User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hepatitis
| Hepatitis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Alcoholic hepatitis as seen with a microscope, showing fatty changes (white circles), remnants of dead liver cells, and Mallory bodies (twisted-rope shaped inclusions within some liver cells). (H&E stain) | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease, gastroenterology, hepatology |
| Symptoms | Yellowish skin, poor appetite, abdominal pain[1][2] |
| Complications | Scarring of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer[3] |
| Duration | Short term or long term[1] |
| Causes | Viruses, alcohol, toxins, autoimmune[2][3] |
| Prevention | Vaccination (for viral hepatitis),[2] avoiding excessive alcohol |
| Treatment | Medication, liver transplant[1][4] |
| Frequency | > 500 million cases[3] |
| Deaths | > One million a year[3] |
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.[3] Some people with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.[1][2] Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months.[1][5] Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure.[6] Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.[3]
Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.[3][2] Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases,[2][3] and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).[7] Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water.[3] Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood.[3] Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users.[3] Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.[3]
Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization.[2] Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis.[1] Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy.[8] There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss are recommended.[7] Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system.[9] A liver transplant may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.[4]
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people.[10] In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people.[7][11] Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer.[3][12] In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths.[13] The word is derived from the Greek hêpar (ἧπαρ), meaning "liver", and -itis (-ῖτις), meaning "inflammation".[14]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Hepatitis". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "What is hepatitis?". WHO. July 2016. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Hepatitis". NIAID. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Liver Transplant". NIDDK. April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ "Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, and C) | ACG Patients". patients.gi.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23.
- ^ Bernal W.; Wendon J. (2013). "Acute Liver Failure". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (26): 2525–2534. doi:10.1056/nejmra1208937. PMID 24369077.
- ^ a b c "Fatty Liver Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis)". NIDDK. May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel (2015-09-01). "Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus". Hepatology. 62 (3): 932–954. doi:10.1002/hep.27950. ISSN 1527-3350. PMID 26111063.
- ^ "Autoimmune Hepatitis". NIDDK. March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Basra, Sarpreet (2011). "Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis". World Journal of Hepatology. 3 (5): 108–13. doi:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108. PMC 3124876. PMID 21731902.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ "Statistics & Surveillance Division of Viral Hepatitis CDC". CDC. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2012-08-26.