User:Mr. Ibrahem/Blood sugar level
| Blood sugar level | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Synonyms | Glycaemia, blood sugar concentration, blood glucose level |
| Reference range | Fasting: 3.9 to 5.6 mmol/L (70 and 100 mg/dL)[2] After eating: Less than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)[3] |
| Test of | Glucose[4] |
Blood sugar level, also known as glycaemia, is a measure of amount of the sugar, glucose in the blood.[4] In someone who has not eaten, levels are generally 3.9 to 5.6 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL).[2] Fasting levels greater than 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) on two separate occasions indicates diabetes.[2] Levels below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) is known as hypoglycemia, though levels as low as 2.8 (50 mg/dL) may be normal in those without diabetes.[2][5] After eating levels may be as high as 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), though decrease to below 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) at two hours.[3] Newborns may have levels as low as 1.1 to 1.4 mmol/L (20 to 25 mg/dL) in the first few hours of life.[6]
There are different methods of measuring current blood sugar levels including glucometers and continuous glucose monitors.[7] An HbA1C test is a measure of average blood sugar levels over the last 2 to 3 month.[7] Inaccurate measurements may occur with poorly stored test strips, extremes of temperature, high elevation, and certain medications like vitamin C, dopamine, and acetaminophen.[8] Readings may be inaccurately high with sugar containing products on the skin, low hematocrit, high uric acid, or low oxygen levels.[8] Readings may be inaccurately low with poor circulation to the skin, high triglycerides, or high blood oxygen.[8]
The body tightly regulates blood glucose.[9] Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasting, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level from these glycogen stores.[9] Glucose is critical for function, particularly of the brain which consumes about 60% of glucose in sedentary individuals.[9] It can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues via the blood.[9] Cellular uptake is primarily regulated by insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas.[9] Approximately 4 grams is present in the blood of a 70 kg (154 lb) human.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Daly ME, Vale C, Walker M, Littlefield A, Alberti KG, Mathers JC (June 1998). "Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high-sucrose compared with a high-starch diet" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 67 (6): 1186–96. doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1186. PMID 9625092.
- ^ a b c d "Indicator Metadata Registry Details". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ a b Seery, Conor (15 January 2019). "Normal blood sugar ranges and blood sugar ranges for adults and children with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and blood sugar ranges to determine people with diabetes". Diabetes. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Definition: Blood Glucose Level (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Blood Glucose (Sugar) Test: Levels & What They Mean". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Abramowski, A; Ward, R; Hamdan, AH (January 2022). "Neonatal Hypoglycemia". PMID 30725790.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "Manage Blood Sugar". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Erbach, M; Freckmann, G; Hinzmann, R; Kulzer, B; Ziegler, R; Heinemann, L; Schnell, O (September 2016). "Interferences and Limitations in Blood Glucose Self-Testing: An Overview of the Current Knowledge". Journal of diabetes science and technology. 10 (5): 1161–8. doi:10.1177/1932296816641433. PMID 27044519.
- ^ a b c d e f Wasserman DH (January 2009). "Four grams of glucose". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296 (1): E11–21. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008. PMC 2636990. PMID 18840763.