User:Mhatopzz/Sultanate of Ternate

Sultanate of Ternate كسلطانن ترنتاي Kesultanan Ternate
1486–1915
Left: 17th century flag Right: 20th century flag
Seals used by Sultan Mandar Syah
Greatest extent of the Sultanate of Ternate c. 1585
Status	Sovereign state (1486–1560; 1575–1606) Vassal of the Portuguese Empire (1560–1575) Partial occupation by the Spanish East Indies (1606–1663) Protectorate of the Dutch East Indies (1683–1950)
Capital	Ternate
Common languages	Ternate, Malay, Portuguese (from 16th to 17th century), and Portuguese based creole.
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Sultan
• c. 1486 – 1500s	Zainal Abidin (first sultan; semi-historical)
• 1500s – 1521	Bayan Sirrullah (first historically recorded ruler)
• 1902 – 1915	Muhammad Usman Shah (last sultan to rule Ternate)
• 1929 – 1975	Muhammad Jabir Syah (Honorary Sultan)
Historical era	Early Modern
• Sultanate established by Zainal Abidin	c. 1486
• Portuguese arrival	1512
• Siege of Ternate	1570–75
• Conquest by Spain	15 March–1 April 1606
• Dutch vassalization	1683
• Last Sultan dethroned	23 September 1915
• Honorary sultan crowned	1929
Currency	Barter with cloves Gulden
Succeeded by Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia

The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi alphabet: كسلطانن ترنتاي), was a Muslim dynasty from Ternate that ruled Maluku from 1486 to 1915 and one of the oldest sultanates in Indonesia. The Sultanate was founded by Zainal Abidin, a former Ternatean Kolano (ruler) who converted to Islam and claimed the title of Sultan. During Bayan Sirrullah reign, Ternate made its first contact with the Europeans, particularly the Portuguese in 1512, it quickly gained attractions in the 16th to the 17th century as it was an important spice trading site, and many Europeans including the Spanish, the English, and the Dutch came to trade. Ternate once went into conflict with the Portuguese as their presence was weakened during the Ternatean–Portuguese wars. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) after defeating the Portuguese and expanded to the eastern part of Indonesia.

Ternate and other places in North Maluku are one of the few places to be influenced by the Islamic culture in the Malay archipelago, making Muslim kingdoms able to emerge and thrive in the region. Ternate became a significant trading point from the 15th to the 18th century, it was a major producer of cloves, attracting merchants from around the world, including Europe, particularly from the Iberian Peninsula, and later the Netherlands. Much of the information about this empire was recorded during the period of European contact from 1511 onwards, although some traditional chronicles like Hikayat Tanah Hitu and Hikayat Bacan had recorded earlier history about Ternate prior to the 16th century.

History

War with the Portuguese

See also: Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts and Siege of Ternate

Administration

Sultans of Ternate	Reign
Zainal Abidin	1486–1500
Bayan Sirrullah	1500–1522
Abu Hayat	1522–1529
Hidayatullah	1529–1533
Tabariji	1533–1535
Hairun Jamilu	1535–1570
Babullah Datu Shah	1570–1583
Said Barakat Shah	1583–1606
Muzaffar Shah I	1607–1627
Hamzah	1627–1648
Mandar Shah [Manlarsaha]	1648–1650
Manilha	1650–1651
Mandar Shah	1651–1675
Sibori Amsterdam	1675–1689
Said Fathullah	1689–1714
Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Saifuddin	1714–1751
Ayan Shah	1751–1754
Syah Mardan	1755–1763
Jalaluddin	1763–1774
Harun Shah	1774–1781
Achral	1781–1796
Muhammad Yasin	1796–1801
Muhammad Ali	1807–1821
Muhammad Sarmoli	1821–1823
Muhammad Zain	1823–1859
Muhammad Arsyad	1859–1876
Ayanhar	1879–1900
Muhammad Ilham	1900–1902
Haji Muhammad Usman Shah	1902–1915
Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah	1929–1975
Haji Muzaffar Shah II [Dr Mudaffar Syah]	1975–2016
Sjarifuddin Sjah	2016-2019
Hidayatullah Sjah	2021-present

Military

Sultan's Royal Guard. (c. 1900-1920)

Legacy

The eastern Indonesian archipelago empire led by Ternate had indeed fallen apart since the middle of the 17th century but the influence of Ternate as a kingdom with a long history continued to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has a very large share in the eastern archipelago culture, especially Sulawesi (north and east coast) and Maluku. These influences include religion, customs and language.

As the first kingdom to embrace Islam, Ternate had a large role in the efforts to convert and introduce Islamic Sharia in the eastern part of the archipelago and the southern part of the Philippines. The form of the organization of the empire and the application of Islamic law which was first introduced by Sultan Zainal Abidin and later implemented by his successors in the 16th century, became the standard followed by all the kingdoms in Maluku without significant changes.

The success of the Ternate people under Sultan Baabullah in expelling Portugal in 1575, was the first indigenous victory of an archipelagic polity over western powers. The 20th-century writer Buya Hamka praised the victory of the Ternate people as it delayed the western occupation of the archipelago for 100 years while at the same time strengthening the position of Islam. If Ternate had not halted European political and missionary efforts, the eastern part of Indonesia might have become a Christian center like the Philippines.

The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate Language as the language of association in various regions which were under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow, in his text "Ternate Language in the context of Austronesian and Non-Austronesian languages", suggested that Ternate had the greatest impact on the Malay language used by the people of eastern Indonesia. 46% of Malay vocabulary in Manado is taken from Ternate. Ternate Malay or North Moluccan Malay language is now widely used in Eastern Indonesia, especially in North Sulawesi, the east coast of Central and South Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua with different dialects.

Two original letters by Sultan Abu Hayat II to the King of Portugal, the first written between 27 April and 8 November 1521 and the second in early 1522, are recognized as the oldest Malay manuscripts in the world after the Tanjung Tanah manuscripts. Abu Hayat's letters are currently stored in the Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.