User:Mdewman6/sandbox3

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Uranus Orbiter and Probe
Mosaic of images of Uranus and its 5 major moons from Voyager 2
Mission typeUranus orbiter
OperatorNASA
Mission durationCruise: 13.4 years
Science phase: 4.5 years[1]
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass7,235 kg (15,950 lb)[1]
Dry mass2,756 kg (6,076 lb)[1]
Payload mass60.5 kg (133 lb) plus 19.7 kg (43 lb) atmospheric probe[1]
DimensionsHeight: 7.1 m (23 ft)
Diameter: less than 5 m (16 ft)[1]
Power735 W (0.986 hp) from 3 Mod1 Next-Generation Radioisotope thermoelectric generators[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2031 (proposed)[1]
RocketFalcon Heavy Expendable (proposed)[1]
Launch siteCape Canaveral AFS
Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)
Closest approach2033
Distance450 km (280 mi)
Flyby of Jupiter (gravity assist)
Closest approach2035
Distance370,000 km (230,000 mi)
Uranus orbiter
Orbital insertion2044 (proposed)[1]
Uranus atmospheric probe
Atmospheric entry2045 (proposed)[1]
 

Uranus Orbiter and Probe is an orbiter mission concept to study Uranus and its moons.[1] The orbiter would also launch an atmospheric probe to characterize Uranus's atmosphere. The concept is being developed as a potential large strategic science mission for NASA. The current proposal targets a launch in 2031 using a Falcon Heavy expendable launch vehicle with a gravity assist at Jupiter allowing arrival at Uranus in 2045. The science phase would last 4.5 years and include multiple flybys of each of the major moons.

The mission concept was selected as the highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey, ahead of the Enceladus Orbilander.[2][3] A Neptune orbiter mission concept, Neptune Odyssey, that would address many of the same scientific goals regarding ice giants was also considered, but for logistical and cost reasons a mission to Uranus was favored.

Background[edit]

Further information: Exploration of Uranus

Voyager 2 is the only space probe to have visited the Uranus system, completing a flyby on January 24, 1986. The 2011-2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended a Flagship-class orbiter mission to an ice giant with priority behind what would become the Mars 2020 rover and the Europa Clipper.[4][5][6] Ice giants are now appreciated as a common type of exoplanet, precipitating the need for further study of ice giants in the Solar System.[7] The ice giants Uranus and Neptune were seen as unique yet equally compelling scientific targets, but a Uranus orbiter and atmospheric probe was given preference for logistical and cost reasons.[4][6] A Uranus orbiter would logically follow Flagship-class orbiter missions undertaken at Jupiter and Saturn (Galileo and Cassini, respectively). An early orbiter mission concept, Herschel Orbital Reconnaissance of the Uranian System (HORUS), proposed to use three advanced Stirling radioisotope generators to power an orbiter for the Uranian system.[8]

In 2017, prior to the 2023–2032 survey, a committee narrowed twenty mission concepts to three scenarios for Uranus and a fourth for Neptune.[7][9][10][11] A mission to Neptune is viewed by some to be of greater scientific merit[12] because Triton, likely a captured Kuiper belt object and ocean world, is a more compelling astrobiology target than the moons of Uranus (though Ariel and Miranda in particular are possible ocean worlds).[13] There was also a study that considered a New Frontiers-level Uranus orbiter mission concept if a Flagship-class mission to Neptune were favored.[14] Nevertheless, again due to cost and logistical considerations including launch vehicle availability and available launch windows, the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe instead of an analogous proposal for Neptune, Neptune Odyssey.[2][3]

Key science questions[edit]

The orbiter paired with an atmospheric probe will address a variety of scientific questions across all aspects of the Uranus system:[2]

Origin, Interior, and Atmosphere[edit]

Magnetosphere[edit]

Satellites and rings[edit]

  • What are the internal structures and rock-to-ice ratios of the large Uranian moons and which moons possess substantial internal heat sources or possible oceans?
  • How do the compositions and properties of the Uranian moons constrain their formation and evolution?
  • What geological history and processes do the surfaces record and how can they inform outer solar system impactor populations? What evidence of exogenic interactions do the surfaces display?
  • What are the compositions, origins and history of the Uranian rings and inner small moons, and what processes sculpted them into their current configuration?

Major science questions[edit]

Origins

  • When and where did Uranus form in the protosolar nebula?
  • Did Uranus and Neptune migrate or swap positions?
  • Did a catastrophic giant impact tilt Uranus and rearrange its interior?

Processes

  • What mechanisms are transporting heat / energy in the planet and satellites today?
  • How do all the components in the Uranian system interact with each other?
  • What external factors are altering the planet, satellites, and ring compositions?
  • What interior structure produces Uranus's complex magnetosphere?

Habitability

  • Did any of Uranus's moons have oceans in the past?
  • Are any of the moons presently ocean worlds?

Interconnections

  • How do ice giant-mass planets form and evolve in exoplanetary systems?
  • How does solar wind couple to a magnetosphere with a rapidly changing orientation?
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Simon, Amy; Nimmo, Francis; Anderson, Richard C. (7 June 2021). "Journey to an Ice Giant System: Uranus Orbiter and Probe". Planetary Mission Concept for the 2023-2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. NASA. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (Prepublication ed.). National Academies Press. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-309-47578-5. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022). "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  5. ^ Chris Gebhardt (20 November 2013). "New SLS mission options explored via new Large Upper Stage". NASASpaceFlight.
  6. ^ a b Hubbard, William B. (Revision 6/3/2010). Ice Giants Decadal Study, NASA SDO-12345. Retrieved June 22, 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Hubbard 2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b "Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Survey Mission Report". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  8. ^ Smith, R.M.; Yozwiak, A.W.; Lederer, A.P.; Turtle, E.P. (2010). "HORUS—Herschel Orbital Reconnaissance of the Uranian System". 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1533): 2471. Bibcode:2010LPI....41.2471S.
  9. ^ It’s time to explore Uranus and Neptune again — and here's how NASA could do it. Loren Grush, The Verge. 16 June 2017.
  10. ^ Revisiting the ice giants: NASA study considers Uranus and Neptune missions. Jason Davis. The Planetary Society. 21 June 2017.
  11. ^ NASA Completes Study of Future ‘Ice Giant’ Mission Concepts. NASA TV. 20 June 2017.
  12. ^ "Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2023–2032: Goals and Priorities". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  13. ^ "NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  14. ^ THE CASE FOR A URANUS ORBITER, Mark Hofstadter et al.
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