User:Mohammed Nissaruddin bin naseer/sandbox

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Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
Akbar
جلال الدین محمد اکبر
Badshah of Mughal Empire
Akbar the Great
Akbar by Govardhan, c. 1630
3rd Mughal Emperor
Reign11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605[1][2]
Coronation14 February 1556[1]
PredecessorHumayun
SuccessorJahangir
RegentBairam Khan (1556–1560)[3]
BornJalal-ud-din Muhammad
15 October 1542[a]
Umerkot, Rajputana (present-day Sindh, Pakistan)
Died27 October 1605(1605-10-27) (aged 63)
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Mughal Empire (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
BurialNovember 1605
Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra
ConsortRuqaiya Sultan Begum[4][5][6]
WivesSalima Sultan Begum
Mariam-uz-Zamani
Qasima Banu Begum
Bibi Daulat Shad
Bhakkari Begum
Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum
IssueHassan Mirza
Hussain Mirza
Jahangir
Khanum Sultan Begum
Murad Mirza
Daniyal Mirza
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
Aram Banu Begum
Shams-un-Nissa Begum
Mahi Begum
Names
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[7]
DynastyHouse of Timur
FatherHumayun
MotherHamida Banu Begum
ReligionSunni Islam,[8][9] Din-e-Illahi

Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[7] (Persian: ابو الفتح جلال الدين محمد اكبر; October 1542[a]– 27 October 1605),[10][11] popularly known as Akbar I (IPA: [əkbər]),[12] also as Akbar the Great[13][14][15][16] (Akbar-i-azam اکبر اعظم), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.

Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture. He was fond of literature, and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri, staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, scribes, bookbinders and readers. He did much of the cataloging himself through three main groupings.[17] Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,[18] and he decreed that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established throughout the realm. He also encouraged bookbinding to become a high art.[17] Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterized by Mughal style arts, painting, and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as some parts of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.

Akbar's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history. During his rule, the Mughal Empire tripled in size and wealth. He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in native festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good-will of his subjects. Thus, the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule were laid during his reign. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as Jahangir.

  1. ^ a b Eraly, Abraham (2004). The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors. Phoenix. pp. 115, 116. ISBN 978-0-7538-1758-2.
  2. ^ "Akbar (Mughal emperor)". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  3. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India : from Sultanat to the Mughals (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 95. ISBN 9788124110669.
  4. ^ Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Oxford University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8. Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani [Akbar], had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that "unique pearl of the caliphate" to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four.
  5. ^ Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-521-85022-3.
  6. ^ Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar, the greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 142.
  7. ^ a b Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. "Akbar". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  8. ^ Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh University Press. p. 245. ISBN 9780748688784.
  9. ^ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne : The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin books. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2.
  10. ^ "Akbar I". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Akbar I". Oxford Reference. 17 February 2012. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference time was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "The reign of Akbar the Great Extension and consolidation of the empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Akbar the Great". Biography.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  15. ^ Collier, Dirk (1 July 2011). The Emperor'S Writings - Memories Of Akbar The Great. Netherlands: Amaryllis Books and Lannoo(Dutch). ISBN 9788191067361.
  16. ^ Vincent A.Smith (13 July 2015). Akbar, the Great Mogul. London: Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-331-88395-1.
  17. ^ a b Murray, Stuart. 2009. The library: an illustrated history. Chicago, ALA Editions
  18. ^ Wiegand & Davis 1994, p. 271.


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