User:Mr. Ibrahem/Epispadias
| Epispadias | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | Males: Urethra opening on upper aspect of the penis, short penis[1] Females: Split clitoris, poorly formed mons pubis[1] |
| Complications | Urinary incontinence[1] |
| Usual onset | Present at birth[2] |
| Types | Males: Glandular, penile, penopubic[1] Females: Vestibular, sub-symphyseal, retro-symphyseal[1] |
| Causes | Unclear[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Hypospadias, bladder exstrophy, common urogenital sinus[1] |
| Treatment | Surgery[1] |
| Frequency | Up to 1 in 10,000[1] |
Epispadias is a malformation in which the top of the urethra fails to close properly.[1] In males the opening of the urethra may occur on the upper aspect of the penis; which may be short and upward curved.[1] In females there may be a split clitoris and poorly formed mons pubis.[1] It often occurs in association with Bladder exstrophy.[1] Complications may include urinary incontinence.[1]
The cause is unclear.[1] The more severe forms of disease occur more commonly when there is a lack of folate before pregnancy.[1] Diagnosis is based on examination.[1] An X-ray is recommended to find associated pubic diastasis.[1]
Treatment may involved surgery.[1] Rates of incontinence range from 50 to 90%.[1] Epispadias may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people; though cases without bladder exstrophy are less than 1 in 100,000 males and 1 in 160,000 female births.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Anand, S; Lotfollahzadeh, S (January 2021). "Epispadias". PMID 33085327.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias-Cloacal Exstrophy Complex". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.