy, or vandalism.  The revert was for "too much at one time".  Since then I learned the article has two primary editors.  Both appear to have NPOV issues while lacking the understanding the basic requirements of a Military History article and Military terminology.  One has taken ownership of the current article.  The upside to that revert was I continued to work on the balance of the rewrite .  There is historically important content missing from the current article, i.e. all the War Crimes,  the Chippewa offers, and  General Order 100.  I have reached the point where I need outside input.  The rewrite is large, however a other posted "War" articles shows that they all are way over the Wiki preferred standard.  Thank you for your time and thoughts.

I don't know how helpful this will be, but here are some random thoughts, no particular priority.

1. Please tell me it's not true that Wikipedia has no stand-alone article on the largest mass execution in US history.
2. WP:MINN once had the largest and most helpful group of editors for any state, and all Minnesota articles were in great shape, to the point of almost having a Featured topic. That is no longer the case. Cleaning up a basic Minnesota article these days is a rough go. Cleaning up a tough topic like Dakota War of 1862 is not something you should expect to be able to accomplish without a lot of concerted effort over a very long period. Trying to do it one rewrite was unlikely to succeed.
3. Have you contacted User:CJLippert?
4. I see no post at WT:MINN.
5. It isn't helpful to claim ownership even in those cases where it might be true; you've got a tough topic here that will require boatloads of collaboration, meaning it's always best to WP:FOC and avoid personalizing issues.
6. The talk page discussions are very short on discussions of sourcing and very long on opinion. You can't claim POV in the absence of strong sourcing arguments. You would be better served to reboot everything done so far, and start with coming to agreement on what sources are to be used, and then have strictly source-based discussions about how to reflect those sources.

Else, you're going to have a very hard time here. I looked at the current version, and the reverted version, and it's not clear to me one way or another which is better, and the talk page does not inspire hope that a deliberative approach to the article is underway. I think it will be helpful to remember there is more than the MILHIST usual going on here; the topic is fraught, and in ways that engage contemporary concerns about the treatment of Indigenous peoples. You can't expect this to be easy, nor should you have expected a one-person rewrite from sandbox to be accepted. It will take much harder and coordinated and collaborative work to bring this article up to snuff. Please start by creating an article about the Mankato executions, if it is honestly true that does not even exist yet. on the talk page you note that the article subject happened many years before the Geneva Conventions, yet here you are arguing for coverage of "war crimes" which was not a concept that existed in 1862, certainly not from the Native American pov.

Reading your draft I see it is peppered with POV language like "unsuspecting settlers", "murdered", and "go on the warpath", as well as unsourced + incorrect statements like "War Crime convictions today have two possible sentences: hanging or life imprisonment."

• Yikes. Thx,

• Thank you, that is what I was looking for. Actually thank you very much.
• An editor of new articles would not allow a stand alone article on the hangings because the topic is included in the Dakota War. You should add that there is no article for the largest "Mass Commutation" either.

  Mcb133aco, the mass commutation (Whipple and Lincoln) would be part of the mass execution. To work on a tough topic like this, you have to lead people by the hand rather than expect them to do the work of digging up the pieces. Where is the diff to the discussion of someone objecting to a stand-alone article on the Mankato hangings? We have pieces all over the place: History of Minnesota, Minnesota, Dakota War of 1812, Bishop Whipple. Where was the discussion. Don't spell out issues and make general statements when working on a tough topic. Get used to always providing diffs.

• Punishment for War Crimes Later he served as a Captain in the state militia during the Black Hawk War seeing no combat. During his presidency, his policy toward Indians was based on politics. He used appointments to the Indian Bureau as a reward to supporters from Minnesota and Wisconsin. While in office his administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.

On August 17, 1862, the Sioux or Dakota uprising broke out in Minnesota, killed hundreds of settlers, displaced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed Washington. Some feared incorrectly that it might represent a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy and none set foot in Minnesota. Lincoln sent General John Pope to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest a couple of weeks into the hostilities. Before he arrived the Fond Du Lac band of Chippewa sent Lincoln a letter begging to go to war for the United States against the Sioux, so Lincoln could send Minnesota's troops to fight the south. Shortly after, a Mille Lacs Band Chief offered the same at St. Cloud, Minnesota. Lincoln did not accept the Chippewa offer, as he had no means to control the outcome and women and children were considered legitimate causalities in the native American war model. One of the Chippewa Chiefs writing Lincoln had received a Presidential medal from Lincoln earlier in the year.

Serving under Gen. Pope, was Minnesota Congressman Henry H. Sibley. Minnesota's Governor had made Sibley a Colonel United States Volunteers. Sibley commanded the US force tasked with the war and that defeated Little Crow at the Battle of Wood Lake. the day the Mdewakanton force surrendered at Camp Release, a Chippewa war council met at Minnesota's capitol with Chippewa another offer to Lincoln to fight the Sioux. Sibley ordered a military commission to review that actions of the captured to try those that had committed war crimes. The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the Mexican War. Sibley thought he had 16-20 of men he wanted for trial while Gen. Pope order that all of the detained warriors be tried. When it was done, 303 had been given death sentances that were subject to Presidential review. Lincoln ordered Gen Pope send all of the trial transcripts Washington where he and two of his staff poured over the trials. The Lawyer in lincoln saw issues. He slowly realized that the trials could be divided into two groups: combat between combatants and combat against civilians. The groups could be identified by their transcripts, the first group were all just three pages in length while the second group had more up to twelve pages. He placed 263 cases into the first group and commuted their sentences for the largest mass commutation in history. Into the the second group went forty. One he commuted for turning state's witness. Another Sibley dismissed when overwhelming proof surfaced exonerating the man. The remaining 38 were executed in the largest mass hanging in US history. Very quickly questions arose concerning three of the executions that have not been answered. Less than four months after the executions Lincoln issued General Order 100 that relates more to the Minnesota War than the Civil War. Now a Congressman, Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support in Minnesota had he executed all 303 of the Indians. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes."

• Here other Chippewa Chiefs held a war council with Gov. Ramsey to fight the Sioux in front of the State Capitol September 26, 1862 [202]

• * *Grand Editor Cullen328